Impact of corporate orientation on information technology adoption in the united states forest products industry

r Involvement, and User Attitude”. MIS Quarterly, 18(1): 59-82. Barney, J. B. 1986. “Organizational Culture: Can it be a source of Sustained Competitive Advantage?” Academy of Management Review, 11(3): 656-665. Beatty, R. C., J. P. Shim, and M. C. Jones. 2001. “Factors Influencing Corporate Web Site Adoption: A Time-Based Assessment”. Information & Management, 38(6): 337-354). Becker, M. C. 2001. “Managing Dispersed Knowledge: Organizational Problems, Managerial Strategies, and Their Effectiveness”. The Journal of Management Studies, 38(7): 1037-1051. Benjamin, R. I., M. S. Scott Morton, and J. Wyman. 1984. “Information Technology: A Strategic Opportunity”. Sloan Management Review, 25(3): 3-10. Bennett, J. D. 1965. “Economics and the Folklore of Forestry”. Unpublished Research Dissertation. Syracuse University. Pp. 246. Bennett, R. C., and R. G. Cooper. 1979. “Beyond the Marketing Concept”. Business Horizons, 24(6): 51-61. 90 Bettman, J. R., E. J. Johnson, and J. W. Payne. 1990. “A Componential Analysis of Cognitive Effort in Choice”. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 45(1): 111-139. Bhattacherjee, A. 2001. “Understanding Information Systems Continuance: An Expectation-Confirmation Model”. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 25(3): 351-370. Blois, K. J. 1980. “The Manufacturing/Marketing Orientation and Its Information Needs”. European Journal of Marketing, 14(5, 6): 354-364. Blois, K. J. 1983. “Internal'' Marketing Information in Manufacturing Firms”. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 1(3): 44-54. Boone, T. and R. Ganeshan. 2001. “The Effect of Information Technology on Learning in Professional Service Organizations”. Journal of Operations Management, 19(4): 485-495. Bowen, T. S. 2001. “Building Collaboration”. Computerworld, 35(45): 39. Bort, J. and B. Felix. 1997. “Building an Extranet”. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Brock, T. C., S. K. Edelman, D. C. Edwards, and J. R. Schuck. 1965. “Seven Studies of Performance Expectancy as a Determinant of Actual Performance”. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 1(4): 295- 310. Burns, A. and R. F. Bush. 1998. “Marketing Channels”. Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Pp. 364. Cameron, K. and S. J. Freeman. 1991. “Cultural Congruence, Strength, and Type: Relationships and Effectiveness”, in Research in Organizational Change and Development, Vol. 5, R. W. Woodman and W. A. Passmore, eds. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, Inc. Cartwright, S. and C. L. Cooper. 1989. “Predicting Success in Joint Venture Organizations in Information Technology”. Journal of General Management, 15(1): 39-52. Carter, F. J. Jr., T. Jambulingam, V. K. Gupta, and N. Melone 2001. “Technological Innovations: A Framework for Communicating Diffusion Effects”. Information & Management, 38(5): 277-287. Chang, M. K. and W. Cheung. 2001. “Determinants of the Intention to Use Internet/WWW at Work: A Confirmatory Study”. Information & Management; 39(1): 1-14). 91 Chau, P. Y. K. 1996. “An Empirical Assessment of a Modified Technology Acceptance Model”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13(2): 185-204. Chau, P. Y. and K. Y. Tam. 2000. “Organizational Adoption of Open Systems: A ‘Technology-Push, Need-Pull’ Perspective”. Information & Management, 37(5): 229-239. Chiasson, M. W. and C. Y. Lovato. 