Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 1: Web extension 1B - An overview of derivatives

Chapter 1Web Extension 1BAn Overview of DerivativesTopics in Web ExtensionOverview of derivativesForward contractsFutures contractsOptionsSwapsForward Contracts2 parties to contract, each with a basic position:One party is “long” (buy). Obligates party to buy the underlying asset at some fixed price at a specified date in the future.One party is “short” (sell). Obligates party to sell the underlying asset at some fixed price at a specified date in the future.TermsForward priceDelivery date (expiration date)Forward contracts are common for currencies.Hedging Risk with Forward ContractsUS wine importer might plan on purchasing French wine with euros in the fall. Could lock in the currency exchange rate for the fall by taking a long position in a euro currency forward contract.US computer manufacturer might plan on selling computers to German company in fall, with the payment in euros. Could lock in exchange rate by taking a short position in euro forward contract.Both parties have reduced risk by locking in the exchange rate.Problems with Forward ContractsForward contracts are made directly between two parties, so there is the possibility of default (although banks often are one of the parties in each transaction, in effect acting as “middlemen”).Forward contracts are often designed for a specific need, so there is not a standardized contract, which makes it difficult to have a secondary market.Futures contract solve these problems.Futures ContractsSimilar to forwards, except:Marking-to-marketMany more assets- agriculture, livestock, metals, indexes, currencies, interest rates, energyStandardized contracts that trade on exchanges, such as CBOTOptionsBasic PositionsCall / PutLong / Short (writer)TermsExercise PriceExpiration Date (can let expire unexercised)Assets- Stocks, indexes, currency, and futuresCBOESwapsTwo parties agree to “swap” some particular obligation (usually associated with debt)Swap payments in one currency for payments in another currencySwap floating-rate payments for fixed-rate payments