Handbook of Microstrip Antennas

r C / N > 9 and 'good' for C / N > 12 1292 Extensions and variations to the microstrip antenna concept more efficient array, thus endorsing the feasibility of a flat plate DBS antenna. This research project [32, 331 has been a milestone in the development of a low-cost DBS array and clearly demonstrates the trade-offs between perfor- mance and cost. The additional difficulties of electronic beam scan are also highlighted. 23.5.2 Magnetic materials and beam scanning Magnetised substrates have been used as substrates for patch antennas [34]. More recently [35] a thick ferrite superstrate with an applied magnetic field, as shown in Fig. 23.36a, was devised and led to the creation of a beam that could be scanned between * 15" (Fig. 23.366). An approximate analysis of the element illustrates the fundamental non-reciprocal action of the ferrite, but the precise behaviour embraces many effects including leaky-wave and surface-wave action in the ferrite slab. This type of element is of interest in certain communication applications demanding a robust construction, and the use of modem magnetic materials with temperature compensation will lead to a compact assembly. Extensions and variations to the microstrip antenna concept 1293 23.5.3 Use of very-high-permittivity substrates in hyperthermia applicators Microstrip structures have also proved useful in the design of applicators to dispense high-power electromagnetic waves into human tissue in cancer quor ter wavelength sect ion X - X Fig. 23.37 Hyperthermia applicator using quarter- wavelength microstrip patch Fig. 23.36 Scanned microstrip patch antenna using thick ferrite slab a Construction of ferrite microstrip antenna showing co-ordinates b H-plane patterns of antennas e, = 10. e, = 13.8. p, - p2 2. 1, 2a = 6 mm, frequency = 8.6 GHz (ii) h, = 3 mm (iii)h2 = 3 mm magnetised Field strength of magnet was measured as 0.04 T in free space Fig. 23.38 Photograph of microstrip hyperthermia applicatol therapy. This fairly recent use of electromagnetic waves [36] necessitates the design of applicators that are well matched to the impedance of the human body and are compact in size for clinical convenience. An annular microstrip-loop 1294 Extensions and variations to the microstrip antenna concept radiator has been devised [38] using plastic substrates, but the more recent compact applicators [36, 371 use a very high substrate permittivity. A sketch of a typical compact applicator is shown in Fig. 23.37 and a photograph in Fig. 23.38. In these designs the size reduction is achieved both by the high permit- tivity and the use of a quarter-wave as opposed to half-wave resonator. Further details are given in Table 23.5 for lower-frequency applicators. The penetration depth is a measure of performance, indicating the distance over which I/e2 of the power is dispensed. Focused arrays of these applicators bring about an in- creased penetration depth. The compact applicator can be designed for a good stable input impedance match in operation without the use of additional match- ing elements, and further size reductions are possible at low frequencies by inserting ferrite material in the low-impedance regions of the substrate. Table 23.5 Characteristics and performance of low-profile applicators Applicator A B ' Material: 6, 30 30 P r 1 2.5 Element: quarter wavelength, cm 7.5 7.5 Dimensions, cm 15 x 15 x 4.5 15 x 15 x 4.5 Thickness, cm: Substrate 2.2 2.2 Superstrate 2.2 2.2 Frequency, MHz 200 120 Net power for 235 W kg-' 156 406 Penetration depth, cm (phantom) 4.0 4.3 23.6 Summary comment The extensions and variations to the microstrip-antenna concept described are vastly different in application, and emphasise both the ingenuity that has already been experienced and the fund of innovative ideas that will continue to be created in future years. It was stated in Chapter 1 that the inspiration for innovation lies in the demands made by new systems, and this is well illustrated by the efforts on one hand to exert more control of radiation patterns, and on the other to increase bandwidth by an order. In each case one parameter is optimised at the expense of the others in a way which is compatible with the system constraints prevailing, but above all it is the microstrip technology that is diluted by other construction techniques to effect the desired optimisation. As already mentioned, it is a sign of maturity in a technology when a designer has learnt just how to exploit selectively its best features with confidence. Extensions and variations to the microstrip antenna concept 7295 23.7 Acknowledgements The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution to the work performed at RMCS and described in this chapter, of Dr G Andrasic, Dr C Hall, Dr C Prior and Mr R Johnson. 23.8 References I I WOO, K.: 'Multiple beam antenna feed development'. IEEE Int. Symp. on Antennas and Propagation, Philidelphia, USA, 8-13 June, 1986, Vol. 1, p. 409-412 2 OLTMAN, H. G., WEEMS, D. M., LINDGREN, G. M., and WALTON, F. D.: 'Microstrip components for low cost millimetre wave seekers' In 'Millimetre and submillimetre wave propagation and circuits'. AGARD Conf. Proc. 245, pp. 27-1 to 27-9 3 HALL, P. S., and PRIOR, C. J.: 'Wide bandwidth microstrip reflector feed element'. 15th European Microwave Conference, Paris, Sept. 1985, p. 1039 4 HALL, P. S., and PRIOR, C. J.: 'Microstrip feeds for prime focus fed reflector antennas', IEE Proc., 1987, 134H, pp. 185-193 5 HALL, P. S., and PRIOR, C. J.: 'Microstrip array for reflector feed applications'. 