2001. “Factors Influencing the Formation of a User's Perceptions and Use of a DSS Software Innovation”. Database for Advances in Information Systems, 32(3):16-35. Churchill, G. A., Jr. 1979. “A Paradigm for Developing Better Measures of Marketing Constructs”. Journal of Marketing Research, 16(1): 64-73. Cohen, W. M. and D. A. Levinthal. 1990. “Absorptive Capacity: A New Perspective on Learning and Innovation”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128-152. Chohen, J. and P. Cohen. 1983. “Applied Multiple Regression/Correlation Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences”. (2 nd ED.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. Compeau, D. R and C. A. Higgins. 1995. “Application of Social Cognitive Theory to Training for Computer Skills”. Information Systems Research, 6(2): 118-143. Conner, D. R., B. G. Fiman, and E. E. Clements. 1987. “Corporate Culture and Its Impact on Strategic Change in Banking”. Journal of Retail Banking, 9(2): 16-24. Cooper, R. B., and R. W. Zmud. 1990. “Information Technology Implementation Research: A Technological Diffusion Approach”. Management Science, 36(2): 123-139. Corso, M. and E. Paolucci. 2001. “Fostering Innovation and Knowledge Transfer in Product Development Through Information Technology”. International Journal of Technology Management, 22(1, 2, 3): 126-148. Cote, J.A. and M. R. Buckley. 1987. “Estimating Trait, Method, and Error Variance: Generalizing Across 70 Construct Validation Studies”. Journal of Marketing Research, 24(3): 315-318. Davis, F. D. 1989. “Perceived Usefulness, Perceived Ease-of-Use, and User Acceptance of Information Technology”. MIS Quarterly, 13(3): 319-338. Davis, T. R. V. 1991. “Information Technology and White Collar Productivity”. Academy of Management Executive, 5(1), 55-67. 92 Davis, F. D., R. P. Bogazzi, and P. R. Warshaw. 1989. “User Acceptance of Computer Technology: A Comparison of Two Theoretical Models”. Management Science, 35(8): 982-1003. Desphandé, R., J. U. Farley, and F. E. Webster, Jr. 1993. “Corporate Culture, Customer Orientation, and Innovativeness in Japanese Firms: A Quadrad Analysis”. Journal of Marketing, 57(January): 3-15. Dewan, R., B. Jing, and A. Seidmann. 2000. “Adoption of Internet-Based Product Customization and Pricing Strategies”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 17(2): 9-28. Diamond, J., D. E. Chappelle, and J. D. Edwards. 1999. “Merges and Acquisitions in the Forest Products Industry”. Forest Products Journal, 49(4): 24-36. Dillman, D. A. 1978. “Mail and Telephone Surveys: The Total Design Method”. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NJ. Duerr, W. A. 1998. “Forestry Economics as Problem Solving”. Orange Student Book Store, Inc., Syracuse, NY. Eder, L. B. and M. Igbaria. 2001. “Determinants of Intranet Diffusion and Infusion”. Omega, 29(3): 233-242. Elliot, G. R. 1990. “The Marketing Concept – Necessary, but Sufficient? An Environmental View”. European Journal of Marketing, 24(8): 20-30. Erickson, J. A. 2000. “Corporate Culture: The Key to Safety Performance”. Occupational Hazards, 62(4): 45-50. Evans, L. 2001. “PlumRiver Targets Retailer Adoption”. Sporting Goods Business, 34(11): 16. Fenech, T. 1998. “Using Perceived Ease of Use and Perceived Usefulness to Predict Acceptance of the World Wide Web”. Computer Networks & ISDN Systems, 30(1-7): 629-630. Fichman, R. G. 1992. “Information Technology Diffusion: A Review of Empirical Research”. in J. I. DeGross, J. D. Becker, and J. J. Elam (Eds.), Proceedings of the 13th International on Information Systems, Dallas, TX, pp. 195-206. Fichman, R. G., and C. F. Kemerer. 1997. “The Assimilation of Software Process Innovations: An Organizational Learning Perspective”. Management Science, 43(10): 1345-1363. 