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Hình 2.3 &KѭӟQJQJҥLYұWKӕFiWEXQNHU - Water hazardÿyOjQKӳQJKӗFKӭDQѭӟFFNJQJOjQѫLWҥRFҧQKTXDQQKѭWUӗQJFk\ WKӫ\VLQKYzLSKXQQѭӟF 9 Hình 2.4 &KѭӟQJQJҥLYұWKӗQѭӟFZDWHUKD]DUG 2.2 7әQJTXDQYӅKDLJLӕQJFӓ7LIGZDUIYj7LI(DJOH (Cynodon spp.) Theo Brosnan và ctv (2008), Fӓ gà có tên WLӃQJ Anh là ³Bermuda grass´ ӣ Úc JӑL là ³FRXFK JUDVV´ và có tên khoa KӑF là Cynodon spp., WUѭӟF QăP 1956 dòng WKXҫQ C. dactylon là ORҥL Fӓ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ SKә ELӃQ cho WKҧP Fӓ vùng QKLӋW ÿӟL và FұQ QKLӋW ÿӟL /RҥL Fӓ này ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ QKLӅX ӣ Trung 4XӕF ҨQ Ĉӝ Châu Phi, Úc (Duble, 2010), vùng sa PҥF phía Tây Nam và PӝW Vӕ vùng ӣ Ĉ{QJ Nam QѭӟF 0ӻ (Wenjing pang và ctv., 2010). Loài này có QJXӗQ JӕF ӣ châu phi, WăQJ WUѭӣQJ FKұP PұW ÿӝ dày và ÿһF ELӋW là FKӏX ÿѭӧF JLүP ÿҥS và stress khi khô KҥQ phát WULӇQ WӕW QKҩW khi có ánh sáng PһW WUӡL ÿҫ\ ÿӫ (Trenholm và ctv., 1991). Ngoài ra, Vӱ GөQJ QѭӟF ít, FKӏX ÿѭӧF ӣ NKRҧQJ pH UӝQJ có NKҧ QăQJ kháng ÿѭӧF PһQ cao ('DYLG7X\QKLrQQKѭӧF ÿLӇPOӟQFӫDGzQJWKXҫQOjFKӃÿӝEҧRGѭӥQJFDRNKҧQăQJNKiQJWKҩSFiFORҥLF{Q WUQJEӋQKKҥLYjWX\ӃQWUQJNKiQJOҥQKYjFKHEyQJWKҩS7UHQKROPYjFWv., 1991). 6DX WKұS QLrQ  7LIJUHHQ (GzQJ ODL JLӳD Cynodon dactylon và Cynodon trasvaalensis) ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ SKә ELӃQ (Jason và Richard, 1999). Cynodon dactylon FRPPRQ EHUPXGDJUDVV Fy WKӇ Wӭ EӝL Q = 4x =  WURQJ NKL ÿy Cynodon trasvaalensis FyQJXӗQ JӕFӣ FKkXSKL WӗQ WҥL WKӇ OѭӥQJEӝL Q = 2x = 9u WKӃ GzQJODLÿѭӧFWDRUDFyWKӇWDPEӝLQ = 3x = 27). ĈһFWtQKFӫDGzQJODLQj\OjNK{QJ VҧQ[XҩWUDKҥWJLӕQJPjSKҧLQKkQJLӕQJY{WtQKVSULJVVWRORQVYjVRGGLQJĈLӇP WKXұQOӧLFӫDGzQJODLQj\OjFҧLWKLӋQÿѭӧFYӅFKҩWOѭӧQJPjXVҳFPұWÿӝFNJQJQKѭ FKӕQJOҥLVWUHVVEӣLEӏJLүPÿҥSYjWKӡLWLӃWNK{KҥQ7KrPYjRÿyGzQJQj\FzQFKӏX 10 ÿѭӧFÿӝFDRFҳWFӓWKҩSKѫQLQFK7X\QKLrQÿLӇPNK{QJWӕWFӫDGzQJODLQj\OjFKL SKtFDRWURQJWKLӃWOұSYjQKXFҫXEҧRGѭӥQJFDRKѫQ(Brosnen, 2008). 2.2.1 *LӕQJFӓ7LIGZDUI 7LIGZDUI Fy QJXӗQ JӕF Wӯ ÿӝW ELӃQ FӫD GzQJTifgreen Yj ÿѭӧF WLӃQ KjQK WKӱ QJKLӋP ÿҫXWLrQYjRQăP ĈѭӧF SKiWKLӋQWӯKDLQJXӗQNKiFQKDXWDLPӝWWKӡL ÿLӇPÿyOj T.M Baumgardner và Marion Mc .HQGUHHWҥL6HD,VODQGbang Georgia vào QăP&NJQJWҥLWKӡLÿLӇPQj\YѭӡQѭѫP WKҧPFӓSKtDQDP Georgia FNJQJ EҳWÿҫX bán Tifdwarf WӯPӝW QJXӗQkhác (&kXOҥFEӝTXӕFJLDGlen Alvin). 