14th European Microwave Conference, Liege, Sept. 1984, pp. 631-636 6 JAMES, J. R., HALL, C. M., HALL, P. S., and PRIOR, C. J.: 'Dielectric sphere reflector feed with microstrip excitation'. Proc. ISAP 1985, Tokyo, Aug. 1985, pp. 101-104 7 HALL, P. S., and HALL, C. M.: 'Coplanar corporate feed effects in microstrip patch array design', IEE Proc., 1988, 135H. pp. 180-186 8 TESHIROGI, T., TANAKA, M., and CHUJO, W.: 'Wideband circularly polarised array with sequential rotation', Proc. ISAP 85, Tokyo, Aug. 1985, pp. 117-120 9 HALL, C. M., ANDRASIC, G., and JAMES, J. R.: 'Microstrip planar arrays with dielectric sphere overlays', Electron Lett., 1985, 21, pp. 356-357 10 HALL, C. M., JAMES, J. R., and ANDRASIC, G.: 'Microstrip patch arrays with spherical dielectric overlays', Proc. Int. Conf. on Antennas and Propagation, Warwick University, IEE, April 1985, p. 89-93 11 JAMES, J. R., HALL, C. M., and ANDRASIC, G.: 'Microstrip elements and arrays with spherical dielectric overlays', IEE Proc., 1986, 133H, pp. 474482 12 DUBOST, G., and NICOLAS, M.: 'Broad angular coverage and large bandwidth antenna. 17th European Microwave Conference, Rome, Sept. 1987 13 JAMES, J. R., HENDERSON, A., and HALL, P. S.: 'Microstrip antenna performance is determined by substrate constraints', Microwave Syst. News, 1982, 2, pp. 73-84 14 HALL, P. S.: 'Probe compensation in thick microstrip patches', Electron Lett., 1987, 23, pp. 606-607 I5 HALL, P. S., WOOD, C., and GARRETT, C.: 'Wide bandwidth microstrip antennas for circuit integration', Electron. Lett., 1979, 15, pp. 458-460 16 KUMAR, G., and GUPTA, K. C.: 'Non-radiating edge and four edges gap coupled multiple resonator broad band microstrip antennas', IEEE Trans, 1985, AP-33, pp. 173-177 17 BENNETT, C. L., and ROSS, G. F.: 'Time domain electromagnetics and its applications', Proc. IEEE, 1978, 66, pp. 299-318 18 HALL, P. S.: 'New wideband microstrip antenna using log periodic technique', Electron Lett., 1980, 16, pp. 299-318 19 HALL, P. S.: 'Multi-octave bandwidth log periodic microstrip antenna array' Proc. IEE., 1986, 133 H, pp. 127-136 20 ISBELL, D. E.: 'Log periodic dipole arrays' IRE Trans., 1960, AP-8, pp. 260-267 21 DONG, W. R., and SENGUPTA, L. L.: 'A class of broad band patch microstrip travelling wave antennas', IEEE Trans., AP-32, (I), pp. 98-100 7296 Extensions and variations to the microstrip antenna concept 22 PUES, H., BOGAERS, J., PIECK, R., and VAN DE CAPELLE, A.: 'Wideband quasi log peripdic microstrip antenna', IEE Proc.. 198 1, 128H, pp. 159-1 63 23 HALL, P. S., and SPARROW, A,: 'Microstrip log periodic antenna array with end fire beam', Electron Lett., 1987, 23, pp. 912-913 24 GREISER, J. W., and MAYS, P. E.: 'The bent backfire zigzag', IEEE Tram., 1964, AP-12, pp. 28 1-290 25 BOND, K., and SHELLEY, M. W.: 'Dual frequency antenna integration using invisible grating structures', IEE Proc., 1986, 133H. pp. 137-142 26 JAMES, J. R., and ANDRASIC, G,: 'Dichroic dual band microstrip array', Electron Letts., 1986, 22, pp. 1040-1042 27 ANDRASIC, G., and JAMES, J. R.: 'Microstrip window array', Electron. Lett., 1988,24, pp. 96-97 28 BURKE, G. J., and POGGIO, A. J.: 'Numerical electromagnetic code (NEC) method of moments', Tech. document 116, Naval Electronic Systems Command, July 1977 29 JAMES, J. R., and ANDRASIC, G.: 'Superimposed dichroic microstrip antenna arrays', IEE Proc., 1988, 135H. No 5, pp. 304-312 30 JAMES, J. R., and HENDERSON, A.: 'Planar millimetre wave antenna arrays' In BUTTON, K. I. (Ed.): 'Infra-red and millimetre waves'. Vol. 14: Millimetre components and techniques- Part V. (Academic Press, 1985), pp. 189-247 31 HENDERSON, A., JAMES, J. R., and HALL, C. M.: 'Bandwidth extension techniques in printed conformal antennas'. Military Microwaves Conference, Brighton, 1986, pp. 329-334 32 HENDERSON, A,, JAMES, J. R., HALL, P. S., STOTT, J. H., and BOARDMAN, D. H.: 'Investigation of a cost constrained 12 GHz flat plate antenna for DBS'. Proc. ICAP, War- wick, 1985, pp. 108-112 33 HENDERSON, A,, and JAMES, J. R.: 'Low cost flat plate array with squinted beam for DBS reception', Proc. IEE, 1987, lMH, pp. 509-514 34 DAS, N., CHOWDHURY, S. K., and CHAlTERJEE, J. S.: 'Circular microstrip antenna on ferromagnetic substrate', IEEE Trans, 1983, AP-31, pp. 188-190 35 HENDERSON, A., JAMES, J. R., and FRAY, A.: 'Magnetised microstrip antenna with pattern control' Electron. Lett., 1988, 24, pp. 45-47 36 JAMES, J. R., HENDERSON, A,, and JOHNSON, R. H.: 'Compact electromagnetic appli- cators'. In HAND, J. W., and JAMES, J. R. (Eds.): 'Physical techniques in clinical hyperther- mia' (Research Studies Press, John Wiley, 1986), pp. 149-209 37 JAMES, I. R., HALL, C. M., and ANDRASIC, G.: 'Angled dual compact hyperthemic applicators', Proc. IEE, 1987, lMH, pp. 315-320 38 BAHL, I. J., BHARTIA, P., and STUCHLY, S. S.: 'Design of microstrip antennas covered with a dielectric layer', IEEE Trans., 1982, AP-30, pp. 314-318 Index Abberation, 96 Acid, copper, 936 Activation energy, 875 Active angle, 1241 Active element pattern, 701,739, 1249 Active elements in a cylindrical array, 1249 Active impedance, 732 Active patches, 34 Active reflection coefficient, 708, 739 Additives, brightener, 936 Adhesion, 936 Adjustable height patch. 