93 Fontenot, R. and R. P. Vlosky. 1997. “Impacts of the Internet on Marketing and Business Relationships”. Southwestern Marketing Conference. New Orleans, Louisiana. Fontenot, R. and R. P. Vlosky. 1997. “Impacts of the Internet on Marketing and Business Relationships”. Southwestern Marketing Conference. New Orleans, Louisiana. March 12-15. Fontenot, R. and R. P. Vlosky. 1998a. “Extranets and the Internet : Influences Marketing and Business Relationships”. Abstract in: 1998 Southern Marketing Association Annual Conference, Strategy, Marketing Management and Channel Decisions Track. November 4-7. New Orleans. __________. 1998b. “Exploratory Study of Internet Buyer-Seller Relationships”. Abstract in: 1998 American Marketing Association Winter Educators Conference. Marketing Theory and Applications. Dhruv Grewal and Connie Pechmann, editors, Austin, Texas. Foster, S. T. Jr. and C. R. Franz. 1999. “User Involvement During Information Systems Development: A Comparison of Analyst and User Perceptions of System Acceptance”. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 16(3,4): 329-348. Franklin, C. F. Jr. 1997. “Emerging Technology: Enter the Extranet”. CIO Magazine, May 15. Available online: www.cio.com/archive/051597_et_content.html Gallivan, M. J. 2001. “Organizational Adoption and Assimilation of Complex Technological Innovations: Development and Application of a New Framework”. Database for Advances in Information Systems, 32(3): 51-85. Gannon, M. J. 1994. “Understanding Global Cultures: A Metaphorical Journey through 17 Countries”. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA. In Journal of International Business Studies, M. Maznevski (ed.), 25(3): 662-666. Gantz, J. 2001. “Despite Spending Slowdown, It's Full E-Speed Ahead”. Computerworld, 35(12): 27. Gates, B. 1997. “The Digital Nervous System. Extract from a Speech at the Microsoft CEO Summit in Seattle, Washington on 8 May 1997. In Web-Weaving. Intranets, Extranets and Strategic Alliances”. (Lloyd, P. and Paula Boyle eds.). 271-281. Gefen, D. and M. Keil. 1998. “The Impact of Developer Responsiveness on Perceptions of Usefulness and Ease of Use: An Extension of the Technology of the Technology Acceptance Model”. Database for Advances in Information Systems, 29(2): 35-49. Geroski, P. A. 2000. “Models of Technology Diffusion”. Research Policy, 29(4,5): 603-625. 94 Grant, R. M. 1991. “The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation”. California Management Review, 33(Spring): 114-135. Gregory, K. L. 1983. “Native-View Paradigms: Multiple Cultures and Conflicts in Organizations”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(September): 359-376. Greengard, S. 1997. “Extranets: Linking Employees with your Vendors”. Workforce, 76(11): 28-33. Griffith, T. L., R. F. Zammuto, and L. Aiman-Smith. 1999. “Why New Technologies Fail”. Industrial Management, 41(3): 29-34. Guimaraes, T. and M. Igbaria. 1994. “Exploring the Relationship between IC Success and Company Performance”. Information & Management, 26(3):133-141. Hair, J. F., R. E. Anderson, R. L. Tatham, and W. C. Black. 1998. “Multivariate Data Analysis”. 5 th edition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Hales, M. 1998. “Designing and Rolling-Out a Global Style in Process Innovation”. Technology Analysis and Strategic management, 10(4): 451-465. Harper, G. R. and D. R. Utley. 