Wcdma for umts - Hspa evolution and lte 2010

s small TX chain gain corrections until the target is reached. Since the 3GPP transmit power control (TPC) dynamic range (−50 to 24 dBm) exceeds most cost effective power detectors, the loop can only be closed over a limited output power range. For example, in handsets ‘C’ and ‘D’, a sudden consumption increase occurs at Pout ≥ −10 dBm, implying that the loop operates over nearly 34 dB dynamic range. Figure 20.25 (left) illustrates the overall loop architecture. The associated PA gain variations of Figure 20.25 (right) require continuous, real-time adjustments via either the RF TX VGA, or via digital and/or analog I/Q fine tuning. Such loops offer numerous advantages: • Relaxes both the RF transmitter and the PA gain stability requirements, since they are detected and corrected automatically. • Allows fine tuning of both PA supply and bias voltage to deliver optimum ACLR/talk-time trade-off over the most interesting range of UE output power. • Eases the replacement of a given PA model with another. • Delivers accurate power control performance independently of PA gain variations. Yet, this scheme comes at the expense of a higher bill of material (BOM) and a higher SW complexity than the switched mode scheme. 20.4.3.2 Switched Mode Control Scheme Mode switched PAs are controlled via a dedicated HW pin, which sets the PA into two or three biasing states, each optimized for a given range of output power. For example, a low, mid and high power mode is made available in [53]. Certain PAs also support scaling of their power supply below a certain threshold to provide further savings [14]. The concept is shown in Figure 20.26. Beyond the low BOM inherent to this control scheme, this solution remains attractive today. It delivers competitive ACLR performance while offering near identical or better TT performance than a closed-loop operation. However, there are several challenges associated with the scheme as discussed in Section 20.2.1. In particular, when PA supply switching is used, the associated gain transient duration can easily excess the duration of a WCDMA timeslot. Specific correction look-up tables are required, via a mix of mass production calibration, and proprietary compensation techniques. 20.4.3.3 PA Power Consumption Model Measurements performed on evaluation boards presented in Figure 20.27 show that the PA operated in a closed loop fashion delivers superior ACLR performance. However, there is a slight power consumption advantage to switched mode and switched supply PA, which consumes nearly 10 mA less current at −50 dBm. Integrating both profiles over the DG09 PDF, the switched mode PA saves 20 mW which translates in 20 minute extra battery life. In the context of a widespread use of low cost, large volume solutions, the switched mode scheme presents a significant cost/performance trade-off advantage. Thus, our 2011 PA model relies on the associated transfer function plotted in Figure 20.27. Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 575 H ig h Ba nd T X To G SM tra ns ce iv er Lo w B an d TX G SM LB 2 RX G SM LB 1 RX G SM H B RX du pl ex er is ol at or co u pl er de te ct or R C Po w er a m pl ifie r Bi as pi n BP F Su pp ly pi n D C/ DC D C/ DC co n tro l co n tro l Au x D AC 2 3G tr an sc ei ve r Lo ca l o sc illa to r Lo ca l o sc illa to r − 45 +4 5 − 45 +4 5 I b ra nc h AD C AD C D AC D AC 10 00. 5 11. 5 22. 5 33. 5 − 10 0 10 20 30 12141618 Gain (dB) O ut pu t p ow er (d Bm /3. 84 MH z) Power and bias supply (V) 202224262830 LP F Q Au x AD C Ba se ba nd s ec tio n R F su bs ys te m I Ta rg et − + ε cl oc k da ta e n a bl e Q br an ch PA b ia s BP F LN A Au x D AC VG A PA g ai n PA s up pl y vo lta ge PA b ia s vo lta ge Fi gu re 20 .2 5 Le ft: ex am pl e o fa cl os ed lo o p H W im pl em en ta tio n sim ila rt o th at o bs er ve d in U E “ C” an d “ D ” PC B [7 ]. R ig ht :P A ga in m ea su re m en ts u n de ra n ex am pl e bi as an d su pp ly pr ofi le 576 WCDMA for UMTS 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 −10 100 20 30 Po w er s up pl y (V ) G ai n (d B) Output power (dBm/3.84MHz) Gain Power supply PA DC/DC Aux DA 1.5V Mode Control pin Vbat control control Low gain/power mode High gain / power Figure 20.26 Mode and supply switching concept showing gain steps due to supply switching and mode control. Gain on primary left y-axis, power supply on right y-axis −70 −60 −50 −40 −30 0 300 600 900 1200 1500 1800 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 100 20 30 A CL R (d B) B at te ry p ow er c on su m pt io n (m W ) PA output power (dBm/3.84MHz) Gain switched consumption Variable bias consumption Handset 'E' consumption Gain switched ACLR Variable bias ACLR Figure 20.27 Comparison of ACLR vs. power consumption performance of both PA control schemes vs. perfor- mance of PA in handset “E”. Handset “E” PA data is extracted from the manufacturer’s datasheet. Primary y-axis: power consumption, secondary y-axis: ACLR Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 