30 Admittance, aperture, 727 Aerospace systems, 1057 Air gap, adjustable, 193 Air-filled waveguide, 858 Airborne antenna, 1139 Airborne phased arrays, 802,810 Alumina substrates, 14, 1025 Aluminium, 93 1, 946 Aluminium foil, 1075 Amplitude distributions, 830 Analytical methods aperture radiation model, 583 cavity model, 458,580,1058,1228 Cohns method, 61 1 contour integral method, 472 desegmentation, 456,494 direct form of network analogue, 462 EMF, 249 Filton Integration method, 285 integral equations, 715 method of moments, 364,708 moments method, 593 multiport network approach, 455 multiport network model, 462 network analysis, 488 plane wave spectrum method, 285 real-space integration method, 286 reciprocity method, 278 Richmonds reaction equation, 597 segmentation, 456,488 spectral domain approach, 590 steepest descent method, 278 surface current model, 1228 synthesis, 361 transmission line model, 456 variational method, 235 Wiener-Hopf method, 478 Angled slot array, 39 Anisotropy, 881, 909, 917 Annealed, 946 Annular ring, 25,879,1262 Annular slot, 11 1,611,1086 Annular slots attenuation coefficient, 614 guide wavelength, 61 1 impedance, 61 1 reflector planes, 617 Antennas conical, 601 DBS, 859,861 dielectric, 1287 directly coupled three resonator, 507 hybrid microstrip, 580 integrated, 14 gap coupled multiresonator, 507 millimeter wave hybrid, 1285 multi-terminal, 236 open microstrip, 580 window, 1283 wraparound, 85 Antenna location, received signal fluctuations, 1084 Antennas for portable equipment, 1092 Aperture admittance, 727 Aperture blockage, 96, 104 Aperture coupled patches, 330 1298 lndex lndex 1299 Aperture coupling, 35, 332, 823 Aperture distribution, 762,821, 822, 825, 851 Aperture distribution Dolph-Chebyshev, 855 Aperture radiation analysis method, 583 Apertures, dichroic, 1282 Applications, 8 Array factor, 829 Array lattice rectangular, 706 triangular, 706, 1243 Array structures, 36 Arrays, 7,35 angled slots, 39 architecture, 745 asymmetric step, 39 bonding, 91 6 brick wall, 848 cascaded patch, 822 chain, 37, 763, 816 Chebyshev, 774 circularly polarised, 755,765 co-planar, 758 comb line, 37, 766, 822 composite element, 759,770 conformal, 795, 1153, 1227 conical, 1 154 constant-conductance, 846 corner fed patches, 647 corporate-fed, 789 crank, 844 crank-line, 777 crank-type, 764 cross fed, 36, 655, 843 cross printed-dipole, 766 cross slot, 766 cylindrical, 34,765, 1227 DBS, 766,790,1288 design of planar, 622 discontinuity, 843 dual frequency, circular polarised, 802 dual polarised, 1073 electronically switched, spherical, 792 finite, 301, 731 flat, circular polarised, 765 four element, 1217 Franklin, 8 16, 848 Franklin line, 38 herringbone, 835 herringbone line, 38 infinite, 698, 731 lattice, 848 linear, 345,449 linear centre fed, 839 linearly polarised, 846 log periodic, 39, 387 microstrip, 443 millimeter wave, 1282 monopulse, 849, 1068, 1153 non uniform, 630 omnidirectional, 39, 382 parasitic, 801 parasitic patch, 825, 833 parasitically coupled, 37, 345 patch, 1263 planar, 345, 776,790 rampart, 816, 844 rampart line, 38,223, 763, 1222 recurrent sequential, 808 resonant, 769,816 scanning, 792 sector beam, 1081 sequential, 759, 788, 805 sequentially rotated, 12 series, 816 series fed patch, 515 series fed patches, 624 series-fed, 789, 8 18 series-fed circular polarised, 770 serpent, 816,833,843 serpent line, 38 sparse, 1273 spherical, 34,793, 1239 square patches, 1073 square-looptype, 764 squintless, 758,841 strip dipole and slot, 39 sub arrays, 655 synthesis, 662 tapered, 650 transposed, 821,822 travelling wave, 755, 762, 765, 769, 816,1222 triangle line, 38 two dimensional, 808 two sided, 746 untransposed, 821 wide bandwidth, 372 wideband, 804 wire grid, 848 Assemblies, 916 Asymmetric feeds, 797 Asymmetric step array, 39 Attachment mode, 433 Attenuation, 1016 Attenuators, 1241 Axial polarisation, 1239 Axial ratio, 723, 787, 1185 Axial-ratio bandwidth, 758,829, 859 Azimuthal modes, 53 Backward firing beams, 834 Bag-moulding, 930 Balanced stripline, 1003 Bandwidth, 5, 11, 11 1, 128,219, 335, 554,743,796,895 Bandwidth, 9 axial-ratio, 829, 859 extension, 9 gain, 823 VSWR, 118,823 Base-station antenna, 1083 Basis functions, 282 entire domain, 429, 437 Maxwell, 282 Maxwell, modified, 282 pulse, 282 subdomain, 282,437 subsectional, 423,440 Beam squint, 758 Beam steering, 1241, 1249, 1273 Beam-forming, adaptive, 862 Beams backward firing, 834 forward firing, 834 Beamwidth, 104 Bend measurement, 976 Bending, 91 6 Bends, 1 168 Beryllia substrates, 1025 Bessel function, 1058, 1204 Bidirectional communications, 1 107 Bismaleimide, 95 1 Bismaleimide-triazineepoxx 878 Black copper oxide, 880 Blind spots, 336, 729 Blockage, aperture, 96 Boards, printed wiring, 916 Bolometer, 1194 Bonding lead, 952 thermal-compression, 938 thermosonic, 938 wire, ultrasonic systems, 938 Boundary conditions, 49, 115,395 Branch-line coupler, 854 Branching network, 825 Brass, 946 Brick wall arrays, 848 Broadband microstrip antenna, 1083, 1086, 1129,1134 Broadband matching, 558 Built in antennas, 1092 Butler matrix, 855, 860, 1083 Cabin antenna, 1085 338, CAD, 14, 1031 Acline, 1033 Analop, 1036 Autoart, 1037 CADEC, 1033 CiAO, 1035 computer graphics, 1 175 Esope, 1033 LINMIC, 1034 Mama, 1036 Micad, 1037 Micpatch, 1035 Microkop/Suspend, 1036 Micros, 1038 microstrip, 1001 microwave software applications, 1036 Midas, 1034 Multimatch, 1036 photoplots, 1175 Planim, 1036 S/Filsyn, 1037 Supercompact, 1033 techniques, 517 Temcad, 1039 Touchstone, 1032 Transcad, 1037 triplate, 1001 Fringing, 901 Capacitance, 901 Capacitive tuning, 329 Capacitors, 1040 Car telephones, 1079 Carbide, 922 Carbon fibre reinforced plastic, 1075 Cavity feeds, 859 ~ a v i t ; model, 112,458, 580, 884, 1058, 1228 Cavity-perturbation, 884 CCIR-TVRO conditions, 671 Central shorting pin, 85 Centred fed dipole, 287 Ceramic-PTFE, 953 1300 lndex lndex 1301 Chain array, 37, 763, 816, 940 Chain scission, 940 Chebyschev taper, 774, 1069 Chloride acid cupric, 949 alkaline cupric, 949 ferric, 949 Choke, peripheral, 104 Chokes, 97 Chromic-acid, 950 Circuit, etching, 1028 Circular array, 1 127 Circular array feed, 1132 Circular array of slots, 1132 Circular array of strips, 1132 Circular microstrip discs, 1136 Circular patches, 45, 63, 11 1, 720, 1058, 1202 Circular polarisation, 5, 130, 219, 722, 744, 755,787, 846,848, 1127, 1132, 1261,1273 Circular polarised radiation, 824 Circular polariser, 766 Circulardisc patches, 756 Circular-patch array, 1 113 Circular-patch-slot array, 11 19 Circularly polarised, singly fed patches, 