2001. “Organizational Culture and Successful Information Technology Implementation”. Engineering Management Journal, 13(2): 11-15. Harrison, R. 1975. Understanding your organization’s Character”. The 1975 Annual Handbook for Group Facilitators, 199-209. Hendon, D. W. 1986. “Battling for Profits: How to Win Big on the Marketing Battlefield”. Business Consultants International, Jonesboro, AR. Hills, M. 1998. “The Definition and Dynamics of Intranets”. Web-weaving, Intranets, Extranets and Strategic Alliances, (Lloyd, P. and Paula Boyle eds.), pp 3-16. Hopkins, S. A. and W. E. Hopkins. 1991. “Organizational Productivity 2000: A Work Force Perspective”. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, 56(4): 44-48. Houston, F. S. 1986. “The marketing Concept: What it is and What it is Not”. Journal of Marketing, 50(2): 81-87. Huber, G. P. 1991. “Organizational Learning: The Contributing Processes and the Literatures”. Organization Science, 2(February): 88-115. Hwang, M. I. and R. G. Thorn. 1999. “The Effect of User Engagement on System Success: A Meta-Analytical Integration of Research Findings”. Information & Management, 35(4): 229-236. 95 Igbaria, M. and J. Iivari. 1995. “The Effects of Self-Efficacy on Computer Usage”. Omega, 23(6): 587-605. Igbaria, M., J. Iivari and H. Maragahh. 1995. “Why Do Individuals Use Computer Technology? A Finnish Case Study”. Information & Management, 29(5): 227-238. Igbaria M., S. Parasuraman, and J. Baroudi. 1996. “A Motivational Model of Microcomputer Usage”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13(1): 127-143. Igbaria, M., N. Zinatelli, and P. B. Cragg. 1997. “Personal Computing Acceptance Factors in Small Firms: A Structural Equation Model”. MIS Quarterly, 21(3): 279-305. Ives, B. and M. H. Olson. 1984. “User Involvement and MIS Success: A Review of Research”. Management Science, 30(5): 586- 603. Jaccard, J., R. Turrisi, and C. K. Wan. 1990. “Interaction Effects in Multiple Regression”. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA. Jaworski, B. J. and A. K. Kohli. 1993. “Market Orientation: Antecedent and Consequences”. Journal of Marketing, 57(July): 53-71. Jelinek, M., L. Smircich, and P. Hirsch. 1983. “Introduction: A Code of Many Colors”. Administrative Science Quarterly, 28(September): 331-338. Juslin, H. and E. Hansen. 2002. “Strategic Marketing in the Global Forest Industries”. Authors Academic Press, Corvallis, OR Karahanna, E. and D. W. Straub. 1999. “The Psychological Origins of Perceived Usefulness and Ease-of-Use”. Information & Management, 35(4): 237-250. Keegan, W., S. Moriarty, and T. Duncan. 1992. “Marketing”. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Keen, P. G. W. 1995. “Every Manager’s Guide to Information Technology”. Harvard Business School Press. Kettinger, W. J. and C. C. Lee. 1995. “Exploring a ‘Gap’ Model of Information Services Quality”. Information Resources Management Journal, 8(3): 5, 12. Knol, W. H. C. and J. H. M. Stroeken. 2001. “The Diffusion and Adoption of Information Technology in Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises Though IT Scenarios”. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 13(2): 227-246. 96 Kogut, B. & U. Zander. 1993. “Knowledge of the Firm and the Evolutionary Theory of the Multinational Corporation. Journal of International Business Studies, 24(4):625- 45. Kohli, A. K. and B. J. Jaworski. 1990. “Market Orientation: The Construct, Research Propositions, and Managerial Implications”. Journal of Marketing, 54(2): 1-17. Kotler, P. 1988. “Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and Control”. 6 th ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Kotler, P. 2000. “Marketing Management”. The Millennium Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Kotler, P., G. Armstrong, L. Brown, and S. Adam. 1997. “Marketing”. Fourth Edition, Prentice Hall, Sydney. Krefting, L. A. and P. J. Frost. 1985. “Untangling Webs, Surface Waves, and Wildcatting”. In P. J. Frost and Associates (Eds.), Organizational Culture, Beverly Hills, Sage. Pp. 155-168. Kutner, M. 1987. “How GTE Developed a Marketing Orientation”. Paper presented at Marketing Science Institute Marketing Strategies Steering Group Meeting, Cambridge, MA (April 23). Lai, V. S. 2001. “Intraorganizational Communication with Intranets”. Association for Computing Machinery. Communications of the ACM, 44(7): 95-100. Lee, C. S. 2001. “Modeling the Business Value of Information Technology”. Information & Management, 39(3): 191-210. Leon, M. 2001. “Higher Form of Life”. InfoWorld 23(34): 30-31. Leonard-Barton, D. 1988a. “Implementation Characteristics of Organizational Innovations: Limits & Opportunities for Management Strategies”. Communications Research, 15(5): 603-631. Leonard-Barton, D. 1988b. “Implementation as Mutual Adaptation of Technology and Organization”. Research Policy, 17(5): 251-267. Liao, Z. and M. T. Cheung. 2002. “Internet-Based E-Banking and Consumer Attitudes: An Empirical Study”. Information & Management, 39(4): 283-295. Liker, J. K. and A. A. Sindi. 1997. “User Acceptance of Expert Systems: A Test of the Theory of Reasoned Action”. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 14(2): 147-173. 97 Lin, W. T. and B. B. Shao. 2000. “The Relationship between User Participation and System Success: A Simultaneous Contingency Approach”. Information & Management, 37(6): 283-295. Locke, E. A. and D. M. Schweiger. 1979. “Participation in Decision-Making: One More Look”. Research in Organizational Behavior, I (1979), 265-339. Lorenzi, N. M. and R. T. Riley. 1995. Ed. “Organizational Aspects of Health Informatics: Managing Technological Change”. Springer-Verlag, New York. Lorenzi, N. M., M. J. Bal, and R. T. Riley. 1995. Ed. “Transforming Health Care Through Information: Case Studies”. Springer-Verlag, New York. Mahmood, M. A. and S. K. Soon. 1991. “A Comprehensive Model for Measuring the Potential Impact of Information Technology on Organizational Strategic Variables”. Decision Sciences, 22(4): 869-897. Mangione, T. W. 1995. “Mail Surveys: Improving the Quality”. Sage Publications. Markus, M. L. 1987. “Toward a `Critical Mass' Theory of Interactive Media: Universal Access, Interdependence and Diffusion”. Communications Research, 14, pp. 491- 511. Martin, D. 2001. “Digital Proof of Identity”. The Banker, 151(899): 116-117. Martinsons, M. G. and P. K. C. Chong. 1999. “The Influence of Human Factors and Specialist Involvement on Information Systems Success”. Human Relations, 52(1): 123-152. McCarthy, E. J. and W. D. Perreault, Jr. 1987. “Basic Marketiing”. Irwin, Homewood, IL. McCoy-Pinderhughes, P. 2001. “Making the Switch”. Black Enterprise, 32(4): 105- 110. McCrea, B. 2001. “Down with the Fax Machine”. Industrial Distribution, New, 90(8): 63-66. McDermott, J. 1987. “Improving Productivity Through Technological Innovation”. Merck Bulletin, 67, pp. 3-5. McDougall, P. 2001. “IBM Tools Automate IT Processes”. Informationweek, Nov 5, 2001, Iss. 862, pp. 79. McKeen, J. D. and T. Guimaraes. 1997. “Successful Strategies for User Participation in Systems Development”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 14(2): 133- 150. 98 McLeod, R. and W. L. Fuerst. 1982. “Marketing the MIS During Times of Resource Scarcity”. MIS Quarterly, 6(3): 45-54. Merchant, J. E. 2001. “A Proposed Model for Studying the relationship of Corporate Culture, IS and Corporate Strategy”. California State University, Sacramento. Merrit, K. 2001. “Supply Chains Slowly Untether”. Frontline Solutions, 2(11): 1, 52. Metcalfe, B. 1996. “Private Information Highways will Avoid All Congestion on the Net.” InfoWorld, (18). Available online: www.infoworld.com/cgi- bin/displayArchive.pl?