7LIGZDUIFNJQJOj GzQJWDPEӝLWKӇQKѭ7LIWRQTifdwarf ÿmÿѭӧFWKӱQJKLӋP YjVRViQKYӟL Tifton 328 trong ba QăP ӣ 7UҥPWKtQJKLӋP Georgia và ÿmFKӭQJPLQK ÿһFÿLӇP YѭӧWWUӝLÿӇ ÿѭDUD sân Fӓso YӟL Tifton 328 (Darren Moore, 2010). Tifdwarf FyPӝWVӕÿLӇPWѭѫQJ WӵQKѭ TifgreenOi[DQKYӯDYjPӏQ, YӟLPұWÿӝ FKӗL cao YjWăQJWUѭӣQJ WKҩp. 0һFG Tifgreen FyWKӇ VҧQ[XҩWKҥWJLӕQJ ÿӭQJÿҫX, WX\QKLrQYLӋFVҧQ[XҩWKҥWJLӕQJkhông NKҧ WKL. Trong khi Tifgreen WKѭӡQJ ÿѭӧF Vӱ GөQJ trên sân golf Yj FiF OƭQK YӵF WKӇ thaoQy WKѭӡQJÿzLKӓLQKLӅX TXҧQ Oê chuyên sâu KѫQ Tifway và GӉEӏ WX\ӃQ WUQJ 1JRjLFiFÿһFÿLӇPWUrQ7LIGZDUIFyPӝWVӕGLӇPNKiFYӟL7LIJUHHQÿyOj lá có màu WӕLKѫQ và lóng QJҳQKѫQ. Dòng Qj\ÿѭӧFVӱGөQJ QKLӅX trên sân golf do có màu xanh ÿұP, PұWÿӝ quay FDRNKҧ QăQJFKӏX FҳW WKҩS UҩWcao (<1/8 in). TX\QKLrQQKѭӧFÿLӇP OjGӉEӏ WәQWKѭѫQJ do sâu YjGӃ%URVQDQ*OHQQ 2.2.2 *LӕQJFӓ TifEagle 7LI(DJOH ÿѭӧF EҳW ÿҫX QJKLrQ FӭX Wӯ QăP WҥLTifton EҵQJ FiFK WҥR ÿӝW ELӃQ trong Tifdwarf và Tifgreen 328. TifEagle OjPӝW GzQJÿӝWELӃQÿѭӧFWҥRUDWӯTXi WUuQKFKLӃX[ҥ ÿRҥQWKkQVWRORQVTifway II trong QăP 1990, WҥRWKӇWDPEӝLQ [ EҵQJFKLӃX[ҥ WLDJDPPDӣPӭFÿӃQ 9.000 radian WӯQJXӗQ cobalt - 60. TifEagle ÿm ÿѭӧF KӧS WiF WҥR UDEӣL USDA - ARS YjĈҥLKӑF Georgia vào tháng 8 QăP (Darren Moore, 2010). Ngoài tên TifEagle còn ÿѭӧF JӑL là ³7: - ´ ĈһF ÿLӇP FӫD dòng này là có lá PӏQ màu xanh ÿұP và WӕF ÿӝ WăQJ sinh FKӗL cao. 'zQJQj\ÿѭӧFOӵDFKӑQÿӇWҥRVkQ Fӓ FKҩW OѭӧQJ FDR NKL FKӃ ÿӝ FҳW YӟL  PP KRһF WKҩS KѫQ ÿLӅX Qj\ WӕW KѫQ GzQJ 7LIGZDUI.KҧQăQJWҥR stolons cao KѫQ7LIGZDUI. Màu VҳF WKҧP Fӓ YүQ WӕW ngay Fҧ khi 11 có ÿLӅX NLӋQ OҥQK Tuy nhiên không FKӏX ÿѭӧF bóng che (Brosnan và ctv, 2008; Darren Moore, 2010). 2.3 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXKӛQKӧSÿҩt 2.3.1 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXYӅ FiFYұWOLӋXWҥRKӛQKӧSÿҩW 7KHR'DYLVFyKDLQKyPYұWOLӋXOӟQGQJÿӇOjPKӛQKӧSÿҩWÿyOjYұW OLӋXKӳXFѫYjYұWOLӋXY{FѫCác YұW OLӋX KӳX Fѫ bao JӗP than bùn, PөQ Jӛ UѫP SKkQ« các YұW OLӋX vô Fѫ là các khoáng bao JӗP vermiculite, perlite và cát. Ngoài ra có các YұW OLӋX SKә ELӃQ khác QKѭ ÿi Wә ong, diatomite, zeolite (Cale, Dan và Keith, 2000). &iFYұWOLӋXKӳXFѫNKLWKrPYjROjPWKD\ÿәLWtQKFKҩWYұWOêFӫDÿҩWWăQJNKҧQăQJ JLӳQѭӟFYjGLQKGѭӥQJQKѭQJYӅOkXGjLÿҩWFyWKӇEӏQpQ FKһW9uWKӃÿLӅXFҫQWKLӃW Oj WuPUDQJXӗQYұW OLӋXY{FѫÿӇ OjPQJX\rQ OLӋX WUӝQYӟLFiW7UrQFѫVӣ WұQGөQJ ÿѭӧFQJXӗQQJX\rQOLӋXVҹQFyFӫDÿӏDSKѭѫQJYjQKӳQJÿһFWtQKFӫDFKúng làm làm YұWOLӋXWUӝQYӟLFiWÿӇOjPQӅQ*UHHQ. 2.3.1.1 Khoáng Diatomite DiDWRPLWHFzQFyWrQJӑLOj.LHVHOJKUOjPӝWORҥLÿiWUҫPWtFKYӟLWKjQKSKҫQ JӗPFiF NKXQJ[ѭѫQJ WҧRGLDWRPH Yj FyQKLӅXӭQJGөQJ YjRF{QJQJKLӋSQKӡ YjR WtQK[ӕSFDRYjEӅQQKLӋWYjFiFÿһF WtQKTXtJLiNKiF+DGMDU'LDWRPLWHFy PjX WKD\ ÿәL Wӯ WUҳQJ [iP YjQJ ÿӃQ ÿӓ W\ WKXӝF YjR WKjQK SKҫQ FiF R[LGH FKӭD trong chúng. 