3g evolution hspa and lte for mobile broadband

ing on the air interface and can be negotiated statically or dynamically through MAC messages. Applications supported through the WiMAX QoS mechanism are: • Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS): VoIP • Real-Time Polling Service (rtPS): Streaming Audio or Video • Extended Real-Time Polling Service (ErtPS): Voice with Activity • Non-Real-Time Polling Service (nrtPS): File Transfer Protocol (FTP) • Best-Effort Service (BE): Data Transfer, Web Browsing, etc. 20.4.6 Mobility Mobile WiMAX supports both sleep mode and idle mode for more efficient power management. In sleep mode, there is a pre-negotiated period of absence from the radio interface to the serving base station, where the mobile station may power down or scan other neighboring base stations. There are different ‘power saving classes’ suitable for applications with different QoS types, each having different sleep mode parameters. There is also an idle mode, where the UE is not registered to any base station and instead periodically scans the network at discrete intervals. There are three handover methods supported, with Hard Handover (HHO) being mandatory and Fast Base-Station Switching (FBSS) and Macro-Diversity handover (MDHO) being optional [2, 116]. Soft handover is not supported: • Hard Handover (HHO): The mobile station scans neighboring Base Stations (BS) and maintains a list of candidate BS to make potential decisions for cell re-selection. The decision to handover to a new BS is made at the MS or at the serving BS. After decision, the MS immediately starts synchronization to the downlink of the target BS and obtains uplink and downlink transmission parameters and establishes a connection. Finally, the context of all connections to the previous serving BS are terminated. • Fast Base-Station Switching (FBSS): The MS can maintain a diversity set (same as ‘active set’ for WCDMA) of multiple suitable Base Stations. One BS in the active set is selected as Anchor BS through which all uplink and downlink communication is done, both traffic and control messages. The MS selects the best BS in the diversity set as its Anchor and can change Anchor BS without any explicit handover signaling by reporting the selected BS on the CQICH channel. • Macro-Diversity Handover (MDHO): An Anchor BS and a diversity set of the most suitable BSs are maintained also in MDHO. However, the MS communi- cates with all BSs in the diversity set in case of MDHO. In the downlink, multiple BS provides synchronized transmission of the same messages and in the uplink, multiple BS receive messages from the MS and provide selection diversity. Ch20-P372533.tex 14/5/2007 18: 5 Page 427 Other wireless communications systems 427 A requirement for FBSS and MDHO is that all BS in the active set need to operate on the same frequency, be time synchronized and also share and transfer all MAC contexts between BSs. 20.4.7 Multi-antenna technologies In addition to conventional receive diversity, WiMAX supports additional options using smart-antenna technologies: • Beam-forming or Adaptive/Advanced Antenna System (AAS): Provides increased coverage and capacity through uplink and downlink beam-forming. AAS and non-AAS mobiles are time division multiplexed using a different time zone for the different options. Other MIMO schemes may be used in the non-AAS zones. • Space–time coding (STC): With two transmit antennas, the use of transmit diversity through Alamouti code is supported to achieve spatial diversity. It is also possible to have transmit diversity using Linear Dispersion Codes (LDC) for more than two transmit antennas. • Spatial multiplexing through MIMO: Higher peak rates and throughput in favorable propagation environments are provided through a downlink 2 × 2 MIMO scheme. The uplink supports ‘Uplink collaborative MIMO,’ where two users transmit with one antenna in the same slot and the BS receives the two multiplexed streams as if it were a MIMO transmission from a single user. 20.4.8 Fractional frequency reuse WiMAX can operate with a frequency reuse of one, but co-channel interference may in this case degrade the quality for users at the cell edge. However, a flexible sub-channel reuse is made possible by dividing the frame into permutation zones as described above. In this way, it is possible to have a sub-channel reuse by proper configuration of the sub-channel usage for the users. For users at the cell edges, the Base Station operates on a zone with a fraction of the sub-channels, while users close to the Base Station can operate on a zone with all sub-channels. As shown in the example in Figure 20.8, there can be an effective reuse of frequencies for users at the cell edge, while still maintaining a reuse of one for the OFDMA carrier as a whole. 