221 Circularly polarised arrays, 755,765 Circularly polarised circular patches, 232 Circularly polarised composite type patches, 222 Circularly polarised dipoles, 356 Circularly polarised elements, 12 Circularly polarised line antennas, 762 Circularly polarised patches, 27,499,821, 1218 Circulators, 1041 Circumferential polarisation, 1234 Co-axial feeds, 276 Co-planar arrays, 758 Co-planar coupling, 817 Co-planar feeds, 8 15 Co-polymers, 945 Coating, conformal, 950 Coaxial excitation, 432 Coaxial probe, 29, 433, 1194 Cohns method, 61 1 Collected volatile condensable materials (CVCM), 940 Colloidal, 88 1 Comb array, 37, 766, 822, 833 Combined feeds, 839 Comparator, monopulse, 859 Compensating hole transitions, 967 Components, 1039 Composite element, 755, 759, 770 Computational efficiency, 709 Computer graphics, 1175 Conductance edge, 476 radiation, 476, 554, 822, 835, 859 surface wave, 476 Conductivity, 879 Conductor, losses, 788, 790, 815, 1075 Conformal antenna, 1227 Conformal arrays, 795, 1153 Conformal mapping, 1008 Conical antennas, 601 Conical arrays, 11 54 Conical beam, 1 112, 1127, 1129, 1132, 1239 Conically depressed patch, 29 Connections, 332 Connector characterisation, 962 Connector test fixture, 963 Connectors, microstrip to coax, 1007 Constant-conductance arrays, 846 Contour integral method, 472 Coplanar line probes, 968 Coplanar stripline patch, 31 Copolymer substrates, 679 Corporate feeds, 301 Copper electroless, 935 Copper foil, 1075 Copper-Invar-copper, 946 Comer fed patches, 647 Comer reflector, 1082 Corporate feeds, 13, 35, 757,789, 816, 850, 1069,1288 Correction, end-fringing, 888 Correlation, 905 Corrugated ground plane, 28 Cosecant squared pattern, 671 Coupled triplate lines, 1169 Coupled-resonator, 340 Coupler branch-line, 854 hybrid-ring, 854 Coupling, 817, 887, 895, 897 Coupling agents, 875 aperture, 823 co-planar, 8 17 direct, 822 electromagnetic, 824 factor, 835 Dantzig algorithm, 662 Data-relay satellite, 1146 DBS antennas, 766,790,859, 11 12 De-smearing, 929 Decomposition, thermal, 91 9 Deformation, 924 Degenerate modes, 756 Dendrites, 879 Dents, 917 Desegmentation method, 456,494 Design procedure, series-feed, 836 Device attachment, 936 Diagnostics, 1 159,1193.1214 Diagnostics, liquid crystal, 984 ! Diagonal slot square patch, 499 Diagonally fed nearly square patch, 499 Dielectric antennas, 1287 losses, 788,815, 1016 Dielectric constant, 790, 897 Dielectric constant, effective, 481 Dielectric filling factor, 790 Dielectric image guide, 822, 858 Dielectric loss, 1075 Dielectric rod array, 39 Dielectric spheres, 3 1 Difference radiation pattem, 1068 Diffraction coefficient, 1069 Diffraction effects, 1069 Diodes, 1041 Dipole centre fed, 287 flat folded, 765 horizontal electric, 276,403 infinitesimal, 276 printed, 765 circularly polarised, 356 crossed, 356 efficiency, 367 EMC, 295 flat, 353 multiple, 299 mutual impedance, 359 parasitic, 759 polarisation, 361 printed, 706,732 stacked, 299 strip, 761 synthesis, 361 variable directivity, 372 Direct coupling, 822 Direct form of network analogue, 462 Direct-BroadcastSatellite, 1288 Directional coupler hybrid-ring, 855 rat-race, 855 Directivity, 127, 372, 554, 831 Directivity, linear arrays, 625 Directly coupled three resonator antenna disc, 25,507,843,1258 Discontinuity arrays, 843 Discontinuity radiation, 791 Dispersion, microstrip, 101 5 Dissipation, loss, 1285 Dissipation factor, 871, 878, 886, 895 Distribution amplitude, 830 probe, 822 proximity, 8 18 Coupling gaps, 762 Coupling mechanisms, 816 Crank arrays, 764,777,844,1115 Cross-printed dipole arrays, 766 Cross fed arrays, 36,655,843 Cross patch, 501 Cross polarisation, 68,74,76, 100, 104, 590,1234 Cross slot arrays, 766, 1136 Crossed dipoles, 356 Crossed slot, 28 Crossover level, 793 Crystalline, 873, 878, 942 Current distributions, 112 magnetic, 726 sources, 112 Current sheet model, 731 Current-ribbon, 151 Cyanide, copper, 936 Cycling, wet/dry, 941 Cylindrical antenna, 1227 Cylindrical array, 1109 active-element, 1249 array feed, 1248 design, 1240 gain, 1248 impedance, 1243 mutual coupling, 1244 pattem synthesis, 1251 scanning, 1249 Cylindrical modes, 1230 Cylindrical near field scanning, 981 Cylindrical patches, 1227 Cylindrical wave propagation, 1072 1302 lndex aperture, 825 Dolph-Chebyshev, 830 Taylor, 830 Dolph Chebyshev distributions, 830, 855 Dose rate, 940 Double tuning, 1064 Doubly diffracted field, 1069 Drills, 922 Dual aperture-fed patches, 823 Dual feeds, 219 Dual frequency circularly polarised arrays, 802 Dual i jar ised array, 1073 Dual-fed circularly polarised patches, 220 Dual-frequency patches, 30, 188, 197,200, 312,313,796,802 Dual-polarisation patches, 3 12, 3 18 Ductility, 879, 936 Dust protection shield, 1063 Dyadic Green's function, 284,399 E-H antenna, 1083 Earth stations, 11 12 Edge conductance, 476 effects, 1069 equivalent admittance network, 463 ground plane, 12, 731 non radiating, 481 Effective dielectric constant, 481 Effective loss tangent, 461 Effective permittivity two-layer medium, 196 Effective radius, 65, 137 Effective width, 115 Effects, environmental, 939 Efficiency, 5,13, 117,313,346,367,413, 554,781,837,1258 Efficiency computational, 709 measurement, 991 radiation, 9, 598, 734, 872 spill-over, 104 Elastic, 924 Electromagnetically coupled patch, 31 Electric current analysis method, 583 Electric dipole, 403 Electric shielding ring, 803 Electric source, 1260 Electric walls, 1 13 Electric-current source method, 762,765 Electric-field integral equation, 715, 726, 732 Electro-etch, 879 Electromagnetic coupling, 207, 797, 824 Electronically switched spherical arrays, 792 Electroplating, 935 Electrostatic charging, 1065 Element endfire, 749 tapered-slot, 751 Element factor, 831 Element grid, 1241 Element pattern, 732 Elliptical patch, 25, 182,235,756, 1129 Elliptical polarisation, 186 EM-field, far-zone, 117 EMC dipole, 295 EMF method, 249 End fringing, 887 Endfire arrays, 1279 Endfire elements, 749 Energy, confonnational, 88 1 Entiredomain basis functions, 429, 437 Environmental conditions, 875 Environmental effects, 679 Epoxy, 878,951 Equitriangular patches, 11 1 Equivalence external, 47 . internal, 49 Equivalent sources, 112 Equivalent circuit, 237, 728 Eauivalent circuit model. 