'LDWRPLWH Fy WtQK FiFK QKLӋW NK{QJ FKi\ NK{QJ KzD WDQ WURQJ QѭӟF Yj EӅn WURQJNK{QJNKt'RÿyFK~QJÿѭӧFVӱGөQJU{QJUmLOjPFKҩWWUӧOӑFFKҩWPDQJ[~F WiFYjFKҩWKҩSSKө.RUXQLF<XDQĈmFyQKLӅXF{QJWUuQKQJKLrQFӭX vӅ NKҧQăQJӭQJGөQJ'LDWRPLWHWUrQWKӃ JLӟL%UHHVH2QHP. 7ҥL9LӋW1DPQJXӗQ'LDWRPLWHFyWUӳOѭӧQJWULӋXWҩQ1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ7KDQK +X\ӅQWURQJÿyFyNKXYӵFPӓWҥLKX\ӋQ7X\$Q3K~<rQYӟLWUӳOѭӧQJGӵ EiRNKRҧQJWULӋXWҩQ&iFӭQJGөQJFӫD'LDWRPLWH3K~<rQÿmÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭXYj iS GөQJ WKӱ QJKLӋP OjP EӝW WUӧ OӑF WURQJ F{QJ QJKLӋS UѭӧX ELD QѭӟF JLҧL NKiW 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ7KDQK+X\ӅQ0ӝWVӕF{QJWUuQKNKiFÿmQJKLrQFӭXVӱGөQJÿӇ VҧQ [XҩW YұW OLӋX QKҽ YұW OLӋX FKӏX QKLӋW 3KҥP &ҭP 1DP  %rQ FҥQK ÿy 12 'LDWRPLWHFzQÿѭӧFQJKLrQFӭXVӱGөQJOjPFiFFKҩWKҩSWKөFKҩWPDQJSKөJLDFKR F{QJQJKLӋS[LPăQJ7UҫQ7KDQK7XҩQ. BҧQJ 7KjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFPүXGLDtomite Phú Yên NKӕLOѭӧQJ SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO SO3 .ӃWTXҧ 71,0 14,0 4,2 2,2 0,8 0,2 (1JX͛Q&KLFͭFWLrXFKX̱QÿRO˱ͥQJFK̭WO˱ͫQJPhú Yên, 2010) .ӃWTXҧEҧQJFKRWKҩ\KjPOѭӧQJGLQKGѭӥQJWURQJGLDWRPLWH khá caoÿһFELӋW&D FKLӃPNKӕLOѭӧQJ ĈLӅXQj\FKӭQJ Wӓ UҵQJQJXӗQQJX\rQ OLӋX3K~<rQ Oj ORҥLGLDWRPLWH Fy WKjQKSKҫQ NKRiQJFKӫ\ӃXYӟLF{QJWKӭF6L22.nH2O. BӅ PһWGLDWRPLWHÿѭӧFFKR OjFyFiFQKyP2+WURQJ silanol (Si-2+YjFiFFҫXQӕL oxygen trong siloxan (-Si-O-Si-ÿk\FKtQKOjFác tâm KҩSWKө. 2.3.1.2 Khoáng Scoria ÿiED]DQEӑW 7KHR%ӝ7jL1JX\rQ0{L7UѭӡQJÿá ED]DQEӑWOjVҧQSKҭPFӫDQ~LOӱD SKXQ WUjR FKӍ Fy WUrQ YQJ7k\1JX\rQ YjPӝW Vӕ tW WҥL WӍQKĈӗQJ1DL7X\QKLrQ QJXӗQÿiQj\ WұS WUXQJQKLӅXӣNKXYӵF[m&Kѭ0¶JDKX\ӋQ&Kѭ0¶JDYjKX\ӋQ .URQJ1DWӍQKĈҳF/ҳFĈk\OjORҥLÿiFyOӛQKӓYӟLÿһFÿLӇPQKҽQKѭQJOҥLFyÿӝ EӅQFѫKӑFFDRFiFKkPYjFiFKQKLӋWWӕW/RҥLÿiQj\GQJOjPJҥFKӕSOiWFiFKkP, FiFKQKLӋWÿӇ[k\GӵQJQKjFӱDYjFiFF{QJWUuQK[k\GӵQJNKiFUҩWWӕW. /jORҥLPDFPDED]DQÿLӇQ KuQKFyFҩXWҥR[ӕSQKLӅXOӛUӛQJQKҽYjGӉEӏSKi Kӫ\+jP OѭӧQJFiF FKҩW NLӅP WURQJÿi FDR ULrQJ&D2Yj0Q2[ҩS[Ӎ 20 %. Quá WUuQKSKiKӫ\ÿiJLҧLSKyQJQKLӅX&DYj0J &ҩXWU~FOӛ UӛQJJL~SWKRiQJNKtJҩSKjQJ WUăPOҫQVRYӟLEӅPһWNӃWFҩXWK{QJ WKѭӡQJFyYDL WUzQJăQFKһQVӵ WKRiWKѫLQѭӟFJLӳҭPFKRÿҩWFy WKӇ WUӝQYjRÿҩW QKѭFKҩWSKөJLD9jQyOjPӝWJLiWKӇWUӗQJFk\OêWѭӣQJ 7ҥLEuQKÿӏQKÿiED]DQEӑW phâQEӕӣÿӝFDRWӯ PÿӃQJҫQ m. Bazan bӑWYjED]DQtWEӑWFyPjX[iP[iP[DQKSKRQJKyDFyPjXYjQJYjQJQkXÿӓ, tùy WKHRPӭFÿӝSKRQJKyD%D]DQFKXDEӏSKRQJKyDUҳQGzQED]DQSKRQJKyDPӅPEӣ FҩXWҥREӑWOӛUӛQJ 13 %ҧQJ .ӃWTXҧSKkQWtFKÿiED]DQӣ9ƭQK7KҥQK%uQKĈӏQK 7KjQKSKҫQ SiO2 Al2O3 FeO CaO K2O MgO Fe2O3 Na2O 7ӍOӋ 49.23 14.77 8.30 8.22 0.19 5.50 7.85 2.34 (1JX͛Q6ͧNKRDK͕FYjF{QJQJK͏%uQKĈ͓QK 1997) .ӃWTXҧEҧQJFKRWKҩ\KjPOѭӧQJGLQKGѭӥQJFyWURQJED]DQEӑWUҩWFDRĈһFELӋW KjPOѭӧQJ&(&WURQJÿiQj\Uҩt cao. .ӃWTXҧSKkQWtFKSKҭXGLӋQWҥLĈӏQK4XiQĈӗQJ1DLFҥQKPLӋQJQ~LOӱDFy ÿiOӝÿҫX0үXÿҩWFyOүQWӯ %- 80 ÿiEӑW %ҧQJ2.3 7KjQKSKҫQKyDKӑFFӫDÿiED]DQEӑWӣĈӗQJ1DL 7ҫQJÿҩWFP 7әQJVӕ SiO2 Fe2O3 Al2O3 MgO CaO P2O5 TiO2 MnO 0-20 29,17 10,25 6,80 1,07 2,83 1,34 - 0,25 20-70 36,21 9,00 10,62 1,00 2,70 0,15 - 0,19 (1JX͛Q: 7U̯Q9ăQ&KtQK .