577 20.4.4 UE Power Consumption Models 20.4.4.1 Estimating the ‘Rest of the UE ‘E’ ‘Power Consumption The ‘rest of the UE’ power consumption depends on many variables: modem architecture (Rake, G-Rake or equalizer), power supply distribution and adaptive voltage and frequency scaling strategies, proprietary software and algorithms activity etc. Restricting the number of contributors that fall under the term ‘Rest of the UE’ to only two groups simplifies the analysis: a baseband category includes digital baseband (DBB), analog baseband (ABB) as well as audio and clock generation units, and another category regroups the contributions of both power management unit (PMU) and external DDR memory. Both LCD and backlight are ignored. In UE ‘E’, the rest of the phone power consumption is estimated by performing a simple subtraction from the data collected at −50 dBm as shown in Table 20.3 and illustrated in Figure 20.28. It is worth noting that the RF subsystem contributes to 58% of the total UE power consumption. 20.4.4.2 Estimating the ‘Rest of UE’ Model The 2011 model assumes a shrinking of DBB and ABB into the next CMOS process node. A common rule of thumb states that the power consumption is reduced by 30 to 40% when changing nodes. We assume that by the 2011–2012 timeframe the ‘rest of UE’ consumption should approach 130 mW (35 mA) including analog audio and DDR activity. The assumption is based upon a CMOS 40 nm solution with the use of low voltage supply rails (1 V or below), and extensive use of dynamic voltage and frequency scaling according to CPU/DSP activity. The use of low digital supply voltage Table 20.3 UE ‘E’ power consumption breakdown at −50 dBm in an RMC12k2 Contributor Power consumption Total UE power consumption 514 mW (139 mA @ 3.7 V) PA (cf. Figure 20.27) from PA vendor datasheet 59 mW (16 mA @ 3.7 V) RF receiver chain (cf. Section 20.4.2.1), 148 mW (40 mA @ 3.7 V) RF transmitter chain (cf. Section 20.4.2.2.) 92 mW (25 mA @ 3.7 V) Rest of the UE contribution 514 mW − (59 + 148 + 92) = 215 mW ( 60 mA/3.7 V) PA 19% RF TX 16% RF RX 23% Rest of UE 42% Figure 20.28 UE ‘E’ power consumption breakdown estimate at −50 dBm, rmc 12k2 578 WCDMA for UMTS 0 50 100 150 200 250 Handset 'E' 2010 2011 R es t o f U E co ns um pt io n (m W ) Figure 20.29 “rest of the UE” power consumption trend. For illustration purposes rails benefits from high DC-DC efficiency and allows greater battery life savings. We anticipate the emergence of intermediate solutions in 2010 at about 160 mW as shown in Figure 20.29. 20.4.4.3 Estimating Voice Activity Related Power Consumption From the list of tested handsets, UE ‘E’ is the best device to evaluate the extra power consumption due to voice activity. This is because the phone’s LCD and backlight circuitry appears completely switched off after a few seconds delay during voice calls. With reference to Figure 20.21, this is estimated at  567 − 514 = 53 mW (14 mA). The resulting UE models are summarized in Figure 20.30. The UE ‘E’ model matches with a 53 mW offset fairly accurately the experimental measurements reported in Figure 20.19. In the following we assume that the PMU/DDR contributions account for up to 11% of the rest of the UE consumption. 20.4.4.4 Talk-time Evolutions for 2011 WCDMA Table 20.4 summarizes the power consumption of each UE model integrated over the DG09 profile. The right hand-side column shows the scaling factors used to derive battery life savings in the HSPA handset. We have deliberately adopted a conservative approach by assuming that only 20% of the baseband contribution is gated during DTX/DRX. The WCDMA 2011 power consumption is clearly dominated by the RF subsystem group (Figure 20.31) which now accounts for up to 72% of the total consumption. By allowing gating of the RF circuitry, one can expect that the use of DTX/DRX will provide optimum battery life savings. Thanks to the power savings assumed through CMOS shrinking, the 2011 handset has benefited from a significant reduction of the BB power consumption. Looking at the resulting pie chart of Figure 20.31, the BB now becomes a minor contributor to the total consumption. Consequently, shrinking even further would only bring minimal improvements to the total consumption. Similar comments can be made to the RF IC components. We can therefore consider that WCDMA technology will reach a power consumption plateau once this split becomes a commercial reality. Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 579 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 100 20 UE p ow er c on su m pt io n (m W ) Antenna transmit power (dBm/3.84 MHz) 2009 UE 'E' model 2011 UE model Figure 20.30 UE power consumption model vs. transmit output power: dashed line UE ‘E’ model, plain lines: 2011 UE model Table 20.4 DG09 WCDMA power consumption split using our 2009 and 2011 UE models. Power consumption scaling factors due to HSPA DTX/DRX are listed in right-hand side column 2009 2011 2013 impact of HSPA WCDMA WCDMA DTX/DRX operation UE ‘E’ model Power Amplifier (mW) 122 93 × TX activity RF transmit IC (mW) 103 103 × TX activity RF receive IC (mW) 148 130 × RX activity Baseband (DBB, ABB, audio & clocks) (mW) 239 130 Assume 80% fixed – 20% L1 activity dependent. Variable part is multiplied by the average of RX and TX activity. PMU-DDR (mW) 29 14 Fixed consumption Total (mW) 641 456 Equivalent talk-time (h) 5.1 7.3 20.4.5 Talk-Time Improvements in Circuit Switched Voice over HSPA with DTX/DRX 20.4.5.1 L1 Activity Estimation Assumptions Three scenarios are used to derive the TX and RX activity factors of Table 20.4: 1. UL voice, DL silence insertion descriptor (SID) frames – with 45% probability of occurrence, 2. DL voice, UL SID – with 45% probability of occurrence, 3. DL and UL SID – with 10% probability of occurrence. 580 WCDMA for UMTS RF RX 28% Rest of UE 29% PA 20% RF TX 23% Figure 20.31 WCDMA 2011 power consumption split over DG09 PDF In the following, the activity factors are estimated and graphically illustrated with a set of timing diagrams. In each scenario, the estimations are based upon a near ‘best case’ set of L1 assumptions and represent the best theoretical activity factors that could be expected in a HSPA DTX/DRX handset. In particular, we assume: • Nearly ideal timing alignment between UL and DL frames. • The downlink E-HICH ACK delay jitter of 9.7 to 12.6 time slot is taken into account in each timing diagram. • 2 pre-amble and 1 post-amble slots are assumed during uplink DPCCH gated transmissions. • During DRX, the reception gaps of the F-DPCH follow the uplink transmission pattern. This is because the Node B needs to compute UE TPC commands based upon initial reception of uplink pilot information. • To avoid excessive overloading of the timing diagrams, the reception pattern of E-AGCH (or E-RGCH) overlaps that of the E-HICH reception. We have therefore removed this activity from the timing diagrams. We also assume the following HW implementation of a specific set of parameters: • DL AGC requires 1 slot to converge upon each RX chain wake-up. • Channel estimation requires approximately an average of 4 slots every 40 ms. • TX chain settling time is dominated by the RF LO-PLL, at a worst case 1/3 of a slot. Uplink Voice, Downlink SID L1 Activity Figure 20.32 and Table 20.5 show one possible example of both uplink and downlink activity factors during an uplink VoIP transmission, while downlink frames are SID. It is interesting to note that the RX activity factor remains fairly high (45%). This is due to the fact that RX activity is tied to the transmission pattern of HSUPA packets for which reception of E-HICH (and E-AGCH or E-RGCH) is required. Downlink Voice, Uplink SID L1 Activity With 26% TX and approximately 51% RX activity, the scenario illustrated in Figure 20.33 and summarized in Table 20.6 results in a near identical activity factor than uplink voice. Timing offsets have been adjusted in order to maximize the overlapping of both TX and RX activities. Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 581 Fi gu re 20 .3 2 U pl in k v o ic e, do w nl in k SI D tim in g di ag ra m ex am pl e 582 WCDMA for UMTS Table 20.5 TX and RX activity factor summary in uplink voice, downlink SID Uplink activity factor First transmission 2 ms of TX + postamble & preamble = 4 ms every 20 ms = 20% Retransmission (10%) 2% Downlink ACK/NACK 6 slots = 4 ms every 160 ms = 2.5% TX PLL settling time 0.2 ms per 20 ms + 0.2 per 160 ms = 1.1% Total TX activity 26% Downlink activity factor DRX cycle 6 slots per 20 ms = 20% Downlink reception due to uplink ACK/NACK 3 slots per 10 ms = 10% SID related activity Min: 3 slots per 160 ms = 1.2% Max: 5 slots per 160 ms = 2% AGC and channel estimation activity 4 slots per 20 ms = 13.3% Total RX activity 45 to 46% Uplink and Downlink SID L1 Activity Activity during both uplink and downlink SID frames is summarized in Figure 20.34 and Table 20.7. 20.4.5.2 Talk-time Estimation in HSPA The HSPA activity factors without packet bundling are summarized in Table 20.8. Further savings can be reached using two packet bundling as shown in Table 20.9. Talk-times are computed over the standard DG09 profile for WCDMA. In HSPA mode, DTX or DPCCH uplink gating significantly reduces the uplink interference. To account for the lower cell noise rise in DTX, the HSPA talk time is computed by integrating the UE gated models integrated over a shifted DG09 PDF profile. We assume that the UE average TX power is reduced by 30%. The instantaneous UE TX peak power is adjusted accordingly so that the new target average output power is met. Figure 20.35 compares the associated talk times for WCDMA and HSPA both for 2009 and 2011 technologies. The talk time with HSPA can be even up to 15 hours if LCD and backlight is not con- sidered and up to 12 hours with 2011 technology if LCD power consumption is included, representing 100% and 80% battery savings respectively. Taking LCD activity into account, the talk-time gain of HSPA compared to WCDMA is 65% to 80% for 2009 