769. 776 , . Equivalent current sources, 114 Eauivalent edne admittance network. 463 ~quivalent magnetic current, 116 Equivalent slot, 534 Equivalent surface currents, 49 Equivalent waveguide model, 817 Etch plasma, 929 sodium, 929 Etchant, 949 Etching, 1028 Eulers constant, 474 Excitation, coaxial, 432 Excitation field, 396 Excitation voltage, 784 Expansion functions, 53 External equivalence, 47 External matching circuits, 28 Fabric, 922 woven-glass, 935 lndex 1303 Far-field approximations, 408 Feed isolation, 320 Feed structures, 35 Feeder of a cylindrical array, 1248 Feeds, 32, 756,767, 1001 3 dB hybrid, 220 architecture, 13 asymmetric, 797 cavity, 859 co-axial, 276 co-planer, 8 15 coaxial probe, 29 combined, 839 corporate, 13, 35, 306, 757, 816, 850, 1069 corporate, triplate, 1288 dual, 219 four point, 28 four-probe, 756 Lecher line, 353 microstrip line, 29 novel, 12 overlaid, 1263 parallel, 335, 757, 816, 825, 828 perpendicular, 747 phased array, 862,1248 radial waveguide, 859 rear, 758 reflector, 96 resonant, 835,1074 sequentially rotated, 36 series, 335,758,767,816,832 series compensated, 36 single, 219 spurious-radiation, 332 squintless, 832 stripline, 353 travelling-wave, 832 two-dimensional, 839 two-line, 276 Ferrimagnetic substrates, 1027 Ferrite superstrates, 1292 Fibres, glass, 922 Field, excitation, 396 Filler, ceramic, 922 Films, barrier, 930 Filton integration method, 285 Finite arrays, 301, 731 Finite ground plane, 12, 1069 Flat dipoles, 353 Flat folded dipole, 765 Floquet modes, 703 Flouborate, copper, 936 Flush mounted antennas, 1092 Foam, 953 Foils adhesion, 875 aluminium, 1075 copper, 1075 electrodeposited, 879 rolled, 879 wrought, 879 Folded slots, 353 Forming rolls, 924 Forward firing beams, 834 Four element arrays, 1217 Four element sub-arrays, 805 Four point feeding, 28 Four-probe feeds, 756 Fourier Transform, 403,406,708, 716, 721,726 Franklin array, 38, 816, 848, 1105 Free radical, 941 Frequency, resonant, 895 Frequency agility, 187 Frequency diversity, 1084 Fringing fields, 113 Full sheet resonance test method, 884,897, 90 1 Fumes, 919 Functions testing, 53 triangular, 54 Future prospects, 1 GaAs substrate, 332 GaAs superstrate, 281 GaAs transitions, 968 Gain, 127, 554, 831 minimum coverage, 793 bandwidth, 823 factor, 104 Gain of a cylindrical array, 1248 Galerkin solution, 284 Gap coupled multiresonator antenna, 507 Gap-wupled patch, 8 17 Geometric optics field, 1069 Giotto spacecraft, 1061 Glass transition temperature, 875 Glossary, 24 Grain structure, 879 Grating lobes, 428, 826, 834, 1183 Green's function, 50, 116, 398, 41 1, 421, 426,462,695,726 dyadic, 399 1304 Index planar configurations, 519 spectral domain, 327 Ground plane corrugated, 28 slot, 32 edge, 12,73 1 GTD, 1183 Guide dielectric image, 822 insular, 822 Gunn diode. 34 H-shaped patch, 26 Half-wave patch, 313, 81 7 Hand held message communication terminal, 1125 Handbook, 17 Hankel Transform, 406 Hankel function, 264, 473, 1230 Hard boundary diffraction coefficient, 1069 Herringbone array, 38, 835 Higher order modes, 356,787,796, 1058, 1129 Historical development, 1 History mechanical, 874 thermal, 874 Holes, burr-free, 922 Honeycomb substrate, 796 Horizontal dipole, 403 Humidity, 875 Huygens sources, 1262 Hybrid coupler, 1064,1081,1164 Hybrid microstrip antenna, 25, 580 Hybrid sources, 353 Hybrid-ring coupler, 854, 855 Hydrocarbon, 951 Hydrolysis, 875 Hydrophobic, 941 Hyperthermia applicator, 1293 Image, 1 16 Impedance active, 732 cylindrical array, 1243 input, 9, 118,439, 590, 708 matching, 655, 1190 matrix, 708,716 port matrix, 737,739 surface, 400 transformer, 1064 Incoherent radar, 1073 Indoor communications antenna, 1083 Indoor receiving antenna, 1084 Inductance feed probe, 329 Inductors, 1041 Infinite arrays, 698, 731 Infinite phased arrays, 698 Infinitesimal dipole, 276 Infra-red, 875 Input impedance, 9, 118,238,432,439, 708,875 admittance, 770 conductance, 554 Input resistance o f patches, 324 Inserted connector transitions, 967 Insular guide, 822 Integral equation, 47 Integral equation, electric-field, 715, 726, 732 Integrated antennas, 14 Integrated phased arrays, 742 Internal equivalence, 49 Iris, 906 Isolated power dividers, 852 Isolators, 1041 Junction effects, 1 166 K connector transitions, 967 K', thermal coefficient of, 947 Kevlar epoxy, 1075 Land mobile satellite communications, 1127 Lattice arrays, 848 Launchers, 1287 Layer, resistive, 947 Leaky cavity, 1 19 Lecher line feeds, 353 Light, ultra-violet, 929 Limiting oxygen index, 919 Line analysis dielectric Green's function, 1020 Fourier transform, 1020 integral equations, 1020 TEM models, 1020 variational techniques, 1020 Line antenna, circularly polarised, 762 Linear arrays, 345,449 Linear centre fed arrays, 839 Linear polarisation, 130 Linear slots, 606 Linearly polarised arrays, 846 Lines dielectric, 1285 discontinuities, 762, 1017 losses, 624 open circuited, 1212 parallelaupled, 856 parameters, 971 parameter measurement, 970 synthesis, 1015 width, 943 Liquid crystal diagnostics, 984, 1058, 1 159 Loading, reactive, 204, 826 Lobes, grating, 826, 834 Log periodic arrays, 39,387,834, 1273 Longitudinal polarisation, 822, 846 Lorentz's gauge, 398 Loss tangent, 11 7, 461 Losses, 174,407 conductor, 788,815,942,1075 dielectric, 1016, 1075 dissipation, 1285 line, 624 ohmic, 1016 radiation, 101 6, 1075 