ӃWTXҧEҧQJFKR WKҩ\KjPOѭӧQJGLQKGѭӥQJ WURQJÿiNKiFDR7URQJÿy&D2 FKLӃP0JFKLӃP 2.3.1.3 Khoáng Limonite LiPRQLWH OjPӝW TXһQJ EDR JӗP WURQJPӝW KӛQ KӧS FӫD VҳW (III) QJұPQѭӟF hydroxit-oxide. Công WKӭFFKXQJOj)H22+.nH22PһFGÿLӅXQj\OjNK{QJKRjQ WRjQ FKtQK [iF QKѭ OLPRQLWH WKѭӡQJ Fy FKӭDPӝW OѭӧQJ NKiF QKDX FӫD R[LW VR YӟL hydroxide. &QJYӟLKHPDWLW QyÿmÿѭӧFNKDLWKiFQKѭTXһQJÿӇVҧQ[XҩWVҳW Limonite có màu VұPYj màu vàng-nâu. 1yOjPӝWFKҩWY{ÿӏQKKuQK UҩWSKәELӃQPһFGFyWKӇJһS khó NKăQÿӇWuPWKҩ\NKLNKDLWKiFYӟLKHPDWLWYjTXһQJERJ Limonite kK{QJEDRJLӡOj NӃWWLQKWKjQKWLQKWKӇYƭP{QKѭQJFyWKӇFy ӣGҥQJ VӧLKRһFFҩXWU~FYL mô. 0jXVҳF khác nhau Wӯ màu YjQJÿӃQQkXĈk\ là cách ÿӇ SKkQELӋWQyYӟL hematit (PjXÿӓ), KRһFYӟL magnetite PjXÿHQ. Ĉ{LNKLÿѭӧFJӑLOjKHPDWLWPjXQkXKRһFTXһQJVҳW màu nâu. 1yÿѭӧFÿһWWrQWӯ WLӃQJ+\/ҥS FyQJKƭDOj ÿӗQJFӓiPFKӍWӟLVӵ[XҩWKLӋQ FӫDQyOjTXһQJÿҫPOҫ\WURQJFiFÿӗQJFӓYjÿҫPOҫ\ ĈӝFӭQJFyWKӇWKD\ÿәL 4 ± 14 5.5. 7UӑQJ OѭӧQJ ULrQJ WKD\ ÿәL Wӯ . ÿӃQ .3 1JXӗQ %iFK NKRD WRjQ WKѭ Pӣ +LӋQQD\6kQ*ROI7KӫĈӭFVӱGөQJQJXӗQNKRiQJQj\WҥLKӗĈҥL9LrQWKXӝF 6kQ*ROI7KӫĈӭF 2.3.2 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXYӅKӛQKӧSÿҩW 7URQJQKӳQJQăPJҫQÿk\JLӟLFKX\rQP{QQJjQKJROIÿmFkQQKҳFÿӃQQKӳQJ WtQKFKҩWFӫDQKӳQJFKҩWOLӋXÿӇ[k\GӵQJ*UHHQ&iFWtQKFKҩWOêKӑFEDRJӗPWӕFÿӝ WKҩPFDRWKRiQJNKtNKҧQăQJWUDRÿәLFDWLRQFDRNKҧQăQJJLӳQѭӟFYjGLQKGѭӥQJ WӕW*UHHQOjQѫLFKӏXVӵJLүPÿҥSUҩWOӟQ9uWKӃWURQJYLӋF[k\GӵQJWUҳFGLӋQ*UHHQ QJѭӡLWDVӱGөQJFiWÿӇFKӕQJOҥLVӵJLүPÿҥS UҩWWӕW7X\QKLrQFiWFyNKҧQăQJJLӳ QѭӟFYj WUDRÿәLFDWLRQNpP WӕFÿӝ WKҩPQKDQK&-H. Ok và ctv., 2001). Vì Yұ\ ÿӇ NKҳF SKөF QKѭӧF ÿLӇP FӫD cát, FҫQ SKҧL tìm ra các YұW OLӋX ÿӇ SKӕL WUӝQ YӟL cát ÿӇ làm QӅQ cho Green. 2.3.1.2 1JKLrQFӭXWURQJQѭӟF Trong ngKLrQFӭX³.K̫RViWP͡WV͙K͟QKͫSÿ̭WYQJU͍F͗JUHHQ´ FӫD1JX\ӉQĈӭF 'NJQJYj1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ.LP7KRD (1995) ÿmWKtQJKLӋPQJKLӋPWKӭF %ҧQJ &iFQJKLӋPWKӭFFӫD1JX\ӉQĈӭF'NJQJ và 1JX\ӉQ7Kӏ.LP7KRD (1995) 7KjQKSKҫQ NT1 NT2 NT3 NT4 NT5 ĈҩWQJX\rQWKә 10 0 0 0 0 Cát 40 50 50 80 100 Than bùn 20 30 25 5 0 7URWUҩX 25 15 20 15 0 3KkQKӳXFѫ 5 5 5 0 0 (1JX͛Q1JX\͍QĈͱF'NJQJYj 1JX\͍Q7K͓.LP7KRD .ӃWTXҧ17 ÿҥWVLQKWUѭӣQJFDRQKҩWYjQJѭӡLWDNӃWOXұQUҵQJFKҩWKӳXFѫWӍOӋFDR trong tKjQKSKҫQVRLOPL[NK{QJPDQJ OҥL NӃWTXҧ WӕLѭXYӅVLQK WUѭӣQJPjSKҧLNӃW KӧSKjLKzDYӟLFiW WX\QKLrQ WӕFÿӝ WKҩPFӫDQyNKiQKDQKJLӳҭPNpP&zQFiF QJKLӋP WKӭFFKӭD QKLӅXKӳXFѫ WKuQJѭӧF OҥL17 OjQJKLӋP WKӭF WULӇQ YӑQJQKҩW 7X\QKLrQFҫQNKҳFSKөFQKӳQJQKѭӧFÿLӇPQyLWUrQYjKӑÿmÿӅQJKӏF{QJWKӭFVDX 70 % Cát, 10 % than bùn, 10 % tURWUҩX, 10 % SKkQKӳXFѫ 15 2.3.3 1KӳQJQJKLrQFӭXQJRjLQѭӟF Trong thí QJKLӋP FӫD C-H. Ok và ctv (2001), ÿm WKӵF KLӋQ thí QJKLӋP YӟL EӕQ QJKLӋP WKӭF California (100 % cát), USGA (90 % cát, 10 % than bùn), California-P (82 % cát, 15 % ÿi Wә ong, 3 % humat), California-Z (85 % cát, 15 % zeolite). .