This system in addition to performing separation on 6
common skin lesions revealed 89% accuracy, 91%
sensitivity and 89% user satisfaction. The process time of
this cloud computing system is accepted in being about
5.45 seconds and using 3G networks. This system, as far
as medical diagnosis is concerned, in comparison to the
detrimental procedures which are costly due to sampling
the results of which are given in many weeks is
considered as an acceptable system.
The most important distinguishing points of this server
with other systems and procedures are:
1. Server Type: It detects 6 types of common skin
lesion: AK, BCC,SCC,MN, SK, and MC, while
other systems run studies only on one type of
skin lesion
2. The Server Architecture: In order to pass through
the processing restrictions of mobile phone sets,
tablets, computers, this server is designed based
on cloud computing while the other systems have
installation and implementation restrictions and
due to low powered equipment do not consider
the important factors for detection. Using cloud
computing and modern technologies for
achieving objectives providing electronic services,
in this case for skin health is effective.
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Cloud Computing for Providing Electronic
Service for Skin Health
Saeed Ayat and M. Mohammadi Khoroushani
Department of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Payame Noor University, Esfahan, Iran
Email: dr.ayat@pnu.ac.ir, mr_mohammadi@of.iut.ac.ir
Abstract—This paper proposes a new software for
separation of skin lesion based on cloud computing. The
objective of this system is to provide electronic services for
initial dermatologic detections based on electronic function
principles accessible at all times, all spaces, while being
accurate, fast and low cost applicable by observing the
security and confidentiality principles. The conducted
assessments regarding the accuracy of the system’s
detections, applicability and user satisfaction indicate
success with 89% in detection accuracy and 89% user
satisfaction with respect to the systems usability,
accessibility, easiness, response time and detection accuracy.
The response time of the server in operation in the (3 G)
mobile phones is 5.45 seconds which is acceptable and
appropriate as far as medical diagnosis is concerned.
Index Terms—skin lesion, medical diagnosis, cloud
computing, content-based image retrieval
I. INTRODUCTION
The wide spread of skin lesion in the recent decades
and its negative effect on the individuals’ appearance and
emotion caused by it and the growing number of patients
infected with skin impairment has promoted low cost,
accurate services and accessible systems for initial
detections with no need to visit the skin specialists. Skin
lesions in general, are divided in the following six
common groups: Actinic Keratosis (AK), Basal Cell
Carcinoma (BCC), Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC),
Melanocytic Nevus (MN), Seborrheic Keratosis and
Melanoma (ML). Accurate detection of skin lesion must
be conducted by the dermatologists since most of the skin
lesions have common features: Melanoma and Clark skin
lesion are very similar, while the Melanoma is a
malignant cancer and fatal and the Clark is benignant
caner.
The attempt is made here to design and implement a
service accessible to the experts in this field, MDs and the
public who do not have expert knowledge on skin. Here
no marginal specific hardware or software is needed.
With the least of efforts, the digital images are taken with
no need of hardware/software platforms everywhere, at
any time with the highest accuracy, speed and certainty
with the lowest cost. This study provides a new
application in cloud computing based on Microsoft
Manuscript received June 7, 2015; revised October 8, 2015.
Windows Azure providing electronic services for skin
health (Tele dermatology).
II. SKIN HEALTH CARE SOFTWARE SYSTEM
ARCHITECTURE
The server software is ranked in the 'Software as a
service' of the cloud computing [1]. The users (experts of
the field), by becoming members of this electronic
service will benefit. As observed in Fig. 1 the software
service consists of two beginning and end sections.
The server software is ranked in the 'Software as a
service' of the cloud computing [1]. The users (experts of
the field), by becoming members of this electronic
service will benefit. As observed in Fig. 1 the software
service consists of two beginning and end sections.
A. The Beginning Section
This is where the end user has collaborated with. This
section is designed and implemented by Microsoft
Silverlight 4 technology. One of the features of this is its
being independent of operating system and browser
through which the operating intermediate can be
implemented on any acting interface(the acting systems
are: Apple's IOS, Android, Windows Phone, Windows 8
and Linux). The section is assigned to receive the image.
The user determines the image taken from the lesion mole
and request detections through this Graphic User
Interface (GUI). Prior to data dispatch to the server, all
encrypted and detailed data is stored on the user’s
equipment (mobile phone, etc.) for further use. The
connection of the beginning section (GUI) and the end
section (the server) is made through Access Control
Service (ACS) of Windows Azure based on Secure
Socket Layer (SSL) through Windows Communication
Foundation (WCF). Through the (ACS) the user can
connect to other identity verifying servers like Google,
Facebook, Yahoo, and Windows Live. This service
increases the capability, use and ease in connection to the
service and receiving services in addition to providing
high customer satisfaction. Data transfer between these
two sections through WCF, is designed and implemented.
This section provides a weigh equilibrium between the
end points (user and cloud computing) as well as
providing safe data transfer along the path by encrypting
the data through asymmetric encryption algorithm, AES
512. Most of the end users are worried about data
disclosure in the communicating channel in different
manners, especially through electronic sniffing of the
information, but this process removes that worry.
Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering
doi: 10.18178/joace.4.4.319-323
319
Authentication &
Authorization
Dispatching data
Dispatching
detection results
Skin health
care server
software
architecture
Receiving
image
The beginning section
(user position)
The end section
(cloud computing)
Image quality
promotion
Feature extraction
Detection
Operational layer Data interchange layer cloud layer (providing service)
Figure 1. Skin healthcare software system architecture
The intelligent skin lesion segmentation process in the
detection phase includes the image quality enhancement,
segmenting the skin lesion and extracting the features. In
the recent years some limited studies are conducted in
this field. Alexandra et al. [2] suggested the tele
Dermatoscopy through cellular phone as an effective and
low cost method for rapid detection of skin cancer.
Adopting this method, in addition to the limitations of
using mobile i-phone, needs about 1.500$ for providing
the marginal mobile Dermoscopic hardware. The authors
in [3] and [4] introduced “skin scan” software, a portable
library for (ML) based on the IPhone Operating System
(IOS). This system, by manipulating the tissue features
makes the classification where the accuracy in detecting
(ML) against benignant lesions reaches 81%. The process
time is 5 seconds on IPhone 4. Implementation of the first
installable version on mobile phone provided in [5] and
the open-CV library is used for desired image processing.
In that work, the emphasis is on the pigmentation and
form features where the KNN classifier is used. This
applicable program is implementable on Android with
system for skin lesion image recovery based on form. The
results obtained from analyzing 184 images indicate that
there exists a statistical significance between computer
assessment and human perception. Rahman et al. [7]
introduced an image retrieval system based on Content
Base Image Retrieval (CBIR) for Dermoscopic images.
Their system’s evaluation illustrated on the accuracy
diagram indicates that this system is accurate in assessing
the lesions with a 60% average. Dorileo et al. [8]
recommended a CBIR for the skin lesion. They used the
features based on histogram and co-occurrence matrices
for similar image retrieval. 50% accuracy is obtained by
analyzing 215 images. Ballerini et al.
[9] examined five
types of lesions from 533 images and introduced a CBIR
system through evolutionary feature’s synthesis with an
accuracy percentage ranging from 67 to 82%. Despite the
above mentioned experiments many
business oriented
are
introduced to be accessible through mobile I-Phones
based on IOS and Android.
Among
From the applicable
programs based on Android the ‘ABCDE’s of Melanoma’,
‘Doctor Mole’ and ‘Spot Mole’ can be pointed out.
In
parallel
based on Apple interface system such as
‘Melanoma Visual Risk Calculator’, the ‘Mole Checker’
and ‘skin cancer’ could be listed.
Both the groups of these programs concentrate on the
extraction of asymmetry of features according to ABCD
or ABCDE regulations with the following common
restriction.
1. Implementation restriction on the software
platform
2. Hardware platform restriction due to performing
processes on the user equipment Detection
accuracy at maximum 81%
3. Lack of extracting maximum effecting features in
the detection process according to ABCD or its
modified regulations with a focus on specific
features due to the restriction of processing power,
etc.
4. Lack of using the patient’s clinical data in order to
achieve maximum accuracy and precision
5. Disregarding the effecting factors during image
taking like unbalanced lighting
6. Lack of access to some of these systems due to the
economic sanctions and high software cost
B. The End Section
This section is executed on the cloud and is responsible
for the processing task. The core of serving software is
designed and implemented based on Microsoft ASP.Net
technology and Internet Information Service (IIS). All the
data accompanied with the images are saved in encrypted
manner through asymmetric algorithm (AES) with a 1024
key length in the SQL Azure data bank. This makes the
uncertainty regarding the stored data security on the
cloud computing away and the user’s peace of mind to
communicate with the system. This software, at the end
section has four major functions:
1) Image quality enhancement
In most of the captured digital images due to non-
adjustment of the camera outlet, the existence of light
sources as shadows and non-professional photo-taking
are evident. If a system should become a common tool
among many, it should have the least of deficiencies. This
stage is the most important in segmentation and
extracting accurate features. In this project the
approximation of shadow pattern approach based on the
least square’s error with the average color pixels of
Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering 320
66.7 % accuracy in detection. Celebi et al [6] developed a
healthy skin around the lesion mole is adopted. After
approximating the pattern the shadow is eliminated from
the main picture with the least of effects on the picture
(Fig. 2).
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 2. (a) Main picture, (b) Picture after light adjustment, (c) The
light modification function
At this stage noise and hair elimination takes place
through a 5x5 intermediate filter.
2) Segmentation the lesion mole
Here, in order to extract the asymmetry features
according to ABCDTP regulation and its modified
versions through the findings are of importance.
Extracting the asymmetry features according to
ABCDTP regulation and its modified versions is very
important. In this study, a random walker algorithm by
[11] is applied.
3) Extracting the features
In this system extracting the features takes place based
on a modified ABCDTP through the authors of [11]. This
rule is expanded due to an advanced digital camera
function which evaluates: Asymmetry, irregularity of the
border, Color variation, Diameter, Texture and Profile.
According to this rule the lesions which are asymmetric,
deformed in Boundary, have color shade variety dark to
light, have a diameter bigger than 6 mm, condensed and
have the potential features of blooding, change of shape
in about 90 days, becoming harder and itchy are mostly
the cancerous ones. By adopting ABCDTP, 430 effective
features are extracted from the lesion surface.
4) Detection
For this purpose the CBIR and KNN are adopted to
distinguish and detect the skin lesion from 6 groups under
study. In this study features vector obtained from feature
selection step with the picture feature available in the data
bank are compared through the distance criterion
described by Equ.1, below and afterwards the K images
are retrieved similar to that of the entrance image, where
the K is 7, selected on experimental basis; indicating that
the subject sample is subject to the majority.
1
p
2 2
d (I1, I2) = ( (f - f ) )1, i 2,i
i=1
(1)
where, d is the distance and I1 and I2 are the subject
images described through feature vector of 430
dimensions. Based on the retrieved images sticker content
which identifies the lesion type another sticker is added to
the image under study. The majority of the K images are
retrieved from the identified group of lesions.
After making the detections, the data are stored in a
encrypted state and the result is transmitted to the user
through SMS or e-mail by the server. This increases the
system’s utility capability and the user satisfaction. The
reason here is that it could happen that during data
processing by the system the user-system connection may
be cut.
III. RESUTLS
We evaluated our proposed system by three parameters:
accuracy, service applicability (process time) and user
satisfaction. For experimental results we used two
following statistical populations:
A. Digital Images and Data Available in Credible
Scientific Sources
A total of 580 images collected from credible internet
sources [12] and [13] are involved in this study. Each one
of the images is evaluate by two skin experts. The images
that share the same evaluation made by the experts and
that of the source are selected and the ones with doubt are
eliminated from the data bank.
TABLE I. THE TYPES AND THE COUNT OF SKIN LESIONS APPLIED IN
THIS STUDY
Count Type of lesion
40 Actinic Keratosis(AK)
125 Basal Cell Carcinoma(BCC)
85 Melanocytic Nevus/MOLE(ML)
101 Squamous Cell Carcinoma(SCC)
94 Seborrheic Keratosis(SK)
135 Melanoma(ML)
Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering 321
B. A Number of 35 Samples are Collected during 2010
and 2013 in the City of Esfahan.
To access the CBIR, the P&R graph is usually applied.
Since the objective of this system is to detect the type of
lesion and for medical detection the sensibility and
accuracy criterion are usually applied, the assessment
here is based on the same criterion.
Sensibility: The accuracy level in detecting a type of
lesion (accurate fitting of the lesion in its right group)
i
i i
Sensitivity =
Tp
Tp + Fp
(2)
where, Tpi is the count of true detection in the
lesion(Tpi {AK,BCC,ML,SCC,SK,MN})
And Fpi is the count of the false detection in the lesion
(Fpi∈{AK,BCC,ML,SCC,SK,MN}(
Accuracy: The percentage of correct detection of all
types of skin lesion (correct grouping of the skin lesion
fitting in each one of the groups)
i
i i
5
Tp
i=1
Accuracy =
5
Tp +Fp
i=1
(3)
TABLE II.
ASSESSING
THE DETECTION SYSTEM ACCURACY ON 580
LESION SAMPLE [12]
AND [13]
Sensitivity
Accuracy
91%
89%
KNN K=7
TABLE III. ASSESSING THE DETECTION SYSTEM ACCURACY ON 35
LESION SAMPLE COLLECTED IN THE CITY OF ESFAHAN
Sensitivity Accuracy
97% 98% KNN K=7
The increase in both the criteria, the second statistical
population is due to observance of image taking
principles: vertical exposure, no flash light and adjusted
distance to prevent blurriness.
In order to evaluate the process time necessary in this
service, types of user connection based on the two
common access procedures, the (3G) and (Wi-Fi) are
considered here. Since the resolution of different cameras
or devices differ, here the most common (521 × 437) and
(640 × 960) resolutions are applied. The processing and
storage sources are unlimited in Cloud computing, but
here the 1 and 8 virtual processes are selected with 4GB
Ram and 1Gb storage on the SQL azure.
T Total: Time necessary in image processing and
transmitting the necessary data to cloud computing and
retrieval of detected results per second.
T Enhancement: Time necessary for quality enhancement
T Segmentation: Time necessary for image parceling
T Feature Extension: Time necessary to extract features from
the image
T Detection: Time necessary for detection
T send/receive: Transmission and receiving time through
counting, twice the time of transmission from user to
cloud computing (See the results in Table IV)
TABLE IV.
ASSESSING THE PROCESS TIME NECESSARY
FOR THE SERVER
TSR
Second
TD
Second
TF
Second
TS
Second
TE
Second
TT
Second
Processor
count
Image
dimensions
(Pixel)
Type of
network
0.3
1.4
1.2
2.1
6.3
11.3
1
521×437
3G
0.3
1.1
0.25
1.2
2.6
5.45
8
521×437
0.3
1.4
1.22
2.3
8
13.22
1
640×960
0.3
1.1
0.25
1.6
3
6.25
8
640×960
0.23
1.4
1.2
2.1
6.3
11.23
1
521×437
Wi-Fi
0.23
1.1
0.25
1.2
2.6
5.38
8
521×437
0.23
1.4
1.22
2.3
8
13.15
1
640×960
0.23
1.1
0.25
1.6
3
6.18
8
640×960
According to Table IV, using the process sources
increases the response speed. In a single state processor
the minimum time is 11. 23 and the maximum is 13. 22
seconds and in an 8 state processor the minimum time is
5.38 and the maximum is 6. 25 seconds.
By comparing the obtained results from both the
processors it is found that high efficiency of cloud
computing in relation to other procedures (the software
approaches based on mobile phone, in specific) is high
with respect to achieving accuracy and detection. In this
respect this issue is of major concern; therefore, most of
the studies due to the processing restrictions have been
able to extract less than 100 features.
To evaluate user satisfaction level, 35 samples are
selected from the 25 users of the three groups of
dermatologists (4), MDs (6) and non-experts (15) at
hospitals and clinics of the city of Esfahan during 2010-
13.
All obtained samples are evaluated by 4 experts and
the results are compared to what is obtained from the
server. The results of the server in these cases where the
specialists were doubtful about were properly detected. A
questionnaire of 30 questions in four aspects of: ease in
using the GUI, accessibility (time, space and cost),
detection speed, detection result is used in addition to
statistical analysis made by applying SPSS software to
measure user satisfaction which is 89%. The
dissatisfaction among the experts in dermatology is that,
this system cannot replace the actual dermatologist. After
this issue was discussed they justified the service in a
sense that for the initial detection it could be a good
assistance to the specialist and this fact eased the
discomfort of the specialists to a certain degree.
Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering 322
IV. CONCLUSION
This system in addition to performing separation on 6
common skin lesions revealed 89% accuracy, 91%
sensitivity and 89% user satisfaction. The process time of
this cloud computing system is accepted in being about
5.45 seconds and using 3G networks. This system, as far
as medical diagnosis is concerned, in comparison to the
detrimental procedures which are costly due to sampling
the results of which are given in many weeks is
considered as an acceptable system.
The most important distinguishing points of this server
with other systems and procedures are:
1. Server Type: It detects 6 types of common skin
lesion: AK, BCC,SCC,MN, SK, and MC, while
other systems run studies only on one type of
skin lesion
2. The Server Architecture: In order to pass through
the processing restrictions of mobile phone sets,
tablets, computers, this server is designed based
on cloud computing while the other systems have
installation and implementation restrictions and
due to low powered equipment do not consider
the important factors for detection. Using cloud
computing and modern technologies for
achieving objectives providing electronic services,
in this case for skin health is effective.
3. The User Interface Technology: Not having
restrictions in implementing the GUI on
operating system and browser. This feature of the
(GUI) is one of the major indicators and due to its
low capacity (less than 500 Kbit) it is applicable
on low powered equipment.
4. The Utility Cost: Unlike other introduced
software, the user pays per-use, while in other
systems the user pays per software cost. This
issue is important with respect to the business
objectives when selecting a system.
5. Efficiency obtained in this study was much
higher than in other studies, due to the image
quality improvement process, image
segmentation and feature extraction is accurate.
6. The Necessary Apparatus: No marginal apparatus
are needed here like Macro lens, mobile
Dermoscope, etc. Here, a 5 Mega pixel camera is
enough.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors wish to thank, Esfahan Medical University,
and Information Communication Technology Institute
(ICTI) at the Esfahan University of Technology (IUT) for
their helps.
REFERENCES
[1] Anthony and T. Velte, Cloud Computing: A Practical Approach,
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“Mobile teledermoscopy-melanoma diagnosis by one click,”
Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, vol. 28, no. 3, pp.
203-205, September 2009.
[3] T. Wadhawan, N. Situ, K. Lancaster, X. J. Yuan, and G.
Zouridakis, "Skin scan: A portable library for melanoma detection
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[4] T. Wadhawan, N. Situ, R. Hu, K. Lancaster, X. J. Yuan, G.
Zouridakis, "Implementation of the 7-point checklist for
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[5] R. K. Y. Shang, "A mobile automated skin lesion classification
system," in Proc. 2011 23rd IEEE International Conference on
Tools with Artificial Intelligence, 7-9 Nov.2011, pp. 138-141.
[6] M. E. Celebi and Y. A. Aslandogan, "Content-based image
retrieval incorporating models of human perception," in Proc.
International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and
Computing, vol. 2, 2004, pp. 241-245.
[7] M. M. Rahman, B. C. Desai, and P. Bhattacharya, "Image
retrieval-based decision support system for dermatoscopic
images," in Proc. 19th IEEE International Symposium on
Computer-Based Medical Systems, 2006, pp. 285-290.
[8] E. A. G. Dorileo, M. A. C. Frade, A. M. F. Roselino, R. M.
Rangayyan, and P. M. Azevedo-Marques, "Color image
processing and content-based image retrieval techniques for the
analysis of dermatological lesions," in Proc. 30th Annual
International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine
and Biology Society, 2008, pp. 1230-1233.
[9] L. Ballerini, X. Li, R. B. Fisher, and J. Rees, "A query-by-example
content-based image retrieval system of non-melanoma skin
lesions," presented at the Proceedings of the First MICCAI
international conference on Medical Content-Based Retrieval for
Clinical Decision Support, London, UK, 2010.
[10] G. Li, L. Qingsheng, and C. Jian, "A new fast random walk
segmentation algorithm," presented at the 2008 Second
International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology
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[11] M. Mohammadi and S. Ayat, "Early melanoma skin cancer
detection based on co-occurrence matrix and gabor filters,"
presented at the 11th National conference on Information
Communications technology, Kish, Iran, 2014.
[12] P. T. A. M. Newton. (2005, 2013/14/01). Global Skin Atlas.
[Online]. Available:
[13] G. S. A. (2013, 2013/14/01). Personalized learning and teaching
resources for dermatologists today and tomorrow. [Online].
Available: https://www.dermquest.com.
Dr. Saeed Ayat was born in Najafabad, Iran.
Currently, he is an Associate Professor in
department of Computer Engineering and
Information Technology at Payame Noor
University. He received his PhD degree in
Computer Engineering from Sharif University
of Technology, in 2006. His research interests
include Speech Processing, Signal Processing,
Wavelet and its Applications, Information
Technology and its applications and Fuzzy
logic and its Applications. His web site Address is:
{
}.
Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
Khoroushani was born in Iran, Esfahan
in
1987. He received his M.Sc. degree in
Software Engineering
from Tehran Payame
Noor University in 2014. Now he is working
in Information Communication Technology
Institute
(ICTI) at the Isfahan University of
Technology(IUT), Iran. His research interests
include Tele Medicine, Medical and Digital
Image Processing, Meta-heuristic algorithms
and it's applications,
Electronic-Health
(E-Health).
His Another Email Address is: {mr-
mohammadi@hotmail.com}.
Journal of Automation and Control Engineering Vol. 4, No. 4, August 2016
©2016 Journal of Automation and Control Engineering 323
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