reflection, 8 16 resistance, 887 resistive, 895 surface wave, 816, 1075 Low cost substrates, 674 Machining, 91 6 Magnetic current, 116,726,762 materials, 1292 source, 1260 walls, 1 13 Main beam direction, 781 Mandrel, 931 Manpack radars, 1079 Manufacture, 5,14 Marine radars, 1079 Maritime satellite communications, 1 127 Matched terminations, 964 Matching, 5 Matching circuits external, 28 gaps, 28 Mated connector test method, 963 lndex 1305 Materials, magnetic, 1292 Mathematical modelling, 14 Matrix Butler, 861 excitation, 58 formulation, 50 impedance, 708,716 Maxson-Blass, 861 Maxon Blass matrix, 860 Maxwell basis functions, 282 Maxwell, modified basis functions, 282 Measurements, 957, 1006 bends, 976 efficiency, 991 line parameters, 970 radiometric, 993 resonant techniques, 976 T-junctions, 977 Melt point, crystalline, 879 Melt viscosity, 928 Metal failure, 934 Metallic ring transitions, 967 Method of moments, 282,295,364,401, 423,708 Metrology, 1193 Microstrip circuit realisation, 1028 impedance, 101 3 line, 1004 materials and manufacture, 1023 Microstrip antenna hybrid, 25 frequency variable, 1092, 1101 post loaded, 1 O92 quarter wavelength, 1092 window attached, 1092 Microstrip dispersion, 10 15 Microstrip field diagnostics, 1193 Microstrip line, 537 Microstrip line feeds, 29 Millimetre wave hybrid antennas, 1285 Minimum coverage gain, 793 Mismatch thermal, 953 Mixed potential integral equation, 400 Mobile communications base stations, 1081 Mobile communications antenna, 1083 Mobile satellite communications, 800, 1142 Mobile systems, 1079 Modal expansional method, 235 Mode ambiguous, 901 Modelling mathematical, 14 Modelling accuracy, 16 Modes 1306 lndex azimuthal, 53 degenerate, 756 higher order, 356, 787, 796, 1058 orthogonal, 221 parallel-plate, 8 16 resonant, 900 suppressing pins, 1065 transverse electric field, 887 unwanted, 258 Modularity, 744 Modulus, 953 Moisture, 875,941 Moments method, 593 Monopole probes, 1 197 Monopulse arrays, 849, 1068, 1 153 Monopulse comparator, 859 Moulding vacuum-bag, 926 Multi-terminal antenna, 236 Multibeam antenna, 1083, 1146 Multilayer substrates, 679,944 Multipath fading, 1096 Multiple beam-forming networks, 817, 859 Multiple dipoles, 299 Multiple feed point patches, 262 Multiple frequency patches, 320 Multiple layer patches, 30 Multiple tuning, 341 Multiport network approach, 455 Multiresonator patch, 507 Mutual coupling, 249, 306, 337.445. 561. Mutual coupling in a cylindrical array, 1244 Mutual coupling network, 464,482 Mutual impedance, 237,291,359,378 Narrow pin transitions, 967 Near field mapping 989 Near-field probes, 98 1 Network analysis techniques, 488 Networks multiple-beam-forming, 81 7 special-purpose, 859 Nitrogen, 930 Nodules, 879 Non radiating edge admittance network, 482 Non radiating edge characterisation, 481 Non uniform arrays, 630 Notched patch, 27,796 Numerical analysis, 16 Numerical techniques, 417 Off centred pin transitions, 967 Offset fed oatches. 221 Ohmic lo-, 101'6 Omnidirectional arrays, 382, 765 Open circuit end, 534 Open circuited lines, 1212 Open microstrip antennas, 580 Operational factors, 5 Optical modulator probe, 983 Optically tuned patches, 192 Orthogonal fields, 787 Orthogonal polarisation, 30 Overlaid feeds, 1263 Overlaid patches, 35, 1277 Pagers, 1092 Paired elements, 263,270, 758, 788, 804 Parallel feeds, 335, 757, 816, 825, 828 Parallel date resonator test method, 959 ~arallel-bu~led lines, 856 Parallel-plate modes, 8 16 Parallel-plate polariser, 766 Parallel-plate waveguide, 858 ~arasiticrarra~s, 80i Parasitic patches, 29,214,264, 797, 825, 833,1083,1086,1129 Parasitically coupled array, 37 Passivate, 950 Patch arrays, 822, 1263 Patches annular ring, 25, 11 1 apertureaupled, 330, 723 bandwidth, 11 1, 554 cavity model, 1228 circular, 45,63, 1 1 I, 232, 580, 720, 1058, 1202 circulardisc, 756 circularly polarised, 27,499, 755, 821, 1218 composite type, 222 conically depressed, 29 coolanar strioline, 3 1 corner fed, 847 cross, 501 cylindrical, 1227 design, 557 diagonal slot square, 499 diaaonallv fed nearly square, 499 directivity, 554 disc, 1258 dual aperture-fed, 823 dual band circularly polarised, 1061 dual-fed, 220 dual-frequency, 30, 188, 197, 200, 312,313,796,802 dual-polarisation, 3 12, 3 18 efficiency, 554 electromagnetically coupled, 31,207, 797 elliptical, 25, 182, 235, 756 equitriangular, 11 1 gain, 554 Green's functions, 462 H shaped, 26 half-wavelength, 313 input conductance, 554 input resistance, 324 multiple feed points, 262 multiple frequency, 320 multiresonator, 507 mutual impedance, 378 notched, 27,796 offset fed, 221 optically tuned, 192 overlaid, 1277 paired, 263, 270, 804 parasitic, 214, 797 pentagon, 756 pentagonal, 25,505, 1218 piggy-back, 313 polarisation, 378 post-tuned, 3 15 probe-fed, 713,720 quarter wavelength, 313, 1154 rectangular, 11 1, 224,235,436, 553, 580, 1215,1234 rectangular, comer-fed, 756 rectangular ring, 26 resonant frequency, 324 short circuit, 374 short circuited, 353 short circuited ring, 346 shorted, 1281 singly fed, 221 slotted, 27 square, 25 square ring, 501 stacked, 29,320 stacked circular-disc, 197 star, 26 stepped, 29 strip line, 1 11 surface-current model, 1232 thick, 253 tilted slot, 756 lndex 1307 triangular, 25, 235, 1209 truncated comer, 27 truncated corner square, 499 two port, 51 1 wide, bandwidth, 320 wideband, 28, 796 Pattern, active element, 739 Pattern synthesis of cylindrical arrays, 1251 Peel strength, 937 Peel-test, 878 Pentagon patches, 25,505,756, 1218 Performance trade-offs, 7 Peripheral choke, 104 Permittivity complex, 872 effective, 48 1 relative, 871, 878, 881, 886, 895 very-high, 1293 Perpendicular feeds, 747 Persulfate, 949 Perturbation segment, 224 Perturbation cavity, 914 Phase centre, 96, 106, 1161 Phase constant, 779 Phase shifters, 864, 