20.5 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (IEEE 802.20) Within the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee, the 802.20 group specifies a Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) standard. The group is targeting a system optimized for IP-data transport, operating in licensed bands below 3.5 GHz with peak data rates per user in excess of 1 Mbps. High mobility with mobile speeds Ch20-P372533.tex 14/5/2007 18: 5 Page 428 428 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband f2 f3 f1 f2  f3 f1 Figure 20.8 Fractional frequency reuse. In this example there is a reuse of 3 for users at the cell edge, while users closer to the BSs have a single frequency reuse. up to 250 km/h and spectral efficiency on par with mobile systems is part of the MBWA system’s scope, making it potentially more than a MAN system. The work on the 802.20 standard was initiated in 2002, and has since then moved to become a high data rate, flexible bandwidth system that is quite similar to the other technologies discussed in this book, such as LTE, CDMA2000 Rev C, and IEEE 802.16. The main proposals under discussion today are MBFDD and MBTDD (Mobile Broadband FDD and TDD) as described in [3]. Some key features of the proposal in [3] are listed below. Note that there are some concepts very similar to CDMA2000 Rev C: • The radio interface has OFDM data transmission with 9.6 kHz subcarrier spac- ing and an FFT size of 512, 1024, and 2048, supporting operation bandwidths of 5, 10, and 20 MHz, respectively. The cyclic prefix is configurable from 6% to 23% of the OFDM symbol duration. Most of the uplink control channels are transmitted with CDMA on a contiguous set of OFDM subcarriers. • Hopping of subcarriers is possible at symbol level, occurring every two symbol intervals (to allow for Alamouti coding), or at a block level. Blocks are about the same size as a resource block in LTE. • There is one frame structure for FDD and one for TDD where guard times are added between up- and downlink parts. • There is support of QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM modulations. • Convolutional coding is used for small packets (mainly signaling) and Turbo codes for larger packets. HARQ is used with a modulation step down for retransmissions. • Fast closed-loop uplink power control is used for control channel power. Traffic channel power is set relative to control channels. Uplink interference from neighboring Access Points (AP) is controlled through an Other Sector Indication Channel (F-OSICH) that signals a load indication to the mobiles. Ch20-P372533.tex 14/5/2007 18: 5 Page 429 Other wireless communications systems 429 • Handovers are mobile station initiated. The mobile station makes SINR mea- surements on candidate AP pilots and keeps an active set of up to 8 APs. All have allocated MAC IDs and control resources, but only one is the serving AP. Handover can be disjoint (independent) between uplink and downlink. • The uplink can be quasi-orthogonal where multiple mobiles are assigned the same bandwidth resources. • A fractional frequency reuse scheme enables mobiles in different channel conditions to have different frequency reuse. • Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD) is supported. • There is support for downlink MIMO with single codeword and multiple codeword designs. • Eigen-beam-forming is supported using feedback from the mobile station. A special beam-forming mode is supported for TDD operation. • There is possibility of embedding other physical layers such as single frequency network technologies for broadcast services. • Scalable bandwidth options are supported so that mobiles capable of only receiving on a lower carrier bandwidth (say 5 MHz) can still be operated on a 20 MHz carrier being transmitted by the base station. 