Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 1: Accounting activities and financial statements

Chapter 1Accounting Activities and Financial StatementsThe Financial Statements2Objectives of the Chapter1. Principal activities of business firms.2. Understanding four financial statements.3. The users of financial statements. 4. The financial reporting reform. 5. The types of business entity.6. The authorities prescribing accounting standards and the need for international accounting standards.7. Accounting concepts and principles.Overview of Financial Statements3I. Principal Activities of Business Firms Establishing Corporate Goals and StrategiesObtaining Financing (from owners and creditors)Making Investments (i.e., Investments, Purchase of Property, Plant and Equipment, Purchase of Intangibles, etc.) Carrying Out Operations (i.e., purchase of materials/inventory, production, marketing and administration) Overview of Financial Statements42. Understanding Four Financial Statements Q1: What is accounting? An information system to account for business transactions and to communicate the financial information to users. Q2: How do accountants communicate financial information to users? Overview of Financial Statements5Annual Financial ReportsPublic firms communicate their financial information via the annual reports to shareholders. The content of an annual report includes:A letter to shareholders from the CEO (i.e., IBM 2008 Annual Report, p1-9).Management’s Discussion and Analysis (MD&A) (i.e., IBM 2008 Annual Report, p18-57).Overview of Financial Statements6Annual Financial Reports (contd.)Report of Management (i.e., on the effectiveness of Internal control; required by Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002). (IBM 2008 Annual Report, p58)Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm. (i.e., IBM 2008 Annual Report, p59) Audited Consolidated Financial statements and Notes. (i.e., IBM 2008 Annual Report60-119)Overview of Financial Statements7The Four Financial Statements1. Consolidated Income Statement2. Consolidated Statement of Retained Earnings 3. Consolidated Balance Sheet4. Consolidated Statement of Cash FlowsOverview of Financial Statements8The Content of Four Financial StatementsThe Income Statement (Statement of Earnings): reports the operating results of a firm for a period of time.Accounts reported include revenue, expenses, gains, losses, the net income and the earnings per share.Overview of Financial Statements9The Content of Four Financial Statements (Contd.)The Statement of Retained Earnings: reports the earnings not distributed to shareholders. Accounts reported include beginning balance of retained earnings, current year’s net income, dividends distributed for the reporting period and the ending balance of retained earnings.Overview of Financial Statements10The Content of Four Financial Statements (contd.)The Balance Sheet Statement (Statement of Financial Position) : reports the financial position of a firm on a particular date. Accounts reported include assets, liabilities and stockholders’ equity.Overview of Financial Statements11The Content of Four Financial Statements (contd.)The Statement of Cash Flows: reports cash flows from three business activities and the net increase (or decrease) of the cash during the year.Business activities affect cash flows: operating, investing and financing.The Financial Statements12Exhibit 1-1 (from Financial Accounting by Harrison and Horngren) For the fiscal years ended (In thousands) 2/2/2006 1/27/2005 1. Net sales $1,031,548 $992,106 2. Cost of sales 588,017 571,265 3. Gross profit 443,531 420,841 4. Selling, general, and admin. exps. 392,484 357,516 5. Charges from sale of subsidiary 1,882 3,500 6. Income from operations 49,165 59,825 7. Other income (expense): 8. Interest expense (2,771) (1,769) 9. Interest income 253 307 10. Other 4,278 1,300 11. Total other income (expense), net 1,760 (162) 12. Income before income taxes 50,925 59,663 13. Income tax provision 20,370 23,567 14. Net income $ 30,555 $ 36,096 LANDS’ END, INC. & SUBSIDIARIESConsolidated Statement of Earnings12The Financial Statements13Exhibit 1-2 (from Financial Accounting by Harrison and Horngren) For the fiscal years ended (In thousands) 2/2/2006 1/27/2005 Retained Earnings 1. Beginning balance $229,554 $193,460 2. Net income 30,555 36,096 3. Cash dividends paid --- --- 4. Issuance of treasury stock --- (2) 5. Ending balance $260,109 $229,554 LANDS’ END, INC. & SUBSIDIARIESConsolidated Statement of Retained Earnings13The Financial Statements14Exhibit 1- 3(from Financial Accounting by Harrison and Horngren) (In thousands) 2/2/2006 1/27/2005ASSETS Current assets: 1. Cash $17,176 $5,426 2. Receivables 8,046 4,459 3. Inventory 164,816 168,652 4. Prepaid advertising and other exp. 32,033 19,631 5. Total current assets 222,089 198,168 Property, plant & equip., at cost: 6. Land and buildings 72,248 69,798 7. Fixtures and equipment 83,880 74,745 8. Leasehold improvements 2,912 1,862 9. Total property, plant & equipment 159,040 146,405 10. Less accum. depr. & amortization 60,055 49,414 11. Property, plant, & equipment, net 98,985 96,991 12. Intangibles, net 2,423 2,453 13. Total assets $323,497 $297,612 LANDS’ END, INC. & SUBSIDIARIESConsolidated Balance Sheet14The Financial Statements15Exhibit 1- 3 (contd.)LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ INVESTMENT Current liabilities: 14. Interest payable $ 9,319 $7,539 15. Accounts payable 62,380 52,762 16. Salary payable 4,555 5,011 17. Accrued liabilities 23,751 25,959 18. Accrued profit sharing 1,483 1,679 19. Income taxes payable 13,256 9,727 20. Current maturities of long-term debt --- 40 21. Total current liabilities 114,744 102,717 22. Deferred income taxes 7,212 5,379 23. Long-term liabilities 349 388 Shareholders’ investment: 24. Com. stock, 40,221 shares issued 26,567 26,219 25. Retained earnings 260,109 229,554 26. Other (85,484) (66,645)27. Total shareholders’ investment 201,192 189,128 28. Total liabilities & shareholders’ inv. $323,497 $297,612 15The Financial Statements16Exhibit 1- 4 (from Financial Accounting by Harrison and Horngren) For the fiscal years ended (In thousands) 2/2/2006 1/27/2005 Cash flows from operating activities:1. Cash received from customers $1,027,943 $991,291 2. Cash received from interest 253 307 3. Cash paid to suppliers & employees (967,075) (926,714)4. Cash paid for interest (2,833) (2,828)5. Cash paid for income taxes (16,896) (27,595)6. Net cash flows from operating activities 41,392 34,461 Cash flows from investing activities: 7. Cash paid for capital additions and businesses acquired (13,904) (32,102)8. Proceeds from divestiture 1,665 --- 9. Net cash flows used for investing activities (12,239) (32,102)LANDS’ END, INC. & SUBSIDIARIESConsolidated Statement of Cash Flows16The Financial Statements17Exhibit 1-4 (contd.) Cash flows form financing activities: 10. Proceeds from short-term and long-term debt 1,780 $7,539 11. Payment of long-term debt (40) (40)12. Purchases of treasury stock (20,001) (27,979)13. Issuance of treasury stock 858 1,978 14. Cash dividends paid --- --- 15. Net cash flows used for financing activities (17,403) (18,502)16. Net increase (decrease) in cash 11,750 (16,143)17. Beginning cash 5,426 21,569 18. Ending cash $ 17,176 $ 5,426 17The Financial Statements18Exhibit 1-5 (from Financial Accounting by Harrison and Horngren)Net income .. $ 30,555 Income Statement -- Fiscal Year 2006(Details given in Exhibit 1-8) Beginning retained earnings .. $229,554Net income 30,555Cash dividends . ---Ending retained earnings $260,109 Statement of Retained Earnings -- Fiscal Year 200618The Financial Statements19Exhibit 1- 5 (contd.) Beginning retained earnings ... $229,554 Net income . 30,555 Cash dividends .. --- Ending retained earnings . $260,109 Statement of Retained Earnings -- Fiscal Year 2006 ASSETSCash ... $ 17,176 All other assets . 306,321 Total assets ... 323,497 LIABILITIESTotal liabilities ... $122,305 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITYCommon stock . 26,567 Retained earnings ... 260,109 Other equity .. (85,484)Total liabilities & stockholders’ equity $323,497 Balance Sheet Statement - Fiscal Year 200619The Financial Statements20Exhibit 1- 5 (contd.)  ASSETSCash ... $ 17,176 All other assets . 306,321 Total assets ... 323,497 LIABILITIESTotal liabilities ... $122,305 STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITYCommon stock . 26,567 Retained earnings ... 260,109 Other equity .. (85,484)Total liabilities & stockholders’ equity $323,497 Balance Sheet Statement -- Fiscal Year 2006Net cash flows from operating activities ... $41,392 Net cash flows used for investing activities .. (12,239)Net cash flows used for financing activities .. (17,403)Net increase in cash . 11,750 Beginning cash .. 5,426 Ending cash $17,176 Statement of Cash Flows - Fiscal Year 200620The Financial Statements21Definitions of Assets, Liabilities and Equity (all are presented on a balance sheet statement)Assets: the economic resources of a business that are expected to be of benefit to the business entity in the future.Examples: cash, office supplies, inventories, accounts receivable, buildings, equipment, etc.)The Financial Statements22Definitions of Assets, Liabilities and Equity (contd.)Liabilities: claims to assets; legal obligations required future payments of assets or services as a result of a business entity’s past transactions.Examples: accounts payable, bonds payableEquity: residual claims to a business entity from stockholders.The Financial Statements23Definitions of Revenues and ExpensesRevenues: increase or inflow of assets; will eventually increase stockholders’ equity (i.e., sales revenue)Expenses: decrease or outflow of assets; will eventually decrease stockholders’ equity.Gains: increase in assets from incidental transactions not related to the major operation.Losses: decrease in assets from incidental transactions.The Financial Statements24The Accounting Equation and the Computation of Accounting Net IncomeAssets = Liabilities + Stockholders’ Equity Balance Sheet Assets Liabilities EquityNet Income = Revenues - Expenses + Gains - LossesThe Financial Statements253. Users of Accounting InformationInternal users: mangers; managerial accounting produce internal accounting reports for mangers to make decisions. External users: investors, creditors, IRS, SEC, etc.; financial accounting produces financial statements for these users.The Financial Statements26 External Users and Usage of Financial Statements26Why Are Financial Statements Important ?Assess the risks (i.e., credit risk).Provide an economic history.Thus, financial statement can be used for various purposes: Analytical tool (i.e., to assess