1081,1241 Phase shifters, Schiffmann, 848 Phased arrays, 378, 741, 802, 810, 862, 1241 Phased arrays infinite, 698 integrated, 742 Photolithographic techniques, 1002 Photomask, 888 adhesion, 9 18 Photoplots, 1175 Photoresist, 1029 Piggy-back patches, 313 Pinholes, 880 Pits, 917 Planar arrays, 345, 776, 790 Planar near field scanning, 981 Planar segments, characterisation by Z matrix, 467 Plane wave spectrum method, 285 Plastic substrates, 14, 1025 Platen-press, 929 Plating holes, 916 Point dipole approximation, 287 Poisson sum formula, 699 Polarisation, 5, 743, 783 Polarisation 45 deg, 821 axial, 1239 1308 lndex circular, 5, 130,219, 722, 744, 755, 846,848,1261, 1273 circumferential, 1234 cross, 68, 74,76, 100, 104,590, 1234 ellipse, 1 187 elliptical, 186 ellipticity, 231 linear, 130 longitudinal, 822, 846 orthogonal, 30 tracking, 755 transverse, 82 1, 846 Poles, surface wave, 697 Polyethylene, 873 Polymer fume fever, 919 Polymer systems, thermoset, 878 Polymerisation, 88 1 Polymides, 951 Polypropylene substrates, 678 Polypropylene-ethylene substrates, 679 Polytetraflouroethylene, 873 Post-tuned patches, 3 15 Posts, 235 Potential, 41 1 diffracted field, 397 scalar, 399, 405 vector, 50, 399,403,405 Power combiners, 8 16 Power dividers isolated, 852 rat race, 1069 split-tee, 852 three-port, 852 Wilkinson, 307, 852, 947, 1069 in-line, 850 Precision, 891 Press, platen, 926 Pressure vessel, 929 Printed dipoles, 706,732,765 Probe coupling, 822 Probe-fed patches, 71 3 Probes coaxial, 433, 1 194 coplanar line, 968 errors, 1200 monopole, 1 197 near-field, 981 optical modulator, 983 scanning network, 1195 short monopole, 982 small loop, 982 split coaxial balun, 982 square law, 983 wafer, 968 Processing, 916 Proximity coupling, 8 18 F'TFE, 873,881,919 ceramic, 884 glass fibre, 883 woven glass, 884 Pulse basis functions, 282 Pyrophosphate, copper, 936 Q factor, 1 1 1, 1 19, 128, 174, 324, 590, 593,796,887,895 Quarter wave resonance, 353 Quarter-wave patch, 3 13, 8 17 Quasi-log-periodic, 1279 Radar, 1 105 Radar reflector, 1107 Radial waveguide feeds, 859 radiated, electric field, 41 1 Radiation circular polarised, 824 conductance, 8 17 cosmic, 940 damage, 941 dose, 941 efficiency, 9, 126, 598, 734 exposure, 939 feeds, 12 fields, 1 12 high-energy, 940 losses, 788,791, 1016, 1075 nuclear, 940 patterns, 122, 335, 449 resistance, 41 3 slot, 222 spurious, 353,743,816,824 ultra-violet, 941 unwanted, 787 Radiometric measurement, 993 Radius, effective, 65 Radome, 14,926,945, 1273 Railway antennas, 1087 Rampart array, 38, 763, 816, 844, 1222 Rat race hybrid, 855,1069 Reactance compensation, 761,823 Real space integration method, 286 Rear feeds, 758 Reciprocity method, 278 Rectangular array lattice, 706 Rectangular patch, 7,25, 11 1, 235,436, lndex 1309 1 553, 1215, 1234 Rectangular ring patch, 26 Rectangular-slot array, 1 1 18 Reflect array, 33 Reflection coefficient active, 708, 739 Reflection losses, 816 Reflector feeds, 96, 1258 Relaxation synthesis, 662 Residue, 278 Resin poly(tetraflouroethy1ene) (PTFE), 879 polycyanate, 878 polyetherimide, 879 polyethersulfone, 879 polyimide, 878 polystyrene, 878 polysulfone, 879 triazine, 878 Resin laminates, 929 Resistance, radiation, 413 Resistive box terminations, 964 Resistive layer, 950 Resistivity, surface, 948 Resistors, 1040 Resonant arrays, 769,816 Resonant cavity, 11 1 Resonant feed networks, 835, 1074 Resonant frequency, 115,324,593 Resonant peak, 887 Resonant ring test method, 961 Resonant-mode, 1 17 Resonator microstrip, 914 stripline, 914 Resonator strip test method, 960 Richmonds reaction equation, 597 Rotation, sequential, 12,263, 828, 859 Rotman lenses, 860 Routers, 922 Rutile substrates, 1025 S-matrix, 1240 Safety, 916, 919 Sapphire substrates, 1025 Satellite ERS-I, 1073 ETS-V, 11 12 NAVSTAR (GPS), 1124 antennas, 1 146 communications, 1 136 systems, 1079 Scalar potential, 399, 405 Scan angle, 785 Scan blindness, 700,709,719,723,731 Scan range, 743 Scanning a cylindrical array, 1249 Scanning arrays, 792 Scanning losses, 792 Scanning network probes, 1195 Scattering matrix, 702, 783 Scatterometer, 1073 Schartz-Christoffel transform, 101 1 Schiffmann phase shifters, 848 Schotky barrier diode, 1194 Secondary su~eillance radar, 1068 Sector beam array, 108 1 Sector patterns, 664 Segmentation method, 456,488 Semi infinite substrate, 731 Semiconductor substrates, 1027 Sequential arrays, 12,36,263, 788, 805, 828,859,1142,1265 Series arrays, 81 6 Series compensated feeds, 36 Series fed patch arrays, 5 15 Series feeds, 335,758,767,816,832,789, 818 Series-fed circularly polarised arrays, 770 Series-feed design procedure, 836 Serpent array, 38,816, 833, 843 Shear, 937 Shipbourne antenna, 1136 Shock, thermal, 934 Short circuit patches, 25,346,353, 374, 1087,1281 Short monopole probe, 982 Shorting pin, 85 Sidelobe level, 5, 774 Simplex synthesis, 662 Single feeds, 219 Singly diffracted field, 1069 Skin effect, 943 Slot antenna, 1136 Slot combiner, 1084 Slotline transitions, 962 Slots annular, 6 1 1 crossed, 28 folded, 353 linear, 606 Slotted line measurements, 975 Slotted patch, 27 Small loop probe, 982 Smear, 923,934 Sodium-bisulphite, 950 1310 lndex lndex 1311 Solder reflow, 938 Solvents, 875 Sommerfeld equation, 276,285,407,417 Sources, hybrid, 353 Space diversity, 939, 1084 Sparse arrays, 1273 Spatial phase delay, 805 Special-purpose networks, 859 Specimen, test, 909,907 Spearal domain method, 265,327,404, 590 Spectral domain Green's function, 327 Spherical arrays, 34, 792, 793, 1134, 1239 Spherical dielectric overlays, 1267 Spherical near field scanning, 981 Spill-over efficiency, 104 Spiral, 30 Spiral slot, 33 Split coaxial balun probe, 982 Split-tee power dividers, 852 Splitters, Wilkinson, 356 Spurious radiation, 332, 353, 743,816, 824 Square law probe, 983 Square patch, 25 