and 2011 technologies. As predicted, the savings are greater in the 2011 model than in 2009 UE, because of the higher RF circuitry contribution (cf. Figure 20.31). The neighbor cell measurement and reporting activity is not considered in these calculations. On the other hand, the use of packet bundling can further improve the talk time. 20.5 Multi-Mode/Band Challenges 20.5.1 From Mono-Mode/Mono-Band to Multi-Mode/Multi-Band and Diversity From 1992 to 2002, the mobile phone industry increased its service to the user through small incre- mental steps building on the widespread GSM 2G standard. It started with voice only in the European 900 MHz band and later expanded to the 1800 MHz band. Data calls with GPRS and increased data Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 583 Fi gu re 20 .3 3 D ow nl in k v o ic e, u pl in k SI D tim in g di ag ra m ex am pl e 584 WCDMA for UMTS Table 20.6 TX and RX activity factor summary in downlink voice, uplink SID Uplink activity factor First transmission 2 ms of TX + postamble & preamble = 4 ms every 20 ms = 20% Retransmission (10%) 2% Downlink ACK/NACK 6 slots = 4 ms every 160 ms = 2.5% TX PLL settling time 0.2 ms per 20 ms + 0.2 per 160 ms = 1.1% Total TX activity 26% Downlink activity factor DRX cycle 11 slots per 20 ms = 36.6% + retransmissions 1% = 37.6% Downlink reception due to uplink transmission 2 slots per 160 ms = 0.8% AGC & channel estimation activity 4 slots per 20 ms = 13.3% Total RX activity 51.7% rate with the more complex EDGE modulation were then introduced, similarly world-wide roaming based on 3 or 4 bands is now supported. All these new features were implemented at almost no extra cost, size nor power consumption as RF transmit architectures evolved towards solutions avoiding any external filtering thus saving two to four SAW filters depending on the number of bands supported. More recently with the introduction of 3G, the radio designer has been faced with a rapid evolution of 3GPP standardization and an explosion of bands to be supported (Table 20.2). Additionally, 3G terminals must in most cases support 2G (GSM) standard and sometimes the 2G and 3G bands coincide which creates further complexity. For further increased data rates, 2 antenna Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology was introduced in Release 7, as covered in Chapter 15. Fortunately for the handset talk-time these MIMO schemes only require duplication of the receiver path, similar to the RX diversity in the receiver. However, MIMO still adds to the complexity of the radio design, especially in the front end of the RF system and the antenna design, particularly when multi-mode and multi-band constraints are considered. 20.5.2 New Requirements Due to Co-existence The explosion of additional features in the devices results in the need for many wireless sub-systems to co-exist in the same handset. Co-existence itself is not new, as cellular 2G and Bluetooth have been found in phones for years. However, more recently the number of possible radio combinations in a phone has increased significantly with the addition of GPS, Mobile TV, WiFi, FM RX and soon WUSB, FM TX, ZigBee and Galileo. To add further complexity, some of these standards may support MIMO schemes and operate in different frequency bands depending on the region. A summary can be found in Table 20.10. Today’s most complex handsets can require more than 10 antennas and cover more than 10 frequency bands. The former combination of 2G and Bluetooth was relatively easy to handle for several reasons: • The low transmitted power of 0 dBm for Bluetooth creates negligible interference for the cellular receiver. • The relatively relaxed Bluetooth sensitivity makes it difficult for the cellular transmitter noise to desensitize the Bluetooth receiver, especially in the earpiece case where the link is quite robust. Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 585 • The relatively high separation between the 1 GHz or 2 GHz cellular bands and the 2.4 GHz Bluetooth band allows easy filtering of Bluetooth transmitted noise and of cellular transmitter leakage to the Bluetooth receiver. • Both systems are TDMA and hence the probability of collisions is relatively low. The new radios being added to cellular solutions pose more significant issues as most of them require very good sensitivity (GPS, WLAN, Mobile TV). Also, in some cases they have very low band separation: Bluetooth and WiFi are in the same band, GPS is very close to DCS TX band, Mobile TV Table 20.7 TX and RX activity factor summary during uplink and downlink SID Uplink activity factor First transmission 2 ms tx + pre/postambles = 4 ms per 160 ms = 2.5% Retransmission (10%) 0.25% Downlink ACK/NACK 6 slots = 4 ms every 160 ms = 2.5% CQI Aligned with transmission TX PLL settling time 0.2 ms for every transmission = 0.4 ms per 160 ms = 0.25% Total TX activity 5.5% Downlink activity factor DRX cycle 3 slots per 20 ms = 10% SID related activity Min: 10 slots per 160 ms = 4.1% Max: 12 slots per 