ӃW TXҧ là QJKLӋP WKӭF California-P và California-Z có màu VҳF và FKҩW OѭӧQJ WKҧP Fӓ WӕW KѫQ so YӟL QJKLӋP WKӭF còn Oҥi. Tính WKҩP và WUӑQJ OѭӧQJ UӉ FӫD QJKLӋP WKӭF California-Z ÿҥW cao QKҩW so YӟL ba QJKLӋP WKӭF còn OҥL Hàm OѭӧQJ dinh GѭӥQJ trong ÿҩW QKѭ CEC, Ca, Mg ӣ QJKLӋP WKӭF California-P ÿҥW cao QKҩW Hàm OѭӧQJ dinh GѭӥQJ ÿҥP lân ÿҥW cao QKҩW ӣ QJKLӋP WKӭF California-Z. .ӃW TXҧ cho WKҩ\ hai QJKLӋP WKӭF California-P và California-Z có GҩX KLӋX WӕW cho Vӵ sinh WUѭӣQJ FӫD Fӓ 7KHRQJKLrQ FӭXFӫD0DUYLQ  WKu WKDQEQFKLӃP WӕLÿD Oj % trong KӛQKӧSFzQÿӕLYӟLWKjQKSKҫQVpWWKuWӯ - 8 OjWӕW7UѭӡQJKӧSOӟQKѫQWKu ÿҩWGӉEӏQpQĈӕLYӟLWKӏWFiWUҩWPӏQWKuWtQKFKҩWFӫDVpWQrQFNJQJJLҧPKjPOѭӧQJ Qj\7\YjRWKjQKSKҫQFiFKҥWNKiFQKDXPjFyWӍOӋKӛQKӧSNKiFQKDX+ӑÿmÿѭD UDF{QJWKӭFNKҳFSKөFÿѭӧFQKѭӧFÿLӇPFӫDFiWĈyOjFiFKӛQKӧS+H): HH1 (85 % cát thô, 15 % than bùn), HH2 (35 % tKӏW, 15 % than bùn, 50 % cát thô), HH3 (10 % spWQһQJ, 15 % than bùn, 75 % cát thô9ӟLFiWWK{FyNtFKWKѭӟc (0,2-PPFiWPӏQ YjWKӏW002 ± 0,2 mm), sét (< 0,002 mm). Wayne Crawley và David Zabcik (1985) ÿm nghiên FӭX VӱGөQJÿi WUkQFKkX SHUOLWHÿӇ OjPKӛQ KӧSÿҩW. Ӣ ÿk\ tác JLҧ Vӱ GөQJ cát trung bình WUӝQ YӟL ÿi trân châu. Khi thêm ÿi trân châu vào cát thì tính WKҩP rút JLҧP ÿL, WăQJ NKҧ QăQJ JLӳ QѭӟF và FKҩW dinh GѭӥQJ JLҧP dung WUӑQJ 16 %ҧQJ5: <rXFҫXYӅWtQKFKҩWFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩW 7tQKFKҩW <rXFҫX 'XQJWUӑQJ 1,20-1,60 g/cm3 ĈӝUӛQJ 40-55% .KҧQăQJJLӳQѭӟF 12-25% 7ӕFÿӝWKҩP 2-10 inches/h 7KӏW 5% Sét 3% (USGA, 1973) 7\YjRWKjQKSKҫQVpWFyWURQJFiWPjFyFyWӍOӋKӛQKӧSÿҩW khác nhau. 6ӱ GөQJ cát trung bình YӟL 20 % ÿi trân châu FNJQJ có NKҧ QăQJ JLӳ QѭӟF khá. Trong Vӕ ba cát WKӱ QJKLӋP FKӍ có cát trung bình YӟL 1,5 % và 3,0 % ÿҩW sét và cát ÿҩW sét thô YӟL 1.5 % ÿiS ӭQJ ÿѭӧF các NKX\ӃQ cáo FӫD USGA cho bùn và ÿҩW sét. Các ORҥL cát có sét FKLӃP 1,5-4,5 % và 20 % ÿi trân châu theo WKӇ tích ÿiS ӭQJ WҩW Fҧ các yêu FҫX USGA YӅ YұW lý. Cát PӏQ KRһF thô FNJQJ có WKӇ ÿiS ӭQJ WҩW Fҧ các tiêu FKXҭQ này. .ӃW TXҧ FӫD nghiên FӭX này FKӭQJ minh UҵQJ ÿi trân châu có OӧL YӅ ÿһF tính YұW lý FӫD các lRҥL ÿҩW quan WUӑQJ ÿӕL YӟL YLӋF xây GӵQJ vùng UӉ FӫD Green. 0ӝW ѭX ÿLӇP khác FӫD ÿi trân châu không JLӕQJ QKѭ YұW FKҩW FKҩW KӳX Fѫ khác, ÿi trân châu WUѫ trong KӛQ KӧS ÿҩW và do ÿy không thay ÿәL ÿiQJ NӇ theo WKӡL gian. 17 &KѭѫQJ 3+ѬѪ1*7,ӊ19¬3+ѬѪ1*3+È31*+,Ç1&Ӭ8 7KӡLJLDQÿӏDÿLӇP QJKLrQFӭX 7KӡLJLDQQJKLrQFӭX 7ӯÿҫXWKiQJ15/2/2011-15/6/2011. ĈӏDÿLӇPQJKLrQFӭX .KXÿҩWWUѭӟFQKjQ{QJFѫWKXӝFVkQJROI7KӫĈӭF 3.2 %ӕWUtWKtQJKLӋP YjQJKLӋPWKӭF <ӃXWӕ+ӛQKӧSÿҩWEDRJӗPPӭF S1: 100% Cát S2: 90% Cát + 10% Diatomite S3: 90% Cát + 