/96/43/o04-43.41.htm. Miller, J. and B. A. Doyle. 1987. “Measuring the Effectiveness of Computer-Based Information System in the Financial Services Sector”. MIS Quarterly, 11(1): 107-124. Moore, S. and J. A. Luoma. 1997. “What Makes Up a Web-Centric Intranet?”. Intranet Resource Kit, Osbourne/McGraw-Hill, Berkeley, CA. Moore, G. C. and I. Benbasat. 1991. “Development of an Instrument to Measure the Perceptions of Adopting an Information Technology Innovation”. Information Systems Research, 2(3): 192-222. Mohr, J. and J. R. Nevin. 1990. “Communication Strategies in Marketing Channels: A Theoretical Perspective”. Journal of Marketing, 54(4): 36-51. Moorman, C. 1995. “Organizational Market Information Processing: Cultural Antecedents and New Products Outcomes”. Journal of Marketing Research, 32(August): 318-335. Moorman, C., G. Zaltman, and R. Desphandé. 1992. “Relationships between Providers and Users of Marketing Research: The Dynamics of Trust within and between Organizations”. Journal of Marketing Research, 29(August): 314-329. Moorman, C., R. Desphandé and G. Zaltman. 1993. “Factors Affecting Trust in Market Research Relationships”. Journal of Marketing, 57(January): 81-101. Mosakowski, E. 1991. “Organizational Boundaries and Economic Performance: An Empirical Study of Entrepreneurial Computer Firms”. Strategic Management Journal, 12(2): 115-133. Mueller, D. C. 1992. “The Corporation and the Economist”. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 10(1): 147-169. Mullin, R. 2002. “Top Management Keeps on Top of IT”. Chemical Week, 164(9): 35. 99 Narver, J. C. and S. F. Slater. 1990. “The Effect of a Market Orientation on Business Profitability”. Journal of Marketing, 54(4): 20-35. Nash, K. S. 1997. “Extranets Put IS in Risky Position”. Computerworld. 31(21): 1, 28. Available online: www.computerworld.com/idx_usea.htm Nutt, P. C. 1986. “Evaluating MIS Design Principles”. MIS Quarterly, 10(2): 139-156. O’Reilly, C. A. III, J. Chatman, and D. F. Caldwell. 1991. “People and Organizational Culture: A Profile Comparison Approach to Assessing Person-Organization Fit”. Academy of Management Journal, 34(3): 487-516. Orlikowski, W.J. 1993. “CASE Tools as Organizational Change: Investigating Incremental and Radical Changes in Systems Development”. MIS Quarterly, 17(3): 309-340. Orlikowski, W. J., and D. Robey. 1991. “Information Technology and the Structuring of Organizations”. Information Systems Research. 2(2): 1453-169. Palvia P. C. and S. C. Palvia. 1999. “An Examination of the IT Satisfaction of Small- Business Users”. Information & Management, 35(3): 127-137. Panopoulou, M. 2001. “Corporate Investment and Information Technologies: The Case of the Greek Refining Industry”. Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 13(2): 281-303. Panko, R. R. 1987. “Directions and Issues in End-User Computing”. INFOR, 25(3): 181-197. Perreault, W. D. and E. J. McCarthy. 2000. “Marketing’s Role within the Firm or Nonprofit Organization”. Available online: Piccoli, G., B. R. Spalding, and B. Ives. 2001. “The Customer-Service Life Cycle: A Framework for Improving Customer Service Through Information Technology”. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 42(3): 38-45. Plouffe, C. R., J. S. Hulland, and M. Vanderbosch. 2001. Research Report: Richness Versus Parsimony in Modeling Technology Adoption Decisions - Understanding Merchant Adoption of a Smart Card-Based Payment System, Information Systems Research, 12(2): 208-222. Png, I. P. L., B. C. Y. Tan, and K. Wee. 2001. “Dimensions of National Culture and Corporate Adoption of IT Infrastructure”. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 48(1): 36-46. 100 Poppe, F. C. 1994. “Mad Ave in the Pulpit; Pitching Redemption”. Advertising Age, 65(38): 28. Presson, P. K., Clark, S. C., & Benassi, V. A. (1997). “The Levenson locus of control scales: Confirmatory factor analyses and evaluation”. Social Behavior and Personality, 25, 93-104. Punches, J. 1998. “Internet Can Serve Industry as Effective Marketing Tool”. Wood Technology, 125(5): 30-33. PWC 2000. “Global Forest & Paper Industry Survey”. PricewaterhouseCoopers, Vancouver, British Columbia. 42 pp. Quinn, R. E. and J. Rohrbaugh. (1983). “A Spatial Model of Effectiveness Criteria: Toward a Competing Values Approach to Organizational Analysis”. Management Science, 29(3): 363-377. Radosevich, L. 1997. “Early Adopters Hail Extranet Benefits, Dodge Pitfalls”. InfoWorld, 19(23): 65-66. Räisänen, A. M. 2000. “E-Business Strategies for Enhancing Long-Term Customer Relationships in the Finnish Fine paper Industry”. M.Sc. Thesis. University of Helsinki, Department of Forest Economics. Rivera, M. A. and R. A. Casias. 2001. “Resource Constraints in Information Systems Development: A Land Management Case Study”. International Journal of Public Administration, 24(6): 521-547. Ring, P. S., and A. H. Van De Ven. 1992. “Structuring Cooperative Relationships between Organizations”. Strategic Management Journal, 13(7): 483-498. Rockart, J. F. and J. E. Short. 1989. “IT in the 1990s: Managing Organizational Interdependence”. Sloan Management Review, 30(2): 7, 11. Rogers, E.M. 1983. “Diffusion of Innovations”. (3rd edition), The Free Press, New York. Rogers, E.M. 1995. “Diffusion of Innovations”. (4th edition), The Free Press, New York. Rogers, A. 2001. “CRN Interview: Mark Forman”. CRN, Aug 20, Iss. 959, pp. 32. Ronen, S. and O. Shenkar. 1985. “Clustering Countries on Attitudinal Dimensions: A Review and Synthesis”. The Academy Of Management Review, 10(3): 435-454. 101 Rotter, J. B. 1971. “Generalized Expectancies for Interpersonal Trust”. American Psychologist, 26 (May), 443-452. Ryker, R and R. Nath. 1995. “An Empirical Examination of the Impact of Computer Information Systems on Users”. Information & Management, 29(4): 207-214. Saarinen, T. 1996. “An Expanded Instrument for Evaluating Information System Success”. Information & Management, 31(2): 103-118. Saga, V. L. 1994. “The Nature and Determinants of Information Technology: An Organizational Level of Analysis”. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL. Sage, D. M. 1996. “Internet Broadens Scope of Business Opportunities”. Wood Technology, 123(10): 31-33. Saleem, N. 1996. “An Empirical Test of the Contingency Approach to User Participation in Information Systems Development”. Journal of Management Information Systems, 13(1): 145-166. Schneider, B. and J. Rentsch (1988). “Managing Climates and Cultures: A Futures Perspective”. in Futures of Organizations, Jerald Hage, ed. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books. Sharma, S., R. M. Durand, and O. Gur-Arie. 1981. “Research Identification and Analysis of Moderator”. Journal Of Marketing Variables, 18(3): 291-300. Sinclair, A. S. 1992. “Forest Products Marketing”. McGraw-Hill, New York. Pp 253. Smith, M. 1998. “Culture and Organizational Change”. Management Accounting, 76(7): 60-62. Spelter, H. “Emerging Nonwood Building Materials in Residential Construction”. Forest Products Society Journal, 46(7/8): 29-36. Stern, M. and T. Rasmussen. 