160 ms = 5% AGC and channel estimation activity 3 slots per 20 ms + 1 slot per 160 ms = 10.4% Total RX activity 24.5 to 25.5% Table 20.8 Overall summary of TX and RX activity factors without packet bundling HSPA Uplink Downlink Uplink voice 26% 46% Downlink voice 26% 52% SID frames 5.5% 25.5% Average activity 24% 47% Table 20.9 Overall summary of TX and RX activity factors with two packet bundling HSPA Uplink Downlink Uplink voice 14.2% 40.3% Downlink voice 15.1% 26.7% Average activity 14% 33% 586 WCDMA for UMTS Fi gu re 20 .3 4 Ti m in g di ag ra m in bo th u pl in k an d do w nl in k SI D tim in g di ag ra m ex am pl e Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 587 2009 technology - with LCD 2009 technology - no LCD 2011 technology - with LCD 2011 technology - no LCD 16 10 12 14 4 6 8 0 2 Ta lk ti m e [ho urs ] CS over HSPA WCDMA Figure 20.35 WCDMA vs. HSPA absolute talk time evolutions Table 20.10 Set of possible wireless standard combination in future handsets Service Standard Number of bands Modes AntennaDiversity Cellular GSM 4 GMSK, GPRS, EDGE Release 7 (RX) WCDMA 10 R99, HSDPA, HSUPA HSDPA (RX) WiMax 3 OFDM Depends on profile WLAN WiFi 2 802.11a,b,g,n 11n (RX&TX) WPAN Bluetooth 1 GFSK, 8PSK no UWB 7 OFDM no Localization GPS 1 CDMA no Gallileo 1 CDMA no TVoM DVB-H&T 3 OFDM Play & record? DMB 2 OFDM Play & record? Radio FM/RDS 1 FM no FM TX 1 FM no AM 1 AM no DAB 1 OFDM no DRM 1 OFDM no Note: Standards in bold are co-existence use-cases that can be found in today’s products being very close to GSM TX band. In the case of WLAN, the high transmit power and a relaxed spectral mask creates a source of strong interference and elevated noise into the frequency bands where other systems operate. Simplifying the analysis to consider only one-to-one interaction and only antennas coupling, pro- vides a valuable insight into the complexity of co-existence. The first order interactions between a first radio, A, and a second one, B, are listed below: • Sharing the same band, for example with Bluetooth and WLAN, with ‘air’ time sharing. • Transmitter noise of A falling into the receive band of B: This is the case when the bands are adjacent. 588 WCDMA for UMTS • AM content of transmit modulation of radio A being demodulated by receiver B through its second order non-linear response. This is particularly of importance for direct conversion receivers. • Harmonics of transmitter A falling into radio B receive band. • Spurious responses of receiver B falling into radio A transmit frequency. This can be the case for DVB-H receiver having spurious response in cellular and WLAN transmit bands, especially at harmonics of the receiver’s local oscillator. • Receiver B blocked by transmitter A leakage due to insufficient IP3 or input compression point. In most of the cases, specific filtering or increased linearity may need to be used to solve the problem. The situation is complicated enough when only one to one interactions are considered, but the situation is even more complicated when three radios are considered. If in addition these different subsystems are integrated into the same shielded cavity and in some cases on the same chip, further interaction mechanism can occur such as coupling of the different local oscillators, clocks. A totally new level of problematic is created if radio elements from different vendors are integrated in the same device or with the possible use of memory cards with their own clock having undefined (from the 3GPP radio perspective) clock frequency and radio interference tolerance. 20.5.3 Front End Integration Strategies and Design Trends To date, the dual-mode cellular solutions simply place a 2G radio next to a 3G radio, and in some cases the two modes don’t even share a common antenna. Integration effort is underway, and dual- mode base band processors can be found. More recently, multi-band dual-mode RF transceivers have been available, but they are still two separate 2G and 3G transceivers in the same die or package. Supporting a 2G band calls for only one RX band select filter (usually a SAW filter) thanks to the success of filter-less architecture, such as the offset loop transmitter introduced in 1995. The full duplex nature of 3G results in the need for four filters to support a single 3G band (two in the duplexer filter, one between the LNA and Mixer to relax the front-end linearity and one between the transmitter and the PA to meet transmitted noise requirements in the receive band). Considering there are 10 bands in 3G, with four of them common to 2G and 3G, and that every region or operator requires a different subset of them, there is much pressure to simplify the banding options. A comparison between a quad-band 2G-only solution and a quad-band 2G plus triple-band 3G dual-mode solution block diagrams representative of today’s solution illustrates the additional complexity in Figure 20.36 The cost and size of the 12 extra filters more than offset the cost of an extra RF-IC in the system. 