20.6 Summary The IMT-2000 technologies and the other technologies introduced above are devel- oped in different standardization bodies, but all show a lot of commonalities. The reason is that they target the same type of application and operate under similar conditions and scenarios. The fundamental constraints for achieving high data rates, good quality of service, and system performance will require that a set of efficient tools are applied to reach those targets. The technologies described in Part II of this book form a set of such tools and it turns out that many of those are applied across most of the technologies dis- cussed here. To cater for high data rates, different ways to transmit over wider bandwidth is employed, such as single- and multi-carrier transmission including OFDM, often with the addition of higher-order modulation. Multi-antenna tech- niques are employed to exploit the ‘spatial domain,’ using techniques such as receive and transmit diversity, beam-forming and multi-layer transmission. Most of the schemes also employ dynamic link adaptation and scheduling to exploit variations in channel conditions. In addition, coding schemes such as Turbo codes are combined with advanced retransmission schemes such as HARQ. As mentioned above, one reason that solutions become similar between systems is that they target similar problems for the systems. It is also to some extent true that some technologies and their corresponding acronyms go in and out of ‘fashion.’ Ch20-P372533.tex 14/5/2007 18: 5 Page 430 430 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband Most 2G systems were developed using TDMA, while many 3G systems are based on CDMA and the 3G evolution steps taken now are based on OFDM. Another reason for this step-wise shift of technologies is of course that as technology develops, more complex implementations are made possible. A closer look at many of the evolved wireless communication systems of today also show that they often combine multiple techniques from previous steps, and are built on a mix of TDMA, OFDM, and spread spectrum components. Ch21-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 431 21 Future evolution This book has described the evolution of 3G mobile systems from WCDMA to HSPA and its continued evolution, and finally the 3G Long-Term Evolution. The overview of the technologies used for 3G evolution in Part II of the book served as a foundation for the detailed discussion and explanation of the evolution steps taken for both HSPA and LTE. The enhancements introduced enable higher peak data rates, improved system performance, and other enhanced capabilities. The resulting performance was also presented in Chapter 19 and it was shown that the targets set up by 3GPP for LTE are met. It was also demonstrated that many of the enhancing technologies applied are the same for HSPA and LTE and also give the same types of improvements. They are also similar to the enhancements applied for other wireless technologies as shown in the overview made in Chapter 20. Naturally, the technology evolution does not stop with HSPA Evolution and LTE. The same driving forces to further enhance performance and capabilities are still there, albeit the targets are always moved further ahead when state-of-the-art improves. The next step of wireless evolution is sometimes called 4G. But since the evolution is not stepwise, but more of a continuous process, also being a set of parallel evolution processes for similar and often related systems, it may be difficult to identify specific technology steps as being a new next generation. Some may want to put a 4G label on technologies that other consider not meet- ing even 3G requirements, while other try to label intermediate steps as 3.5G or 3.9G. The technology race for the next generation of mobile communication has already started with regulatory bodies, standards organizations, market forums, research bodies and other bodies taking various initiatives. These bodies all work on concepts that are candidates for the forthcoming process in ITU-R defining what IMT-Advanced should be. 431 Ch21-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 432 432 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband 21.1 IMT-Advanced Within the ITU, Working Party 8F works on IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT- 2000. The capabilities of IMT-2000, its enhancements, and systems that include new radio interfaces beyond IMT-2000 are shown in Figure 21.1. ITU-R WP8F anticipated in [47] that there will be a need for new mobile radio-access technolo- gies for capabilities beyond enhanced IMT-2000, but the exact point where this may be needed is not identified. The term IMT-Advanced is used for systems that include new radio interfaces supporting the new capabilities of systems beyond IMT-2000. Note that the 3G evolution into enhanced IMT-2000 