Temperature Control of Pseudo Noise Generator Based Optical Transmitter using Airflow and Heat Sink Profile at High Speed Transceiver Logic IO Standard

Temperature Control of Pseudo Noise Generator Based Optical Transmitter using Airflow and Heat Sink Profile at High Speed Transceiver Logic IO Standard Bhagwan Das, M. F. L Abdullah, Mohd Shah Nor Shahida, and Qadir Bukhsh Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia Email: he130092@siswa.uthm.edu.my, {faiz, shahida}@uthm.edu.my, qadirquest@gmail.com Bishwajeet Pandey Chitkara University Research and Innovation Network, Punjab, India Email: gyancity@gyancity.com Abstract—Junction temperature is the final temperature of any device, after that device became dead. In this paper, junction temperature of target device i.e. Pseudo Noise sequence random generator based optical transmitter is controlled using heat sink profile and airflow. Heat sink and airflow are the cooling techniques for thermal efficient design on FPGA. We operated target device at high speed transceiver logic (HSTL) on FPGA at 1, 10,100 and 1000 (GHz) operating frequency. Each IO standard is examined with two airflow values (250 MFL and 500MFL) and Heat sink values (Low profile, Medium profile and high profile). For HSTL_I the reduction in junction temperature is (4%, 5%, 16% and 20%), HSTL_III (2%, 4%, 40%, and 67%), HSTL_I_18 (2%, 15%, 59%, and 68%), HSTL_III_18 (2.4%, 19%, 62%, and 74%) is recorded at respective frequencies. Significant reduction of 74% in junction temperature is observed at 1000GHz using HSTL_III_18. We conclude that for frequencies above 10GHz the heat sink profile and air flow significantly reduces the junction temperature using HSTL_III_18. This design makes the target device, energy efficient, system will be integrated with other optical components to make optical communication system green. Xilinx ISE14.7.1.2 design tool is used to perform the experiment.  Index Terms—junction temperature, heat sink profile, airflow, IO standards, Field programming Gate arrays, Pseudo Noise Generator, optical transmitter. I. INTRODUCTION PN generator produces the sequence of pseudorandom binary numbers. This sequence is used in optical transmitter when the data is modulated at speed of light. The sequence is mainly generated by two configurations (SSRG or Fibonacci) [1]-[3]. In telecommunication Manuscript received December 5, 2014; revised March 25, 2015. This work was supported in part by Research Acculturation Collaborative Effort (RACE) Grant [vot1437] & Postgraduates Incentive Grant (GIPS) Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). Bhagwan Das (corresponding author) he130092@siswa.uthm.edu.my. system the PN sequence is used to generate the input bit stream for digital communication, spread spectrum in CDMA and the bit pattern for laser source for optical communications [4]. In optical communication systems PN sequences is interrupted by many parameters such as chromatic dispersion [5], chromatic dispersion in time domain [5], chromatic dispersion in frequency domain [6]. Fig. 1 shows, the design for our PN generator for optical transmitter using SSRG method which is less temperature sensitive then Fibonacci generator. Designed PN generator for optical transmitter using SSRG method is implemented on FPGA. In FPGAs the Vertex™ series-6 is use to configure 16-bit shift register with one Look up Table to generate the PN sequence [7]. Figure 1. Our design for pseudo noise generator for optical transmitter using SSRG method II. JUNCTION AND AMBIENT TEMPERATURE Ambient temperature of the electronic device is the temperature at which device usually operates. The Junction temperature is the temperature at which electronic devices become dead. Junction temperature tells about the life of a device [8]. Mostly it is recommended that junction temperature should be less than 125 o C. The ambient temperature is directly proportional to junction temperature [9], [10]. Heat will continue to flow from device to surrounding environment (ambience). The estimation of the chip-junction temperature is shown in (1) [10]: TJ =TA + (Rj × PD) (1) where 28 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 1, February 2016 ©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering doi: 10.12720/joace.4.1.28-32  TA is ambient temperature for the package ( °C )  RJ is junction to ambient thermal resistance ( °C / W )  PD is power dissipation in package (W)  TJ is Junction temperature for the package ( °C ) The uncertain change in junction temperature may destroy device or may cause issue like unreliability [11], [12]. In order to design an efficient flow of the system, we are controlling TJ by calculating TJ values for different values of airflow and heat sink profile [13]. A. Heat Sink Profile A heat sink keeps a device at a temperature below the specified recommended operating temperature [14]. With a heat sink, heat from a device flows from the junction to the case, then from the case to the heat sink, and lastly from the heat sink to ambient air [15]. The goal is to reduce thermal resistance [16], [17]. B. Airflow An airflow pulse ionization chamber system supported with FPGA-based electronic technique for measurement of alpha-radioactivity in atmosphere [1]-[3]. The unit of airflow is MFL stands for Linear Feet per Minute. III. METHODOLOGY In this work, we are controlling the Junction temperature of Pseudo noise generator based optical transmitter using heat sink profile and air flow, because when values of these both parameters is increased the junction temperature is decreased. The PN generator based optical transmitter is operated under different IO standards of HSTL family. Airflow of the device Virtex-6 is changing with two values (250 LMF and second is 500LMF), while heat sink profile is changing with three profiles low profile, medium profile and high profile as shown in Fig. 2. This proposed system is fully integrated with other optical components to make PN generator green or energy efficient. The best value will be selected so for to make PN generator based optical transmitter energy efficient. Figure 2. Compatibility test conditions for energy efficient PN generator for optical transmitter. A. HSTL (High-Speed Transceiver Logic) The High-Speed Transceiver Logic (HSTL) standard is a general purpose high-speed bus standard sponsored by IBM (EIA/JESD8-6. To support clocking high speed memory interfaces, a differential version of this standard was added. Virtex-6 FPGA I/O supports all four classes HSTL_ I, HSTL_ III, HSTL_ I_18, HSTL_ III_18. B. Junction Temperature for IO Standard HSTL_I The Table I contains the different values of junction temperature for operating frequencies 1GHz, 10GHz, 100GHz and 1000GHz with different values of Airflow and heat sink profile. We analyzed that by selecting the heat sink at high profile with maximum and airflow of 500MFL, we have maximum reduction of 4%, 5%, 16% and 20% in junction temperature in comparison with heat sink at low profile and airflow of 250MFL for respective frequencies. TABLE I. JUNCTION TEMPERATURE IN {OC}OF HSTL_I FOR HEAT SINK AND AIRFLOW Air Flow Heat Sink Profile Operating Frequencies 1.0GHZ 10GHZ 100GHZ 1000GHZ 250LMF Low Profile 33 34.1 45.6 125 Medium Profile 32.5 33.5 43.1 125 High Profile 32.3 33.2 41.9 125 500LMF Low Profile 32.2 33.1 41.5 125 Medium Profile 31.8 32.5 39.3 108.1 High Profile 31.6 32.2 38.3 99.1 C. Junction Temperature for IO Standard HSTL_ III Table II shows the junction temperature values at frequencies of 1GHz, 10GHz, 100GHz and 1000GHz there is reduction in junction temperature of 2%, 4%, 40% and 67%. TABLE II. JUNCTION TEMPERATURE IN {OC } OF HSTL_ III FOR HEAT SINK AND AIRFLOW AIR FLOW Heat Sink Profile Operating Frequencies 1.0GHZ 10GHZ 100GHZ 1000GHZ 250LMF Low Profile 32.4 33.9 56.1 125 Medium Profile 32.2 33.5 46.4 125 High Profile 32 33.1 44.5 125 500LMF Low Profile 31.9 33.1 40.3 108.1 Medium Profile 31.7 32.7 39.6 68 High Profile 31.5 32.4 33.1 41 29 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 1, February 2016 ©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering D. Junction Temperature for IO Standard HSTL_ I_18 Table III describes the junction temperature values at operating frequencies 1GHz, 10GHz, 100GHz and 1000GHz the reduction in junction temperature is of 2%, 15%, 59% and 68% respectively. TABLE III. JUNCTION TEMPERATURE IN {OC } OF HSTL_ I_18 FOR HEAT SINK AND AIRFLOW Air Flow heat sink profile Operating Frequencies 1.0GHZ 10GHZ 100GHZ 1000GHZ 250LMF low profile 32 37.3 79 125 medium profile 31.8 36.1 63.1 108.1 high profile 31.4 34.2 55.9 68 500LMF Low Profile 31.4 32.2 47.3 58.2 Medium Profile 31.4 31.9 36.3 47.1 High