20.5.4 Impact on Today’s Architectures The new requirements related to co-existence, together with the explosion of bands to be supported in cellular, call for architecture changes to reduce the terminal size and cost. The main objective is to eliminate the need for external filters. Effective reuse of hardware for 2G and 3G is also essential. Reconfigurable radios are attractive for multi-mode cellular capability, as they facilitate extensive sharing of hardware, as shown in Figure 20.37. However, they must provide low-noise transmitters and a receiver with high blocking tolerance. These architectures should also encompass standards such as WLAN and WiMAX, and they should also be compatible with 3G Long-Term Evolution covered in Chapter 17. If these architectural steps can be taken, then the multi-mode multi-band block diagram of Figure 20.36 is simplified to that shown in Figure 20.37 resulting in the elimination of eight external filters. This solution offers simplified support for multiple banding options, allowing up to eight 3G bands. Terminal RF and Baseband Design Challenges 589 LB1 LB2 H B1 −45 +45 H B H B2 BSP9T LB 1 H B2 Quad Band Filter Bank Transceiver Quad Band 2G 2G IQ or DigRF 3G Transmit Modulator Quad Band 2G PA Triple-band 3G radio add-on 3G Band 5 FEM 3G Band 2 FEM 3G Band 1 FEM −45 +45 −45 +45 3G RXIQ or DigRF 3G 3G TXIQ or DigRF 3G 3 out of 9 Band 3G Transceiver LB H B1 H B2 LB1 H B1 H B2 LB1 LB2 H B1 Figure 20.36 Dual mode Quad Band 2G triple band 3G radio block diagram. Legend: DigRF = Digital RF interface. FEM = Front End Module. LB = low band, HB = high band Beyond cost and size optimization, the drive for a higher level of integration continues. Single-chip cellular phones are a reality in 2G today if the PA, RF front end and peripherals are ignored. This trend will certainly be followed for higher-feature dual-mode phones where the 2/3G solution plus extra solutions like GPS, Bluetooth or FM-radio will be integrated in a single system-on-chip (SoC). These more complex chips incorporating digital base-band functions will have to be processed in the latest deep sub-micrometer standard digital CMOS technology available. Integration of analogue and RF functions’ deep sub-micrometer CMOS technology is challenging due to the wide process spread, device mismatches, leakage and noisy environment. There are thus advantages in looking to advanced architectures, particularly those that reduce the analogue circuitry. For the receiver, early digitization using a wideband high dynamic range Sigma–Delta ADC is attractive. The generation of a clean transmit signal by means of new modulator architectures with extensive digital pre-distortion also requires high dynamic range wideband DACs. Use of calibration and digital processing is also necessary to allow fast porting of analogue sections to the next CMOS node. These efforts in developing more robust receivers, cleaner transmitters, and radios that can be easily reconfigured (with increased signal processing and performance in the digital domain) are paving the way to competitive Software-Defined Radios, which, as of today, cannot be considered for consumer applications. 590 WCDMA for UMTS H B2 H B3 LB 2 H B3 H B2 H B1 LB1 H B1 Transmit Modulator LB 1 LB2 ADC ADC DSP I/F DAC DAC -45 +45 H B2 H B3 LB 2 H B3 H B2 H B1 LB1 H B1 LB 1 LB2 ADC ADC DAC DAC − 45 DigRF 3G 5 Band 2/3G FEM 5 out of 9 band dual mode 2/3G Transceiver Figure 20.37 Optimized 5 band, dual-mode 2/3G radio block diagram with SAW-less transceiver architecture. Legend: I/F = interface. DSP = digital signal processor 20.6 Conclusion This chapter presented an overview of the design challenges for 3G RF and baseband design. From the early days of power hungry and bulky 3G devices, the market has reached the 500 million WCDMA subscribers milestone. The future WCDMA device will provide competitive talk and stand-by time compared to GSM only devices, while HSPA Release 7 and 8 handsets will further improve the battery life time with discontinuous transmission and reception for voice and for data connections. The trend is towards highly integrated architectures that should cover efficiently numerous frequency bands while still supporting several non-cellular features such as GPS etc. The use of multiple radio technologies in a single device will add further challenges to the device design to ensure proper operation with multiple radios active. 