liquidity, efficiency of using financial resources, profitability and solvency of companies.)Management report cardEarly warning signalBasis for predictions27Overview of Financial Statements284. The Financial Reporting Reform The collapse of Enron and the accounting scandals of some high-profile firms severely damaged public confidence in the accounting profession and the financial reporting.At the demand of the public, Sarbanes and Oxley Act was passed in 2002 to restore the public confidence in the credibility of the financial reports. Overview of Financial Statements29Key Provisions of Sarbanes and Oxley ActCreating the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board: establish auditing standards.Increasing Corporate Executive Accountability.Prohibition of Non-Audit Services. Evaluation of Internal Control.The Financial Statements305. Types of Business1. Proprietorships2. Partnerships3. CorporationsThe Financial Statements31Types of Business (contd.)The Financial Statements32CorporationsA business entity formed under a state law. A corporation is a legal entity by itself. It has all the rights of a person (i.e., pay taxes, own properties, can sue or be sued, can sign contract,) except the rights of voting and marriage. The Financial Statements33Corporations (contd.)The ownership of a corporation is divided by shares. To be an owner of a corporation, an individual just need to buy shares from stock markets.Owners of a corporation have limited liability. The most an owner can lose is what he (she) invested. The Financial Statements34Corporations (contd.)The stockholders elect “board of directors” who sets business policies for the corporation. The board elects a chairman (usually is also the chief executive officer (CEO), and designates a president who is in charge of daily operations (COO). The Financial Statements35Corporations (contd.)The board also appoints vice presidents who are in charge of different areas (i.e., marketing, accounting, finance...).The Financial Statements36 6. The Authorities prescribing the Accounting StandardsFinancial Statements (F/S) are prepared based on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The authorities prescribe the accounting standards include: The Financial Statements37The Authorities prescribing the Accounting Standards (contd.)the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB, a private agency), the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC, a public agency).The Financial Statements38A Historical Perspective of Authorities prescribing the Accounting Standards Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting 39The Need for International Accounting StandardsCompanies doing business in more than one nation found that it is hard to comply with more than one set of accounting standards established by authorities in different nations.In response to this problem, International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC) was founded in 1973 to develop a single set of global accounting standards.Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting 40The History of International Accounting Standard Setting (cont.)41 International Accounting Standards (IAS) were issued by IASC.IASC created International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in April, 2001 to be in charge of prescribing the standards.IASB endorsed 41 IAS and named its pronouncement as International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting 41Convergence of the U.S. Accounting Standards and the International Accounting StandardsTo increase the international comparability and the quality of US accounting standards, the FASB has been engaged in activities toward the convergence of the accounting standards.The FASB is working closely with the IASB on the convergence of accounting standards.Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting 42Short-Term International Convergence (source: FASB Project Updates)The FASB started a short term joint project with the IASB to eliminate narrow differences between US GAAP and IFRS in October 2002.Both IASB and FASB acknowledged that convergence of IFRS and U.S. GAAP is a primary objective of both Boards.A Single Global Accounting Language- International financial reporting standards?In 2008, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) proposed a roadmap for the US issuers to prepare financial statements in accordance with “IFRS” for the purposes of their filings with the SEC.This roadmap, if achieved, could lead to the required use of IFRS by U.S. issuers in 2015 or 2016.43The SEC’s Roadmap Toward Global Accounting Standards (Source: Intermediate Accounting by Kieso, Weygandt and Warfield)The Financial Statements44Environment and Theoretical Structure of Financial Accounting 45Current Compliances Since there is no single set of high-quality accounting standards, domestic (U.S.) firms filing reports with the SEC must use U.S. GAAP. Foreign issuers filing reports with the SEC can use U.S. GAAP, the international standards or the GAAP of its home country.If foreign firms chose to use the standards of its home country, they must file reports with reconciliation to U.S. GAAP.The Financial Statements467. Accounting Concepts and Principles1. The entity concept2. The going-concern concept3. The stable-monetary unit concept4. The cost principle5. The reliability principle