Profile 31.4 31.4 32.2 40.1 E. Junction Temperature for IO Standard HSTL_ III_18 Table IV shows, that the junction temperature values for two values of air flow (250 and 500MFL) and heat sink profile (Low, Medium and High). At frequencies of 1GHz, 10GHz, 100GHz and 1000GHz the junction temperature reduces 2.4%, 19%, 62% and 74% respectively. TABLE IV. JUNCTION TEMPERATURE IN {OC } OF HSTL_ III_18 FOR HEAT SINK AND AIRFLOW Air Flow Heat Sink Profile Operating Frequencies 1.0GHZ 10GHZ 100GHZ 1000GHZ 250LMF Low Profile 32.3 40.1 85 125 Medium Profile 31.8 38.3 72.3 90.1 High Profile 31.6 36.2 63.9 75 500LMF Low Profile 31.3 34.2 42.3 59.3 Medium Profile 31.4 33.9 38.3 42.1 High Profile 31.4 32.4 31.9 32.1 IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION PN generator based optical transmitter is integrated with high speed transceiver logic devices on FPGA vertex-6 at 1GHz, 10GHz, 100GHz, and 1000GHz frequencies. The device is performed under room temperature of 30.1 o C with junction temperature 31.4 o C. When frequencies is increased the junction temperatures almost reaches to its dead value. Junction temperature is controlled by heat sink and airflow for different IO standard of High speed logic. Figure 3. Change in junction temperature for different heat sink and airflow with IO standards As shown in Fig. 3, HSTL_ I has the peak junction temperature and slope is constant for different heat sink and airflow values for different frequencies. While for HSTL_ III_18, there is a significant change in junction temperature for different values of heat sink and airflow values at different frequencies. The change in slope is negligible in case of HSTL_I and change in slope of junction temperature for HSTL_ III_18 is quite appreciated for reducing the junction temperature of target device. V. CONCLUSION We conclude that for high speed transceiver logic interface of PN based optical transmitter the HSTL_ III_18 IO standard gives optimum performance in reduction of junction temperature, when operating at higher frequencies of 100GHz and 1000GHz. The results conclude that Energy-Efficient PN generator based optical transmitter is achieved for high frequency operation for 10GHz to 1000GHz by changing the heat sink profile and airflow. Finally this energy efficient PN generator for optical communication is integrated with other optical components such as optical modulators, receiver for green optical communication. Here only one component of optical communication is enabled for green communication. ACKNOWLEDGMENT We are thankful to Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM), Malaysia that encourages us to contribute in research. This work is supported by Research Acculturation Collaborative Effort (RACE) Grant [vot1437] & Postgraduates Incentive Grant (GIPS) UTHM. REFERENCES [1] X. Ye, Y. Yin, S. J. B. Yoo, P. Mejia, R. Proietti, and V. 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Multi Topic Conf. 2015 (IMTIC '15)”, Mehran University of Engineering & Technology, Jamshoro, Pakistan, 2015. [20] M. F. L Abdullah, B. Das, B. Pandey, et al., “Energy-efficient pseudo noise generator based optical transmitter for ethernet (IEEE 802.3az),” in Proc. Int. Conf. on Computer, Communication, and Control Technology, Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia, April 2015. [21] B. Das, M. F. L Abdullah, B. Pandey, et al., “Temperature regulations of pseudo noise generator based optical transmitter using airflow and heat sink profile,” in Proc. 2015 6th Int. Conf. on Mechanical, Industrial, and Manufacturing Technologies(MIMT 2015), Melaka, Malaysia, 2015. Bhagwan Das received his Bachelor of Electronic Engineering Degree in 2008 from Mehran university of Engineering and Technology (MUET), Jamshoro. From July 2008 to July 2009, he worked as Lab. Lecturer in MUET. He served as Telecom. Engineer in Lune Sys Pvt. Ltd, Islamabad from July 2009 to Jan, 20011. He joined the Quiad-e-Awam University of Engineering, Science and Technology in Jan 2011 as Lecturer in Electronic department as a regular employee. He has received his Masters of Engineering Degree (communication engineering) in 2013. He had 6 years’ experience of teaching in public sector university of Pakistan. He is also professional member of IEEE. He is Registered Engineer in Pakistan Engineering Council (PEC) also member in