as described in this book covers a large part of the step towards IMT-Advanced in Figure 21.1 and that IMT-Advanced will also encompass the capabilities of previous systems. The process for defining IMT-Advanced is also worked out within WP8F [43] and will be quite similar to the process used in developing the IMT-2000 recommenda- tions. It will be based on a set of minimum technical requirements and evaluation criteria and commence through an invitation to all ITU members and other organi- zations. Proposed technologies will be evaluated according to the agreed criteria. The target is harmonization through consensus building, resulting in a recom- mendation for IMT-Advanced similar to the ITU-R Recommendation M.1457 for IMT-2000 [46]. The evaluation will be done in cooperation with external bodies such as standards-developing organizations. Since the process will be based on consensus, the number of technologies that will finally be encompassed by IMT- Advanced cannot be determined in advance. It is a trade-off between economies of scale, support of different user environments, and the capabilities of different technologies. In addition, the possibility for global circulation of terminals will be an important aspect. 1Mbps 1000Mbps100Mbps10Mbps Peak data rate Low High 3G evolution Enhanced IMT-2000IMT-2000 New mobile access New nomadic/local area wireless access M ob ilit y Figure 21.1 Illustration of capabilities of IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000, based on the framework described in ITU-R Recommendation M.1645 [47]. Ch21-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 433 Future evolution 433 Another major activity within ITU-R concerning IMT-Advanced is the prepara- tion for WRC’07, the upcoming World Radio Congress. One target is to identify spectrum that is suitable for IMT-Advanced and that is available globally, since adequate spectrum availability and globally harmonized spectrum are identified as essential for IMT-Advanced [43]. In preparation for WRC’07, a range of sharing studies between IMT-Advanced and other technologies in the different candidate bands have been produced within WP8F. 21.2 The research community In the research community, several research projects are run in the area of IMT- Advanced and the next generation of radio access. One example is the Winner project, which is partly funded by the European Union. The Winner concept has many components that are very close to LTE. However, Winner is targeting higher data rates than LTE and is therefore designed for a wider bandwidth than 20 MHz. Another key difference is that the Winner concept will work with relaying and multi-hop modes. For further details, see the Winner homepage [118]. Other regions are running research projects similar to the European ones, such as the Future project in China, all with the goal of making an IMT-Advanced radio interface proposal. In the end however, these research communities will not make the final inputs of IMT-Advanced concepts. It is expected that the estab- lished standards developing organizations (ETSI, ARIB, CWTS, etc.) will do down selections of proposals from their respective regions. A global standard body such as 3GPP will most likely also have a role to play in harmonizing proposals across the different regions and standards bodies. 21.3 Standardization bodies Although 3GPP currently does not perform any direct work towards IMT- Advanced, 3GPP will most likely make a proposal to ITU-R. IEEE802.16 is also on the move improving its concept and is targeting a proposal for IMT-Advanced in its work on 802.16 m. Similarly 3GPP2 and the community around cdma2000 are expected to come with an IMT-Advanced proposal. 21.4 Concluding remarks While LTE standardization is not yet completely finalized, the race for the next radio interface is already ongoing. Many activities are initiated in the research com- munity and some standardization developing organizations are about to start (or has just started) their work towards IMT-Advanced. However, IMT-Advanced is still Ch21-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 434 434 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mobile Broadband several years away whereas HSPA Evolution and LTE are just around the corner. HSPA Evolution is built as a continuing evolution of the existing WCDMA/HSPA technology whereas LTE is a new radio access optimized purely for IP based traffic. These two technologies promise to give more services, capabilities, and performance to the end users than any other radio interface technology has been able to do to date. 