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[53] Avago Technologies ‘ACPM-7382 UMTS Band1 (1920-1980MHz) 4 × 4 Power Amplifier Module’, Index 3GPP, 67 3GPP2, 69 4C-HSDPA, 464 16-QAM, 358, 449 16-QAM uplink, 448 64QAM, 442 access service class, ASC, 144 active set update, 232 ACTS, 61 acquisition indication channel (AICH), 101, 115, 124 adaptive antennas, 124, 134, 334, 507 adjacent channel interference, 204, 549, 555 adjacent channel selectivity, 563 admission control, 250 A-GPS, 33 amplifier linearization, 552 AMR speech codec, 12 ACELP, 12 capacity, 312, 433 coverage, 175, 298 source adaptation, 13 wideband, 13 analog-to-digital conversion, 547 back-off, 564 EVM budget, 564 resolution, 563 antenna diversity, 301, 453 ARIB, 64 automatic gain control loop, 564 beamforming, see adaptive antennas broadcast and multicast service center (BM-SC), 410 broadcast channel, 99, 122 WCDMA for UMTS: HSPA Evolution and LTE, Fifth Edition Edited by Harri Holma and Antti Toskala  2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd broadcast control channel (BCCH),143,145,157 broadcast/multicast control protocol (BMC), 143, 151 call session control function (CSCF), 94 capacity AMR speech codec, 312, 436 downlink, 312 cdma2000, 66 standardisation, 69 Cell_PCH, 270 cell broadcast center, 86 cell radio network temporary identity (C-RNTI), 154 cell update, 167 channel coding AMR, 114, 120 common channels, 123 convolutional, 120 dedicated channel, 120 TFCI, 121 turbo, 120 channel quality indicator, 362 channelisation codes, 102 CIF, 20 ciphering MAC layer, 144 RLC layer, 148 closed subscriber group (CSG), 523 CMOS, 547 co-existence TDD-FDD, 508 TD-SCDMA-LTE, 511 common control channel (CCCH), 145 common control physical channel primary, 101, 122 secondary, 101, 123 594 Index common packet channel (CPCH), 100, 107, 115, 267 common pilot channel, 101, 121 common traffic channel (CTCH), 145 common transport channels, 93, 183 continuous packet connectivity (CPC), 431 control plane, 80 core network, 75, 77 coverage, 293 AMR speech codec, 298 downlink, 394 effect of antenna diversity, 301 effect of bit rate, 295 CS networks, 77 CS voice over HSPA, 14, 433 Cu interface, 77 cubic metric, 475, 552 CWTS, 67 cyclic prefix, 488 cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 112 data link layer, 141 data rates downlink, 117 HSDPA, 365 HSUPA, 402 LTE, 492 TD-SCDMA, 504 uplink, 112 dedicated channel, 99, 265 downlink, 116 uplink, 111 dedicated control channel (DCCH), 145 dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH), 111, 116 dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH), 111, 116 dedicated traffic channel (DTCH), 145 dedicated transport channel (DCH), 99 despreading, 49 dimensioning, 174 direct conversion, 548 direct transfer, 85 direct tunnel, 452 discontinuous transmission, 431 discontinuous reception, 431 downlink modulation, 107 synchronisation channel (SCH), 108, 109, 122 downlink scrambling, 109 primary scrambling codes, 109 secondary scrambling codes, 109 downlink spreading, 103 downlink shared channel (DSCH), 100, 119, 267 synchronisation channel (SCH), 108, 109, 122 dual band HSDPA, 463 dual cell HSDPA, 459 dual cell HSDPA with MIMO, 462 dual cell HSUPA, 461 dual channel QPSK, 104 DVB-H, 425 dynamic channel allocation, 506 E-DCH absolute grant channel, 399 E-DCH HARQ indictor channel, 399 E-DCH relative grant channel, 399 E-DCH, 395 email, 22 enhanced DPCCH, 395 enhanced DPDCH, 395 enhanced FACH, 437 enhanced RACH, 437 EPC architecture, 470 equalizer, 384, 472 erlang, 190 error vector magnitude, 564 ETSI, 61 fast dormancy, 25, 441 fast fading margin, 175 fast power control, 55, 220 femto gateway, 520 FFT, 471 flat architecture, 468 flexible RLC, 450 forward access channel (FACH), 100, 101, 119, 123, 143, 145, 264 user data transmission, 100, 119 fractional DPCH, 435 frame protocol (FP), 81, 88 FRAMES, 62 frequency accuracy, 110 frequency domain generation, 474 frequency domain scheduling, 459 gaming, 26 GGSN, 77 Index 595 GMSC, 77 GSM core network (CN), 77 H.263, 20 H.324M, 20 handover, 232 active set update rate, 240 algorithm, 232 compressed mode, 242 inter-frequency, 242, 244 inter-system, 129, 241 measurement procedure, 233 soft handover gains, 236, 306 soft handover probabilities, 238 soft handover, 57, happy bit, 398 high speed dedicated physical control channel (HS-DPCCH), 362 high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA), 353, 360 high speed downlink shared channel, HS-DSCH, 357 high speed shared control channel (HS-SCCH), 361 high speed uplink packet access (HSUPA), 391 home location register (HLR), 77 home subscriber server (HSS), 94, 470 HS-DPCCH pre/post-amble, 386 HSPA link budget, 380 HSUPA retransmission, 400 HSUPA scheduling, 400 IFFT, 472 IMT-2000, 70 IMT-RSCP, 70 ITU-R TG8/1, 70 Integrated mobile broadcast (IMB), 427 integrity protection of signalling, 147, 160 interference cancellation, 340, 449, 506 interference margin, 175 interleaving, 112 first, 114 second, 115 inter-operator interference, 204, 563 inter-system cell reselection, 166 inter-system handover, 164 IP multimedia subsystem (IMS), 94 IP RAN, 93 I-Q multiplexing, 104 IS-2000, see cdma2000 Iu Interface, 77, 81 Iu CS, 82 Iu PS, 83 protocol stacks, 81 Iub dimensioning, 382 MBMS, 423 Iub interface, 77 Iupc interface, 92 Iur interface, 77, 80 Iur-g interface, 92 joint detection, see multiuser detection. link budget, 175 link budget, HSPA, 380 link budget, WCDMA, 175 load estimation of downlink load, 249 estimation of uplink load, 246 load control, 252 load factor, 178 logical channels broadcast control channel (BCCH), 145 common control channel (CCCH), 145 common traffic channel (CTCH), 145 dedicated control channel (DCCH), 145 dedicated traffic channel (DTCH), 145 mapping between logical channels and transport channels, 145 paging control channel (PCCH), 145 logical O&M, 91 LTE-Advanced, 492 LTE functional split, 469, 484 LTE link budget, 490 LTE multiple access, 468, 471 LTE requirements, 467 LTE RRC States, 485 LTE RRC, 484 LTE UE categories, 492 MAC segmentation, 450 machine-to-machine, 34 maximal ratio combining, MRC, 53 maximum input power, 567 MBMS notification indicator channel (MICH), 416 MBMS point-to-multipoint control channel (MCCH), 416 MBMS point-to-multipoint scheduling channel (MSCH), 416 596 Index MBMS point-to-multipoint traffic channel (MTCH), 416 MBMS selective combining, 418 MBMS soft combining, 418 MBMS, 409 media gateway control function (MGCF), 95 media resource function (MRF), 94 medium access control protocol (MAC), 143 messaging, 21 MMS, 21 mobile email, 22 mobile equipment (ME), 76 mobile services switching centre/visitor location register (MSC/VLR), 77 mobile-TV, 31, 409 mobility management entity, 470 MPEG-4, 19, 20 multi-mode radio, 582 multi-carrier CDMA, see cdma2000 multicast, 411 multi-carrier HSDPA, 464 multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), 152, 409 multipath diversity, 298 multiple input multiple output (MIMO), 444, 482 multiplexing downlink, 117 uplink, 113 multiuser detection, 340, 506 NBAP, 89 network planning dimensioning, 174 GSM co-planning, 202 inter-operator interference, 204 optimisation, 199 node B, 76 noise figure, 556 noise rise, 175 ODMA, 62, 64 OFDMA, 62, 64, 468, 471 Offload, 516 Okumura-Hata, 173 open loop power control, 55, 126, 169 orthogonal codes, 305 outer loop power control, 56, 226 OVSF codes, 102 packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), 142, 150 paging channel, 100, 124, 270 control channel (PCCH), 143, 145 indicator channel, 125 procedure, 127 pay load unit (PU), 148 packet data network gateway (P-GW)470 phase discontinuity, 554 physical downlink shared channel, 478 physical uplink shared channel, 478 PLMN, 76, 154 policy and charging rules function (PCRF), 470 positioning, 32 A-GPS, 33 GPS, 32 network assisted GPS, 33 power consumption, 431, 475, 567 CS over HSPA, 579 RF receiver, 570 RF transmitter.572 power control, 55, 104 compressed mode, 133 CPCH, 115 fast closed loop, 55, 126 headroom, 133 open loop, 55, 126 outer loop, 56, 226 RACH, 127 power rise, see noise rise processing gain, 49 PS networks, 77 Push-to-talk over cellular (PoC), 16, 281 Quality of service, QoS, 274 radio link control protocol (RLC), 147 acknowledged mode (AM), 148 transparent mode (Tr), 147 unacknowledged mode (UM), 147 radio network controller (RNC), 76, 79 drift RNC, 79 serving RNC, 79 radio network sub-system (RNS), 78 radio resource control protocol (RRC), 153 Rake receiver, 51 RANAP, 79, 84 random access channel (RACH), 100, 107, 115, 124, 264 rate matching downlink, 118 uplink, 114 Rayleigh fading, 52 Index 597 Rake receiver, 51 reciprocal channel, 496 refarming, 4, 211 reference sensitivity, 556 resource block, 474 RNSAP, 87 round trip time, 261 round trip time, HSPA, 384, 439 round trip time, WCDMA, 261 S1_MME, 470 S1_U, 470 SC-FDMA, 474 scrambling, 102, 109 SDD, 495 self mixing, 559 Self Optimized Networks (SON), 6 serving gateway (S-GW), 470 SGSN, 77 Shannon limit, 372 shared channel downlink, 119 high speed, 354 single frequency network (SFN), 425 site selection diversity transmission, 135 smart antennas, 334 SMS, 21 soft capacity, 190 soft(er) handover, 57, 232, 400 soft handover gain, 175 sounding refence symbol (SRS), 471 spectrum allocation, 4 spreading, 49 streaming, 26 sub-carrier spacing, 471 synchronization channel, 101, 109, 122 synchronization signal, 478 TDD, 478, 495 TD-SCDMA, 495 data rates, 504 dynamic channel allocation (DCA), 506 physical layer, 497 terminal power consumption, see power consumption time division duplex, see (TDD) traffic termination point, 89 transmission control protocol (TCP), 255 transmission time interval (TTI), 112, 114 transmit diversity, 310, 447 transmitter noise leakage, 559 transport channels, 98 transport format and resource combination (TFRC), 366 transport format combination indicator (TFCI), 98, 121 transport format indicator (TFI), 98 transport network control plane, 81 transport network user plane, 81 TTA, 65 UE capability, 136 UE reference sensitivity, 556, 559 UMTS subscriber identity module (USIM), 76, 522 unicast, 410 uplink modulation, 104 uplink scrambling, 106 uplink spreading, 106 URA_PCH, 270 URA update, 167 user equipment (UE), 75, 76 user plane, 81 UTRA TDD, see TD-SCDMA UTRA, 62, 64 UTRAN architecture, 75 UTRAN radio network temporary identity (U-RNTI), 144, 154 UTRAN, 75 Uu interface, 76 UWC-136, 66 variable bias, 573 video sharing, 18 video telephony, 18 virtual private network (VPN), 29 voice over IP, VoIP, 17, 284, 433 WCDMA N/A, 65 wideband AMR, 12 wideband TDMA, 63 wideband TDMA/CDMA, 63 windowing, 472 WP-CDMA, 66 X2 interface, 486