10% Scoria S4: 90% Cát + 10% Limonite 1JXӗQFiWÿѭӧF Oҩ\ WӯKӗ7Uӏ$QĈӗQJQDL, NKRiQJGLDWRPLWH WҥL3K~\rQNKRiQJ VFRULD WҥLĈӏQK4XiQĈӗQJQDLNKRiQJ OLPRQLWH WҥLKӗÿҥLYLrQVkQJROI WKӫÿӭF 9ӅWKjQKSKҫQGLQKGѭӥQJ[HPӣFKѭѫQJ <ӃXWӕ&yJLӕQJFӓFKR*UHHQ V1: Tifdwarf V2: TifEagle +DLJLӕQJFӓQj\ÿѭӧFOҩ\WӯVkQVkQÿ{QJYjVkQWk\FӫDVkQJROI7KӫÿӭF 9ӅÿһF ÿLӇPFӫDWӯQJJLӕQJFӓ[HPӣFKѭѫQJ Ĉk\OjWKtQJKLӋP \ӃXWӕJLӕQJFӓ[ORҥLKӛQKӧSÿҩWYӟLQJKLӋPWKӭF %ӕWUt WKtQJKLӋP WKHRNLӇXO{VӑFYӟLOҫQOұSOҥL 18 6ѫÿӗWKtQJKLӋPEӕWUtWKHRNLӇXNKӕLO{VӑFYӟLOҫQOұSOҥLFyQKѭKuQKYӁ1. V1 V2 V1 V2 V1 V2 S4 S2 S3 S3 S1 S2 S2 S4 S1 S1 S3 S4 Rep. I Rep II Rep III Hình 3.1 6ѫÿӗEӕWUtWKtQJKLӋPNLӇXO{VӑF 3.3 6ӕOLӋXWKXWKұSYjFKӍWLrXWKHRG}L 3.3.1 7KXWKұSYjSKkQWtFKPүXÿҩW 'өQJFөOҩ\PүX GQJGөQJFөOҩ\PүXÿҩW QKѭKuQK Hình 3.2 'өQJFөOҩ\PүXÿҩW 7KӡLJLDQOҩ\PүXWҥLWKӡLÿLӇPVDXNKLWUӗQJWXҫQYjVDXWKiQJ &iFKOҩ\PүXOҩ\WKHRÿѭӡQJFKpRJyF QKѭKuQK YjOҩ\ӣÿӝVkX cm Hình 3.3 9ӏWUtOҩ\PүXÿҩWWUrQPӝWO{ WKtQJKLӋPÿѫQYӏ 19 Phân tích hóa tính ¾ pH: VӱGөQJS+NӃÿRYӟLWӍOӋ5 ÿҩWQѭӟFFҩW ¾ &KҩWKӳXFѫ20: SKkQWtFKEҵQJSKѭѫQJSKiS:DONOH\%ODFN o &kQFKtQK[iFWӯ- JÿҩWÿmTXDUk\PPK~WFKtQK[iFPO.2Cr2O7 1YjRWURQJPүXÿҩWOҳFÿӅXK~WPO+2SO4 ÿұPÿһFFKRYjRWӯWӯÿӇÿҧP EҧRÿҩWWiFGөQJÿӅXYӟLKyDFKҩWÿӇ\rQKӛQKӧSSK~W o 1ӃXGXQJGӏFK FyPjX OөFGR OѭӧQJÿҩWTXiQKLӅX OѭӧQJ.2Cr2O7 ÿӅXEӏNKӱ 1ӃXGXQJGӏFKFyPjXÿӓGROѭӧQJÿҩWTXitWOѭӧQJ.2Cr2O7 TXiWKӯDTrong 2 WUѭӡQJKӧSWUrQNK{QJQrQWLӃSWөFSKҧLFkQOѭӧQJÿҩWFKRSKKӧS o ĈXQPүXQKҽFyÿұ\SKӇXErQWUrQÿӇQJXӝL o Hút 1 ml H3PO4 ÿұPÿһFFKRYjRPүXÿҩWÿmÿXQQKҽWUrQJL~SÿәLPjXQKDQK QKӓ- JLӑWWKXӕFWKӱ'LSKHQ\ODPLQH o &KXҭQÿӝPүXEҵQJGXQJGӏFKPXӕL0RUK'XQJGӏFKWKӇKLӋQPjXWӯQkXÿӓĺ [DQKOiĺ[DQKOөF o 0үX%ODQNÿѭӧFWKӵFKLӋQWѭѫQJWӵNK{QJFyÿҩWVX\UDQӗQJÿӝPXӕL0RUKWKӵF WҥL &{QJWKӭFC% = [(V0 ± V1) * N * 0,003 * 100]/ P &KҩWKӳXFѫ &  9ӟL V0: WKӇWtFKPүXEODQNÿmFKXҭQÿӝPO V1: WKӇWtFKPүXÿҩWÿmFKXҭQÿӝPO 1QӗQJÿӝPXӕL0RUKWKӵFWҥL KӋVӕFKX\ӇQWӯO\ÿѭѫQJOѭӧQJVDQJJDPFӫDFDUERQ FKҩWKӳXFѫWUXQJEuQKFKӭD % carbon ¾ ĈҥPGӉWLrX VӱGөQJSKѭѫQJSKiS.MHQGDKO o Cân 10 JÿҩWWѭѫLFKRYjRKӫQKӵDWKrP.&O 1/ҳFEҵQJPi\OҳFWURQJ JLӡ6DXÿyOӑFGӏFKTXDJLҩ\WKҩP/ҩ\GӏFKVDXOӑFÿHPFKѭQJFҩWEҵQJPi\ Kjendahl. o &iFK FKѭQJ FҩW 5~W  PO GӏFK PүX YjR ӕQJ FKѭQJ FҩW FKR WKrP  J 'HUYDGDYjFKѭQJFҩWWUrQPi\'ӏFKVDXNKLFKѭQJFҩWFKRYjREuQKWDPJLiF FKӭDPO+3BO4 YjÿHPGӏFKÿyFKXҭQÿӝEҵQJGXQJGӏFK+2SO4 0,05 N. 20 Cách tính: NO-3 mg/100g = m * Vm K * 10000 *Mn * Na * Vb)(Va  7URQJÿy: 9D7KӇWtFK+2SO4 0,05 1FKXҭQÿӝPүXWKtQJKLӋP 9E7KӇWtFK+2SO4 1FKXҭQÿӝPүXBlank 1D1ӗQJÿӝGXRQJOѭӧQJ+2SO4 Mn: NKӕLOѭӧQJSKkQWӱFӫD1LWѫ .+ӋVӕNK{NLӋW 9P7KӇWtFKPүX m: .KӕLOѭӧQJPүX ¾ 3KkQWtFKFKӍWLrX3GӉWLrX 3KѭѫQJpháp so màu o &kQJÿҩWPO%UD\YjREuQKQKӵDOҳFSK~WUӗLOӑFEҵQJJLҩ\OӑF o Rút 2 ml dunJGӏFKOӑF JLӑW - QLWURSKHQROYjREuQKWDPJLiFQKӓWӯQJJLӑW 1D2+ÿӃQNKL[XҩWKLӋQPjXYjQJPOGXQJGӏFK% ! OrQWKӇWtFKPO EҵQJQѭӟFFҩW o 6RPjXEҵQJEѭӟFVyQJ—P o Cách tính 7URQJÿy 5HDGLQJWtQKWӯSKѭѫQJWUuQKÿѭӡQJFKXҭQ V: tKӇWtFKFXӕLFQJÿӇVRPjXPO V Bray2WKӇWtFKGXQJGӏFK%UD\PO 0NKӕLOѭӧQJPүXÿҩWJ YWKӇWtFKK~WGӏFKOӑF /ұSWKDQJFKXҭQ ppm P 6ӕPOGXQJGӏFKSSP3WURQJPO 0 0 2.5 5 5 10 21 ¾ Phân tích FKӍWLrX.GӉWLrX3KѭѫQJSKiS Matlova o &kQJÿҩW + 100 ml CH3COONH4 1 1OҳFWURQJJLӡSK~WUӗLOӑF o &KXҭQEӏPүXÿRK~WPOPүX PO&VSSPOrQWKӇWtFKPO o ĈR.EҵQJPi\KҩSWKXQJX\rQWӱ /ұSWKDQJFKXҭQ ppm K 6ӕPOGXQJGӏFKSSP.Wrong 50ml 5 2,5 10 5 20 10 25 12,5 50 25 ¾ .KҧQăQJWUDRÿәLFDWLRQ&(&: SKkQWtFKEҵQJPi\KҩSWKXQJX\rQWӱ. í Cân chính xác 10 JÿҩWNK{NK{QJNKtÿmTXDUk\YjREuQKWDPJLiF ml + 100 ml CH3COONH4 1 1ĺOҳFSK~WĺOӑF'ӏFKQj\VӱGөQJSKkQ tích Ca, Mg, 1DYj.DOLGӉWLrXWURQJÿҩW í ;iFÿӏQKWәQJOѭӧQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ WUDRÿәL o +~W PO GӏFK OӑF  PO+2 FҩW   PO S+  tW1(7ĺÿӏQK SKkQ YӟL ('7$1GӏFKWӯPjXWtPĺ[DQK (V1). o 1ӃXVӵÿәLPjXNKyQKұQWKҩ\FyWKӇGRVӵKLӋQGLӋQFӫDQKLӅXSKRVSKDWHÿѭDS+ FӫDGXQJGӏFKOrQS+ EҵQJFiFKWKrP- POGXQJGӏFKÿӋPS+ QӃXQJKL QJӡQrQNLӇPFKӭQJ S+EҵQJS+NӃKD\JLҩ\WKӱS+ o /jPPүXÿӕLFKӭQJWKӵFKLӋQWURQJFQJÿLӅXNLӋQQKѭQJNK{QJFyGӏFKOӑFÿӇ so sánh. ¾ ;iFÿӏQK&D2+ trDRÿәL í +~WPOGӏFKOӑFPO+2FҩWPO1D2+ tW&DOFHLQĺÿӏQKSKkQ YӟL('7$1GӏFKWӯPjX[DQKKXǤQKTXDQJĺWtP(V2). 7.5 15 10 20 12.5 25 15 30 22 í 1ӃXVӵÿәLPjXNKyQKұQWKҩ\FyWKӇGRVӵKLӋQGLӋQFӫDQKLӅXSKRVSKDWHÿѭDS+ FӫDGXQJGӏFKOrQWUrQS+ EҵQJFách thêm 5 - 10 ml NaOH 10%, QӃXQJKLQJӡ QrQNLӇPFKӭQJS+. í /jPPүXÿӕLFKӭQJWKӵFKLӋQWURQJFQJÿLӅXNLӋQQKѭQJNK{QJFyGӏFKOӑFÿӇ so sánh. ¾ 7әQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ (meq/100g) = (V1* N * VOҳF* 100)/ (P * Vh) Ca2+ (meq/100g) = (V2* N * VOҳF* 100)/ (P * Vh) Mg2+ PHTJ WәQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ - Ca2+ ¾ 7URJÿy: V1 WKӇWtFKWәQJOѭӧQJ&D2+ + Mg2+ WUDRÿәLPO V2 WKӇWtFKOѭӧQJ&D2+ WUDRÿәLPO 1QӗQJÿӝ('7$ VOҳFWKӇWtFK&+3COONH4 1VӱGөQJPO VhWKӇWtFKGӏFKK~WPO 3WUӑQJOѭӧQJÿҩW Phân tích lý tính ÿҩW ¾ 'XQJWUӑQJ: ĈiQKJLiWKHR.DWULQVNL í ӔQJÿyQJKuQKWUөFyWKӇWtFKFP3 FzQJӑLOjEӝULQJ í ĈһWULQJOrQNKXYӵFÿҩWÿѭӧFOjPEҵQJSKҷQJÿһWULQJVRQJVRQJFQJO~FYu [iFÿӏQKtWQKҩWOҫQOһSOҥL í ĈһWNKX{QÿӏQKKѭӟQJOrQWUrQULQJGQJE~DJӛÿyQJULQJYjRÿҩWÿyQJWKҷQJYj O~QVkXYjRÿҩW í 'QJGDRKD\ÿjRJӑWQKҳFULQJUDĈұ\QҳSOұWQJѭӧFӕQJULQJGQJGDRVҳFJӑW EҵQJKDLÿҫXULQJODXVDFKÿҩWEiP[XQJTXDQKULQJ í 'QJGDRFҥ\ÿҩWWURQJӕQJULQJFKRYjREDRQ\ORQÿmELӃWWUѭӟFNKӕLOѭӧQJ&kQ FKtQK[iFNKӕLOѭӧQJEDRQ\ORQYjÿҩWFKtQK[iFJ í 'QJÿҩWQj\[iFÿӏQKKӋVӕNK{NLӋWYj[iFÿӏQKNKӕLOѭӧQJÿҩWNK{WX\ӋWÿӕL í 'XQJWUӑQJFӫDÿҩWÿѭӧFWtQK: dv= P/V í 7URQJÿy GYGXQJWUӑQJ (g.cm-3) 3NKӕLOѭӧQJÿҩWNK{WX\ӋWÿӕL (g) 23 9WKӇWtFKӕQJULQJWKӇWtFKÿҩWFP3) ¾ ĈӝUӛQJĈiQKJLiWKHR.DWULQVNL 7KHR86'$ĈӝUӛQJ - GXQJWUӑQJ65) ¾ 7ӕFÿӝWKҩP theo USDA (1999) í 'QJULQJFyÿѭӡQJNtQKLQ cm). í ĈyQJULQJ[XӕQJÿӇOҥLFKLӅXFDR í Dùng bao nylon PӓQJÿһWYDRVDRFKRSKӫEӅPһWWUrQFӫDULQJ í 5yWPO  LQQѭӟFÿәYjREDRQ\ORQ6DXÿyU~WQKҽYjEҩPJLӡ WtQK WKӡL JLDQWKҩP í /ұSOҥLQKLӅXOҫQxem hình 3.4). Hình 3.4 ĈRWӕFÿӝWKҩPQJRjLÿӗQJ 3.3.2 7KXWKұSYjÿiQKJLiPүXFӓ 'өQJFөOҩ\PүX Fӓ: GQJGөQJFөÿөFOӛFӡ KROGFXWWHUĈyOjGөQJFөFyÿѭӡQJ NtQKLQFP/ҩ\PүXFӓYӟLÿӝVkXFP (Xem hình 3.5). 24 Hình 3.5 'өQJFөÿөFOӛFӡ 7KӡLJLDQOҩ\PүXVDXWUӗQJYjQJj\VDXWUӗQJ. Theo QJKLrQFӭXFӫD ÿҥLKӑc Georgia (2010), WKҧPFӓVDXQJj\FyWKӇÿDQ[HQÿѭӧF %, sau 45 ngày FyWKӇFKHSKӫ YjVDXQJj\WKҧPSKӫFyWKӇÿҥW %. &iFKOҩ\PүXOҩ\PүXWKHRKuQKWDPJLiFOҫQOҩ\PүXVDXNK{QJWUQJYӟLOҫQWUѭӟF. &өWKӇYӅFiFKOҩ\PүXKuQK). %ҧRTXҧQPүXPүXFӓ VDXNKLÿHPӣQJRjLYӅ UӱDVҥFKVӁYj WLӃQKjQKSKkQ Wách. 7X\QKLrQVӕOѭӧQJPүXNKiOӟQYuWKӃSKҧLÿѭӧFEҧRTXҧQWURQJ WӫOҥQK ӣ0C. Hình 3.6 9ӏWUtOҩ\PүXFӓWUrQPӝWO{WKtQJKLӋPÿѫQYӏ ĈiQKJLiVLQKWUѭӣQJFӓ í &KLӅXGjLFӫDUӉGQJGөQJFөÿөFOӛ*UHHQÿөF3 ÿLӇPWKHRÿѭӡQJFKpRJyF*Lӳ QJX\rQWUҥQJNKӕLÿҩWFӓYjÿһWOrQPӝWWKDQKVҳWQKӑQYjGQJWKѭӟFÿRFKLӅXGjL UӉ6DXÿyÿѭDNKӕLÿҩWWUrQYjRWKDXQѭӟFUӱDQKҽFKRUDKӃWOӟSFiWĈHPSKҫQFӓ ÿROҥLFKLӅXGjLUӉ&KLӅXGjLUӉÿѭӧFWtQKWӯQѫLJLiSJLӳDFiFFKӗLQJDQJYjUӉÿR ÿӃQVӧLUӉGjLQKҩW (Xem hình 3.7). 25 Hình 3.7 ĈRFKLӅXGjLUӉ í 0ұWVӕFKӗLÿѫQYӏGLӋQWtFKĈHPVӕFKӗLYӯDWiFKÿӃPPұWÿӝ&KӍQKӳQJFKӗL còn QJӑQ YjFyPjX[DQKPӟLWtQK í 7UӑQJOѭӧQJNK{ FӫDFKӗLUӉ6DXNKLÿӃPPұWÿӝFKӗLÿHPÿLVҩ\ӣQKLӋWÿӝ0C ÿӃQNKLWUӑQJOѭӧQJNK{QJÿәLÿHPFkQWUӑQJOѭӧQJNK{ 3.4 4X\WUuQKWUӗQJYjFKăPVyF &KXҭQEӏ í &KXҭQEӏFiWYjFiFNKRiQJWҥRKӛQKӧSÿҩW + Cát: 30 m2 x 12 x 0,09 m = 32,4 m3 + 0,9 m3 = 33,3 m3 'LDWRPLWHÿm[D\ m2 x 3 x 0,01 m = 0,9 m3 6FRULDÿm[D\ m2 x 3 x 0,01 m = 0,9 m3 /LPRQLWHÿm[D\ m2 x 3 x 0,01 m = 0,9 m3 í &ӓ7LIGZDUIYj7LI(DJOHGQJPi\Oҩ\Fӓ WӯYѭӡQѭѫP 26 Hình 3.8 /ҩ\FӓJLӕQJWӯYѭӡQѭѫP í &iFGөQJFөNKiF[ҿQJFXӕFFjRFӓQҽSWUHQ\ORQFKҳQ 7UӝQKӛQKӧSÿҩW &KLDO{WKtQJKLӋPYjÿәFiWOrQ FPWUrQFiWÿmFyVҹQ6DXÿyOjPEҵQJSKҷQJĈә 0,3 m3 OrQPӛL{ m2 YjWUӝQÿӅXOrQQKLӅXOҫQ Hình 3.9 7UӝQKӛQKӧSÿҩW 7LӃQKjQKWUӗQJ /ҩ\FӓQJRjLYѭӡQѭѫP7ifdwarf và TifEaJOHEҵQJPi\5ҧLWUrQEӅPһW kg Fӓ cho ô 15 m26DXÿyUҧLPӝWOӟSFiWPӓQJWUrQEӅPһWFӓ 27 Hình 3.10 5ҧLOӟSFiWPӓQJVDXNKLUҧLFӓ Bón phân - Bón lót: bón 20g.m-2 FiFORҥL9{L'$3KӳXFѫ%uQKĈLӅQWUѭӟFNKLWUӗQJ - %yQOҫQ g.m-2 Urea VDXWXҫQEyQOyW - %yQOҫQJm-2 NPK 16-8-16 VDXWXҫQEyQOҫQ - %yQOҫQJP-2 Calcium Amonium Nitrat VDXWXҫQEyQOҫQ &iFWXҫQVDXEyQ[RD\YzQJWUӣOҥL EҳW ÿҫXOҥLOҫQOҫQYjOҫQ 7ѭӟLQѭӟF - 7URQJWXҫQÿҫXPӟL WUӗQJ[HPWUrQEӅPһWFiWNK{SKҧLWѭӟLQJD\EҵQJYzLFӭX KӓD - &iFWXҫQVDXWUӣÿLWѭӟLQJj\OҫQEҵQJYzLWӵÿӝQJSK~W 3KzQJWUӯVkXEӋQKYjFӓGҥL 7URQJJLDLÿRҥQPӟL WUӗQJFKӫ\ӃX OjQKәFӓGҥL WUѭӟFNKLEyQSKkQPӛL WXҫQ ĈһFELӋWOjFӓ7LIZD\ FҫQSKҧLQKәWULӋWÿӇ 28 3.5 3KkQWtFKWKӕQJNr 6ӕOLӋX YӅOêKyDWtQKYjҧQKKѭӣQJFӫDKӛQKӧSÿҩW ÿѭӧF[ӱOêWKӕQJNrWUҳF QJKLӋPSKkQKҥQJ EҵQJSKҫQPӅPSAS. 29 &KѭѫQJ .ӂ748Ҧ9¬7+Ҧ2/8Ұ