Square patch array, 1073, 11 15 Square ring patch, 501 Square-loop-type arrays, 764 Squintless arrays, 758, 826, 832, 841 Stacked antenna, 312 Stacked circulardisc patches, 197 Stacked dipoles, 299 Stacked patches, 29,320 Stainless-steel, 946 Standing wave distribution, 887, 1199 Star patch, 26 Steepest descent method, 278,408 Stepped patch, 29 Strain, internal, 920 Strain relief, 920 Stress riser, 934 Strip combiner, 1084 Strip conductors, 275 Strip dipole, 761, 1132 Strip line patches, 11 1 Strip slot, 1132 Stripline, balanced, 1003 Stripline suspended, 8 16,823,857 thickness, 101 1 triplate, 816, 823 feeds, 353 transitions, 962 resonator, 884 St~ctWes array, 36 feed, 35 Subarrays 2*2,759 four element, 805 two element, 804 Subdomain basis functions, 282,437 Subsectional basis functions, 423,440 Substrates, 15 alumina, 14, 1025 bending, 1 177 beryllia, 1025 copolymer, 679 effects, 279 environmental effects, 679 ferrimagnetic, 1027 foam, 1288 GaAs, 332 honeycomb, 796 low cost, low loss, 674 materials, 871 measurements, 958 metal deposition, 1028 metallisation, 1027 multilayer, 679 non-woven glass-PTFE, 892 perpendicular, 337 plastic, 14, 1025 polypropylene, 678 polypropyleneethylene, 679 mtile, 1025 sapphire, 1025 semi infinite, 731 semiconductor, 1027 technology, 14 thick, 28, 113,275, 356 thickness, 74, 791 thick metal backed, 678 thin, 112 Sum radiation pattern, 1068 Summary, of chapters, 21 Summary, of topic areas, 18 Superstrate, 275, 597 GaAs, 281 teflon, 28 1 Superstrate effects, 281 Surface charge, 1 196 current density, 1 196 currents, 441 fields, 67 gradient, 52 resistivity, 117 tangent, 52 wave, 406,407,4 10 Surface analytical techniques, 1194 Surface current model, 1228 Surface currents, equivalent, 49 Surface field metrology, 1193 Surface impedance, 400 Surface resistivity, 815 Surface treatment, 879,929 Surface wave conductance, 476 Surface wave losses, 816 Surface wave poles, 593 Surface waves, 9, 12, 592, 600, 703, 728, 731,734,740,751 Surface waves circle diagram, 706 excitation, 1 16 loss, 1075 poles, 697 excitation, 127 Surveillance radars, 1079 Susceptance, edge, 479 Suspended stripline, 816, 823,857 Suspension, 881 Switchedelement spherical array, 1132 Synthesis, 361 Synthesis, lines, 1015 Synthesis methods, 662 Synthetic aperture radar antenna, 790, 1146 T junction, 977, 850, 1166 Tab patches, 30 Tapered absorbing film terminations, 964 Tapered arrays, 650 Taperedslot elements, 751 Taylor distribution, 830 Teflon superstrate, 281 Telemetry, 924 Temperature, 875,941 transition, 921 variation of K' with, 942 Terminations matched, 964 resistive box, 964 tapered absorbing film, 964 thin film pad, 964 Test method evaluation, 914 fluiddisplacement, 883 full-sheet-resonance. 897 mated connector, 963 microstripresonator, 893 parallel plate resonator, 959 resonant ring, 961 resonant-cavity perturbation, 906 resonator strip, 960 stripline-resonator, 882 stripline resonator test, 886 Testing functions, 53,427 Thermal paint, 1065 Thermalexpansion coefficient, 878, 936 Thermoplastic, 927 Thermoset, 927,941 Thick film, 1031 Thick patches, 253 Thick substrate, 28,275 Thin film pad terminations, 964 Three-faced array, 11 11 Three-port power dividers, 852 Throwing power, 936 Tilt angle, 1188 Time-domain-reflectometry, 979 TM210-mode microstrip antenna, 1129 Total mass loss (TML), 940 Toxity, 919 Tracking slope, 1188 Train antenna, 1087 Transistors, 1041 Transition, 942 Transition, crystalline, 881 Transition phase, 875 Transitions, 1288 compensating hole, 967 GaAs, 967 inserted connector, 967 K connector, 967 metallic ring, 967 narrow pin, 967 off centred pin, 967 slotline, 962 stripline, 962 thermal, 881 waveguide, 962 Transmission line analysis, 295, 527 Transmission line model, 112,317, 456, 769 Transmission lines, 1001 Transmission-line matrix method, 1023 Transportable earth station, 1125 Transposed arrays, 821 Transverse polarisation, 821, 846 Travelling wave arrays,' 13, 762, 765, 769, 816, 1222 1312 Index Travelling wave feeds, 832 Travelling-wave array design, 777 Triangle line array, 38 Triangular array lattice, 706, 1243 Triangular functions, 54 Triangular patch, 25,235,1209 Triazene, 95 1 Triplate, 857 Triplate, balanced, 1003 Triplate CAD, 1001 Truncated corner patch, 27 Truncated corner square patch, 499 Tuned circuit, 9 Two element sub-arrays, 804 Two port patch, 51 1 Two sided arrays, 746 Two-dimensional feeds, 839 Two-line feeds, 276 Two-sided configuration, 332 UHF pagers, 1079 Uniform lines, 1006 Untransposed arrays, 821 Unwanted modes, 258 Unwanted radiation, 787 Unwanted waves, 762 Urban mobile communications, 1086 Vacuum outgassing, 939 Vacuum-bag, 929 Variational method, 235 Vector potential, 50, 399 Vehicle antennas, 1086 Very-high permittivity, 1293 Vim, 945 plated-through hole, 953 reliability of, 953 Visw-elastic, 873,920,924 Voids, 935 Voltage maxima, 88 Voltage vector, 716 VSWR bandwidth, Wafer probing, 968 Walls electric, 1 13 magnetic, 1 13 Waveguide, 906 air-filled, 858 dielectric, 944 model, 817, 1023 parallel-plate, 858,897 simulator, 71 1,719 transitions, 962 Waves cylindrical, 1072 surface, 406,407,410,592,600,703, 73 1,734,740,75 1 unwanted, 762 Weathering, 941 Welding, 937 electron-beam, 938 laser, 938 parallel gap, 938 percussive arc, 938 resistance, 938 ultrasonic, 938 Wettability, 935 Wheeled vehicles, 1085 Wicking, 875,941 Wide bandwidth arrays, 372 Wide bandwidth patches, 28, 320,796 Widebandwidth, 324, 1273 Wideband arrays, 804 Wideband baluns, 968 Wideband techniques, 253 Wiener-Hopf method, 478 Wilkinson power dividers, 307, 356, 852, 1069 Window antennas, 1283 Wire grid arrays, 848 Wrap around antenna, 34,85 X-ray, 933 Z matrix arbitrary segments, 472 circular segments, 471 from Greens functions, 468 planer segments, 467 rectangular segments, 469