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This page intentionally left blank Index-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 445 Index 1.28 Mcps TDD, 409 16QAM, 37 3G, 3–7 3GPP, 8–11 3GPP2, 9, 409–10 64QAM, 37 7.68 Mcps TDD, 409 Absolute grant, 199, 213 Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC), 109 Application-level coding, 245–46 Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ), 121 Bandwidth utilization, 32 BCCH, 303 BCH, 304 Beam forming: classical, 95–6 pre-coder based, 96 BM-SC, 240 Broadcast, 63–6 see also MBMS CDMA2000, 409–29 Cell identity, 324, 357–59 Cell-identity group, 324, 357, 358 Cell search, 357–61 CELL_DCH, 259–61, 267 CELL_FACH, 259, 260, 266–67 CELL_PCH, 259 Channel capacity, 31 Channel-Quality Indicator (CQI): for HSPA 148, 151, 175–78, 184 for LTE 306, 351 Channelization code, 135–37 Charging, 373, 385–88 Chase combining, 122–24, 168 CN see Core network Constellation rearrangement, 168–69 Contention resolution, 363, 368–69 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC), 259–66 Control-channel element, 335–36 Controlling RNC see RNC Core network (CN), 26, 371, 372–74 architecture, 382–89 functions, 373–75 Coverage requirement, 280, 402, 417 CPICH, 136 CQI see Channel-Quality Indicator CRC see Cyclic Redundancy Check Cyclic Delay Diversity (CDD), 92–93 Cyclic-prefix insertion: OFDM, 51–53 single-carrier, 71–72 Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), 121 for HSDPA, 134–35, 149, 179–80 for Enhanced Uplink, 194 for LTE, 313, 329, 350 D-TXAA, 252 DC-subcarrier, LTE, 320 DCCH, 303 Delay diversity, 91–2 DFT-spread OFDM (DFTS-OFDM), 75–82 localized vs. distributed, 81–2 receiver, 78–9 spectrum shaping, 80–1 user multiplexing, 79–80 Discontinuous Reception (DRX), 260, 263–64, 304, 369 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), 260–61, 263 DL-SCH, 304, 305, 312 transport-channel processing, 326–33 DPCCH, 137 DPCH, 136 DPDCH, 137 Drift RNC see RNC DRX see Discontinuous Reception DTX see Discontinuous Transmission Duplex, 13, 282, 296 in LTE, 318 E-AGCH, 192, 229, 232–33 E-DCH, 185–186, 190–91 EDGE, 416–21 E-DPCCH, 193, 209, 235–37 445 Index-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 446 446 Index E-DPDCH, 191, 209 E-HICH, 192, 229–32 E-RGCH, 192, 229, 233–34 Enhanced uplink, 129, 185–237 for TDD, 408 eNodeB, 299, 380–82 EPC see Evolved Packet Core Equalization, 67 decision feedback, 73 frequency domain, 70–2 time domain, 68–70 EV-DO, 409–16 EV-DV, 409–10 Evolved Packet Core, 382, 386–89 FDD, 13, 282, 296, 318 F-DPCH, 148, 180–81 Forward error correction (FEC), 121 Fountain codes, 245 Fractional frequency reuse, 424, 427, 429 see also Interference Coordination Frequency bands, 13–15, 297 FUTURE project, 431 GERAN, 9, 416, 417, 418 GGSN, 383–88 G-RAKE, 271–72 GSM, 4–5, 382–86, 416–21 Happy bit, 201, 218, 235 Higher-order modulation, 36–39 HLR, 383–384 HS-DPCCH, 148, 181–84 HS-DSCH, 141–42, 146–48 HS-SCCH, 147–48, 178–80 HS-SCCH-less operation, 260, 264–66 HSDPA, 129, 141–184, 252–56, 263 in TDD, 408 performance, 399–405 HSPA, 129–30 HSPA/WCDMA RAN, 372–73, 374–82 architecture, 379–80 HSUPA see Enhanced uplink Hybrid ARQ, 121 in Enhanced Uplink, 188–89, 203–8, 222–28 in HSDPA, 144, 155–58, 164–73, 256 in LTE, 309–12, 330, 350 process, 170–71 profile, 218, 220–21 with soft combining, 121–25 IEEE 802.16, 421–27 IEEE 802.20, 427–29 IMT-2000, 11–12, 282, 432 IMT-Advanced, 12, 432–33 Incremental redundancy, 122–24, 144, 222, 294, 330 Inter-cell interference coordination, 293 Interference cancellation, 104, 272–73 successive (SIC), 104–5 Interference coordination, 293–94 Interference Rejection Combining (IRC), 87–90 Internet Protocol (IP), 19–20, 284–86 ITU, 5, 11, 432 ITU-R, 6, 12, 13, 432 Iu interface, 372, 376, 383, 384 Iub interface, 376, 378 Iur interface, 376, 377 Latency, 395–396 requirement, 279 Layer mapping, LTE, 336–39 Link adaptation, 108–9 Frequency domain, 117 LMMSE receiver, 269, 272 Logical channels: in WCDMA, 133 in LTE, 301, 303–5 LTE, 277–78, 289–70 architecture, 283–84 performance, 399–405 RAN, 373–82 spectrum deployment, 281–83 LTE states, 314–15 MAC, 133 in LTE, 302–12 MAC-e, 189, 228–29 MAC-es, 189, 228–29 MAC-hs, 145, 149–50 MBMS, 129, 239–249 for LTE, 281–82, 384 for TDD, 408 MBSFN, 295 MCCH, 246, 248–49, 303 MCH, 304, 314, 339, 340 MICH, 246, 248–49 Migration, 282–84 MIMO, 100, 397 for HSDPA, 251–58 Index-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 447 Index 447 Mobility: for HSPA, 162–63, 212–13 for LTE, 280, 380, 387 MSC, 383, 385 MSCH, 246, 249 MTCH, 246–48, 303 Multi-carrier transmission, 39–43 Multicasts, 63–6 see also MBMS Multicast/Broadcast over Single–Frequency Network see MBSFN New-data indicator, 157 NodeB, 131–32, 376, 377, 379 Noise rise, 139, 195 OFDM see Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex OFDMA, 62, 415, 424 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM), 45–66 demodulation, 48 IFFT/FFT implementation, 48–51 in LTE, 319–23 see also Cyclic-prefix insertion Overload indicator, 188, 200–1, 216–17, 233 OVSF code, 136–37 Paging, 369–370 PCCH, 303–4 PCH, 304 PCI see Pre-coding Control Information PDCCH see Physical Downlink Control Channel PDCP: for HSPA, 132 for LTE, 299–300 PDSCH see Physical Downlink Shared Channel Performance: evaluation, 396–401, 403–5 requirements (LTE), 279–81, 402–3 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH), 334 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH), 333 Physical layer: in WCDMA, 134–39 in LTE, 312–14, 317–55 Power control, 108–9, 137–38 in Enhanced uplink, 209–10 Pre-coding Control Information (PCI), 254–55, 257–58 Pre-coding, LTE, 336–39 see also Beam forming and Spatial multiplexing Puncturing limit, 223–24 QoS, 284, 286 QPSK, 36–7 Radio access network, 23–7, 371–82 Radio Network Controller see RNC Radio resource management, 9, 159, 210, 284, 373, 381, 422 RAKE, 68, 138, 269, 271 RAN see Radio access network Random access: LTE, 361–69 preamble, 362, 363–67 Raptor code, 245 Rate control, 108–9 in HSPA, 144, 152–55, 255–56 in LTE, 290–93 Rate matching, two-stage, 165–68 Receive diversity, 85–90, 294, 412, 427 Reference signals: channel sounding, 348–49 demodulation, 344–48 in LTE downlink, 323–27 in LTE uplink, 344–49 Relative grant, 192, 199, 200, 216–17, 229, 233–34 Reordering, 158, 171–73, 205, 227–28 Resource blocks: in LTE downlink, 320, 322–23 in LTE uplink, 342, 343 Resource element, LTE, 319 Retransmission Sequence Number (RSN), 206–7, 224 RLC: for HSPA 133–34, 155, 247 for LTE 301–2, 316 Roaming, 4, 10, 13, 14, 15, 285, 373, 385, 388 RNC, 131–132, 145, 189–90, 375–76 controlling, 377–78 drift, 377–79 serving, 377–79 RRC, 134 RSN see Retransmission Sequence Number Index-P372533.tex 11/5/2007 19: 27 Page 448 448 Index S1 interface, 381, 386, 387 SAE, 26, 277, 285–87, 371–89 functional split, 372–74 bearer, 299 SC-FDMA, 289–90, 340, 344 Scheduling: channel-dependent, 107, 109–20, 142–43, 195–96, 290–93 downlink, 110–114, 119, 291–93, 305–7 Enhanced Uplink, 186–88, 195–201, 213–22 frequency-domain, 117, 292, 305, 306 greedy filling, 116, 196–97 in HSDPA, 142, 151 max-C/I, 111–12 proportional fair, 113 round robin, 112–13, 116 uplink, 114–17, 292–93, 307–9 Scheduling grant, 187, 192, 198, 308, 367 Scheduling request, 198, 218–19, 351 Served traffic, 399, 400, 401 Services, 19, 20–21 Serving cell, 145, 198 Serving grant, 199, 213 Serving RNC see RNC SFN see Single–frequency network SGSN, 383–85 Shared-channel transmission, 141, 290–91 SIC see Interference cancellation Single-carrier FDMA see SC-FDMA Single-frequency network (SFN), 60, 65, 295 see also MBSFN Soft handover, 138–139, 186, 193, 219–20 Space Frequency (Block) Coding (SF(B)C), 94–5 Space Time (Block) Coding (ST(B)C), 93–4, 427 Spatial multiplexing, 98–105 in HSPA see MIMO in LTE, 294, 338–39 multi-codeword based, 104 pre-coder based, 102–4 single-codeword based, 104, 415 Spectrum efficiency, 396 performance, 400–1, 403–5 requirement, 280, 402–3 Spectrum flexibility, 282–83, 295–98 Standardization, 7–8, 433 Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) see Interference cancellation Synchronization signal, 318 primary, 357–59 secondary, 357–59 System performance, 23, 279–81, 394, 396, 402 System throughput, 395–396 TDD, 13, 282, 296, 318 TFC see Transport Format Combination Transmission Time Interval (TTI), 133–34, 303 Transmit Diversity, 91–5, 332 Transport block, 133–34, 303 Transport channels, 133, 303–5, 327–28 Transport format, 133–34, 304, 308 Transport Format Combination (TFC), 193, 202–3 Transport format selection, 140, 149, 155, 193, 299, 304 TTI see Transmission Time Interval UL-SCH, 304, 307, 313, 350–51 URA_PCH, 259 User Equipment (UE), 131 categories, 163, 212–13 User throughput, 395–396 performance, 399–401, 403–5 requirement, 280, 402–3 UTRA FDD see WCDMA UTRA TDD, 10, 407–9 WCDMA, 7, 10, 131–40 WiMAX, 421–27 Winner project, 433 X2 Interface, 381 Zadoff-Chu sequences, 346