Pakistan Engineering Congress. He is currently doing PhD in Electrical Engineering from Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM) under supervision of Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Faiz Liew bin Abdullah. His research fields of interest are optical communication and signal processing and FPGAs based Energy Efficient design. He had succeeded published many research articles in National and international journals. Mohammad Faiz Liew Abdullah received BSc (Hons) in Electrical Engineering (Communication) in 1997, Dip Education in 1999 and MEng by research in Optical Fiber Communication in 2000 from University of Technology Malaysia (UTM). He completed his PhD in August 2007 from The University of Warwick, United Kingdom in Wireless Optical Communication Engineering. He started his career as a lecturer at Polytechnic Seberang Prai (PSP) in 1999 and was transferred to UTHM in 2000 (formerly known as PLSP). At present he is an Associate Professor and the Deputy Dean (Research and Development), Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM). He had 15 years’ experience of teaching in higher education, which involved the subject Optical Fiber Communication, Advanced Optical Communication, Advanced Digital Signal Processing and etc. His research area of interest are wireless and optical communication, photonics and robotic in communication. Email: faiz@uthm.edu.my Nor Shahida Mohd Shah received her B.Eng. from Tokyo Institute of Technology, M.Sc with distinction from University of Malaya, and Dr.Eng. from Osaka University in 2000, 2003, and 2012, respectively. In 2004, she joined University Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia until now. Her research interests include optical fiber communication, nonlinear optics, optical signal processing, antenna and propagation, and wireless communication. Mr. Bakhsh currently PhD scholar in UTHM, Johar and he is Lecturer in Faculty of Mechanical engineering Quaid-e-Awam university of engineering, science and technology Nawabshah Pakistan. His professional membership in Pakistan Engineering council. He had succeeded published many research articles in National and international journals. His research interests includes; Mechanical Design, Finite Elements, Automation, Robotics. 31 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 1, February 2016 ©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Bishwajeet Pandey is working in Centre of Excellence of Chitkara University-Punjab Campus as an Assistant professor. He has worked as Junior Research Fellow (JRF) at South Asian University (University declared under SAARC Charter) and visiting lecturer in IGNOU on weekends. He has completed M. Tech. from IIIT Gwalior and done R&D Project in CDAC-Noida. Before that, he has total 7+ year experience as Web Manager in Web Sanchar India, Assistant Professor at Fortune Bright Paramedical Institute, ASP.NET 2.0 Developer at Tours Lovers Private Ltd and IT Manager at LaCare Farma Ltd. He has received Gate Fellowship from Ministry of Human Resource and Development, Government of India and Junior Research Fellowship from UGC. He is a Life Member of Computer Society of India (CSI) and Professional Member of IEEE. he is working with more than 80 Co- Researcher from Industry and Academia to create a globally educational excellence in Gyancity Research Lab and Chitkara University Research and Innovation Network (CURIN). He has authored and coauthored over 125 papers in SCI/SCOPUS/Peer Reviewed Journals and IEEE/Springer Conference proceedings in areas of Low Power Research in VLSI Design, Green Computing, and Electronic Design Automation. He has published paper in conferences in IIT, NIT, DRDO in India and Vietnam, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Singapore, Pakistan, Hong Kong, Korea and Russia and so on. He has filled 2 patents in Patent Office in Intellectual Property Building Delhi and also authored 2 books available for sale on Amazon and Flipkart. He got best paper award in conferences in ICAMEM-2014 Hong Kong, CICN-2014 Udaipur, ICNCS-2013 Singapore, and ICCCV-2013 Coimbatore. He is a technical programme committee (TPC) member in various conferences across globe. 32 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 1, February 2016 ©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering