Đề tài Nấm men cho sản xuất rượu vang

áu truùc vaø polysaccharide döï tröõ, glycerol vaø acid beùo no. Hình 4.32: Aûnh höôûng cuûa haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu ñeán hieäu suaát sinh toång hôïp coàn trong quaù trình leân men röôïu vang söû duïng naám men töï do vaø naám men coá ñònh trong gel alginate. Baûng 4.22: Aûnh höôûng cuûa haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu ñeán hieäu suaát sinh toång hôïp coàn trong quaù trình leân men röôïu vang söû duïng naám men töï do vaø naám men coá ñònh trong gel alginate. Haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu (g/L) Hieäu suaát sinh toång hôïp coàn h (mol ethanol/ mol glucose) Naám men coá ñònh Naám men töï do 1,8 1,65 ± 0,03cde 1,70 ± 0,02ef 2,8 1,61 ± 0,03bc 1,63 ± 0,05bcd 3,8 1,52 ± 0,04a 1,59 ± 0,03b 9,8 1,64 ± bcd 1,68 ± 0,03def 17,8 1,71 ± 0,03f 1,72 ± 0,03f Caùc giaù trò trong baûng bieåu thò giaù trò trung bình ± ñoä leäch chuaån cuûa 3 maãu ñoäc laäp. Caùc giaù trò coù kyù hieäu khaùc nhau bieåu thò söï khaùc nhau coù nghóa (P < 0,05). Quaù trình chuyeån hoùa caùc acid höõu cô Quaù trình chuyeån hoùa caùc acid höõu cô cuõng ñöôïc chuùng toâi ñaùnh giaù thoâng qua söï thay ñoåi pH, haøm löôïng acid toång vaø haøm löôïng acid deã bay hôi nhö ôû phaàn 4.1.3.2. Hình 4.33: Söï thay ñoåi pH trong quaù trình leân men röôïu vang, söû duïng naám men töï do vaø naám men coá ñònh trong gel alginate (haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu thay ñoåi trong khoaûng 1,8 – 17,8g/L). Keát quaû khaûo saùt giaù trò pH cuûa chuùng toâi cho thaáy raèng pH vaø haøm löôïng acid toång cuûa dòch leân men baèng naám men coá ñònh luoân thaáp hôn pH cuûa dòch leân men baèng naám men töï do (hình 4.33 vaø hình 4.34). Ñieàu naøy ñaõ ñöôïc giaûi thích ôû phaàn 4.1.3.2. Beân caïnh ñoù, chuùng toâi cuõng thaáy raèng khi haøm löôïng tannin taêng thì pH taêng vaø haøm löôïng acid toång cuõng taêng. Hieän töôïng naøy coù theå ñöôïc giaûi thích laø do, khi haøm löôïng tannin taêng, khaû naêng khueách taùn cô chaát vaøo beân trong teá baøo naám men bò giaûm, toác ñoä leân men chaäm, neân ñaõ taïo ñieàu kieän cho caùc loaïi vi khuaån chuyeån hoùa ñöôøng thaønh acid acetic vaø acid lactic cuõng nhö caùc loaïi vi khuaån chuyeån hoùa caùc acid maïnh hôn nhö acid citric, acid tartaric vaø acid malic thaønh caùc acid yeáu hôn neân ñaõ laøm taêng haøm löôïng acid toång, ñoàng thôøi laïi laøm taêng pH dòch leân men. Hình 4.34: Söï thay ñoåi haøm löôïng acid toång trong quaù trình leân men röôïu vang söû duïng naám men töï do vaø naám men coá ñònh trong gel alginate (haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu thay ñoåi trong khoaûng 1,8 – 17,8g/L). Cuõng töông töï nhö vaäy, haøm löôïng acid deã bay hôi cuûa naám men coá ñònh thaáp hôn so vôùi naám men töï do vaø nhìn chung, khi haøm löôïng tannin taêng thì haøm löôïng acid deã bay hôi cuõng taêng (hình 4.35). So vôùi khi khaûo saùt aûnh höôûng cuûa haøm löôïng ñöôøng, chuùng toâi nhaän thaáy raèng, giaù trò pH cuûa caùc maãu tannin phaân taùn nhieàu hôn (hình 4.15 vaø hình 4.33). Ñieàu ñoù coù nghóa laø tannin aûnh höôûng raát lôùn ñeán giaù trò pH cuûa maãu, coøn ñöôøng thì ít aûnh höôûng hôn. Khi haøm löôïng tannin caøng taêng, thôøi gian ñeå pH ñaït ñeán giaù trò cöïc tieåu caøng daøi. Hay noùi caùch khaùc, quaù trình toång hôïp acid succinic dieãn ra chaäm hôn. Nhö ñaõ ñeà caäp ôû phaàn 4.1.3.2, acid succinic laø saûn phaåm cuûa quaù trình sinh tröôûng cuûa naám men, cho neân nhöõng hieän töôïng naøy coù theå deã daøng ñöôïc giaûi thích laø do tannin öùc cheá maïnh quaù trình sinh tröôûng cuûa naám men hôn laø aâ3 Toùm laïi, qua vieäc khaûo saùt söï chuyeån hoùa cuûa caùc acid höõu cô khi haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu thay ñoåi, chuùng toâi cuõng nhaän thaáy raèng naám men coá ñònh coù giaù trò pH, haøm löôïng acid toång vaø haøm löôïng acid deã bay hôi thaáp hôn so vôùi naám men töï do. Nhôø ñoù, ñoä beàn sinh hoïc, hoùa lyù vaø chaát löôïng caûm quan cuûa saûn phaåm leân men baèng naám men coá ñònh cuõng toát hôn so vôùi naám men töï do. Hình 4.35: Söï thay ñoåi haøm löôïng acid deã bay hôi trong quaù trình leân men röôïu vang, söû duïng naám men töï do vaø naám men coá ñònh trong gel alginate (haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu thay ñoåi trong khoaûng 1,8 – 17,8g/L). Keát luaän chung Qua keát quaû khaûo saùt aûnh höôûng cuûa haøm löôïng tannin ñeán ñoäng hoïc quaù trình leân men röôïu vang söû duïng naám men coá ñònh trong gel alginate, chuùng toâi coù moät soá keát luaän sau: Khi haøm löôïng tannin thaáp (1,8 – 2,8g/L) thì maät ñoä teá baøo cöïc ñaïi vaø toác ñoä sinh tröôûng rieâng cöïc ñaïi cuûa teá baøo coá ñònh thaáp hôn so vôùi teá baøo töï do. Nhöng khi haøm löôïng tannin cao thì maät ñoä teá baøo cöïc ñaïi vaø toác ñoä sinh tröôûng rieâng cöïc ñaïi cuûa teá baøo coá ñònh laïi cao hôn so vôùi teá baøo töï do. Nhö vaäy, khaû naêng sinh tröôûng cuûa naám men coá ñònh ít bò aûnh höôûng bôûi haøm löôïng tannin hôn so vôùi naám men töï do. Toác ñoä söû duïng ñöôøng cuõng nhö toác ñoä sinh toång hôïp coàn cuûa naám men coá ñònh cao hôn so vôùi naám men töï do nhöng hieäu suaát sinh toång hôïp coàn thì khoâng cao hôn. Khaû naêng söû duïng nitô ammonium cuõng nhö nitô höõu cô cuûa teá baøo coá ñònh cao hôn so vôùi teá baøo töï do. pH vaø acid toång cuûa dòch leân men baèng naám men coá ñònh thaáp hôn, do ñoù laøm taêng ñoä oån ñònh veà maët sinh hoïc vaø hoùa lyù cho saûn phaåm. Haøm löôïng acid deã bay hôi taïo thaønh bôûi naám men coá ñònh thaáp hôn, do ñoù chaát löôïng saûn phaåm ñöôïc caûi thieän. KEÁT LUAÄN VAØ KIEÁN NGHÒ KEÁT LUAÄN Töø caùc keát quaû treân, chuùng toâi nhaän thaáy raèng, haøm löôïng ñöôøng vaø tannin ñeàu coù aûnh höôûng lôùn ñoái vôùi ñoäng hoïc quaù trình leân men röôïu vang. Nhìn chung, khaû naêng sinh tröôûng (theå hieän qua maät ñoä teá baøo cöïc ñaïi, toác ñoä sinh tröôûng rieâng cöïc ñaïi) cuûa naám men coá ñònh thaáp hôn so vôùi naám men töï do. Chæ tröø tröôøng hôïp khi söû duïng haøm löôïng tannin ban ñaàu cao (9,8 – 17,8g/L) thì khaû naêng sinh tröôûng cuûa naám men coá ñònh môùi cao hôn do luùc naøy khaû naêng sinh tröôûng cuûa naám men töï do bò öùc cheá raát nhieàu. Tuy nhieân, so vôùi naám men töï do thì chuùng toâi thaáy raèng naám men coá ñònh laïi coù nhieàu öu ñieåm: Thôøi gian leân men ruùt ngaén raát nhieàu. Toác ñoä söû duïng ñöôøng vaø toác ñoä sinh toång hôïp coàn cao hôn; ñaëc bieät toác ñoä söû duïng ñöôøng rieâng vaø toác ñoä sinh toång hôïp coàn rieâng thì cao hôn nhieàu. pH vaø haøm löôïng acid toång thaáp hôn, do ñoù giuùp caûi thieän ñoä beàn hoùa lyù vaø sinh hoïc cho saûn phaåm. Haøm löôïng acid deã bay hôi thaáp hôn, do ñoù giuùp caûi thieän chaát löôïng saûn phaåm. Ngoaøi ra, vieäc öùng duïng naám men coá ñònh trong saûn xuaát röôïu vang coøn coù öu ñieåm khaùc laø khaû naêng taùi söû duïng raát cao. KIEÁN NGHÒ Do nhöõng haïn cheá veà thôøi gian vaø kinh phí neân nghieân cöùu cuûa chuùng toâi chöa khaûo saùt heát ñöôïc taát caû caùc vaán ñeà lieân quan ñeán ñoäng hoïc quaù trình leân men röôïu vang söû duïng naám men coá ñònh trong gel alginate. Töø ñoù chuùng toâi ñöa ra moät soá kieán nghò sau: Khaûo saùt theâm ñoäng hoïc hình thaønh caùc hôïp chaát höông. Khaûo saùt theâm aûnh höôûng cuûa caùc yeáu toá coâng ngheä quan troïng khaùc nhö: maät ñoä caáy, nhieät ñoä leân men, haøm löôïng nitô ban ñaàu ñeán ñoäng hoïc quaù trình leân men röôïu vang. Khaûo saùt khaû naêng taùi söû duïng cuûa naám men coá ñònh trong chaát mang alginate. Toái öu hoùa quaù trình leân men vaø tieán haønh saûn xuaát thöû ôû quy moâ lôùn. 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