1997. “Building Intranets on NT, Netware and Solaris: An Administrator Guide”. Sybex, San Francisco, CA. Szajna, B. 1993. “Research: Determining Information System Usage - Some Issues and Examples”. Information & Management, 25(3): 147-154. Szajna, B. 1996. “Empirical Evaluation of the Revised Technology Acceptance Model”. Management Science, 42(1): 85-92. 102 Tanner, M. and J Laine. 2002. “IT Application in the Forest Industry According to SAP”. in Strategic Marketing in the Global Forest Industries, by H. Juslin and E. Hansen. Authors Academic Press, Corvallis, OR. Pp. 331-337. Taylor, S. and P. Todd. 1995. “Assessing IT Usage: The Role of Prior Experience”. MIS Quarterly, 19(4): 561-570. Templer, A. 1989. “Human Resource Managers and the New Technology Agenda”. Journal of General Management, 1989, 15(2): 73-80. Thomas, J. W. 1998. “Brave New World”. Communication World, 15(4): 38-39. Thompson, R. L., C. A. Higgins, and J. M. Howell. 1991. “Personal Computing: Toward a Conceptual Model of Utilization”. MIS Quarterly, 15(1): 155-143. Torkzadeh, G. and W. J. Doll. 1994. “The Test-Retest Reliability of User Participation Instruments”. Information & Management, 26(1): 21-31. Tsai, W. and S. Ghoshal. 1998. “Social Capital and Value Creation: The Role of Intrafirm Networks”. Academy of Management Journal, 41(4): 464-476. Tyrell, M. 1994. “Timber in Mendocino County”. Anderson Valley Advertiser, June 15. Available online: Van De Ven, A. H. 1976. “On the Nature, Formation, and maintenance of Relations among Organizations”. Academy of Management. The Academy of Management Review, 1(4) 24. Venkatesh, V. 2000. “Determinants of Perceived Ease of Use: Integrating Control, Intrinsic Motivation, and Emotion into the Technology Acceptance Model”. Information Systems Research, 11(4): 342. Venkatesh, V. and F. D. Davis 1996. “A Model of the Antecedents of Perceived Ease of Use: Development and Test”. Decision Sciences, 27(3): 451-481. Verton, D. 2001. “Private-Sector IT Key in War on Terrorism”. Computerworld, 35(45): 14. Vizard, M. 2001. “Freedom from Vendor Dependence”. InfoWorld, 23(45): 10. Vlahos, G. E. and T. W. Ferratt. 1995. “Information Technology Use by Managers in Greece to Support Decision Making: Amount, Perceived Value, and Satisfaction”. Information & Management, 29(6): 305-315. Vlosky, R. P. 1999. “EBusiness in the Forest Products Industry”. Journal of Forest Products, 49(10): 12-21. 103 Vlosky, R. P. 2000a. “EBusiness in the Pulp & Paper Industry: A Comparison of the United States and Canada”. Louisiana Forest products Laboratory, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Working Paper #42. Vlosky, R. P. 2000b. “Use of Internet-Based Technologies for Procurement by Building Materials Customers”. Unpublished final report to sponsors. Vlosky, R. P. 2001. “Model of Information Technology Adoption”. Unpublished. Vlosky, R. P. 2002. “ Corporate Culture Main Obstacle to Forest Products E- Commerce”. Engineered Wood Journal, 5(1): 28. Available online: www.forestweb.com/APAweb/ewj/2002_spring/d_pointofview.html Vlosky, R. P. and D. T. Wilson. 1994. “Technology Adoption in channels”. Proceedings of the 1994 Research Conference on Relationship Marketing. Sponsored by the Center for Relationship Management, Emory University. Atlanta, Georgia. June 12-14. Vlosky, R. P. and R. Fontenot. 1997. “The Internet and the Forest Products Industry: Current Status and Projected Trends”. Forest Products Journal, 47(11/12): 33-40. Vlosky, R. P., R. Fontenot, and L. Blalock. 2000. “Extranets: Impacts on Business Practices and Relationships”. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing, 15(6): 438-457. Vlosky, R. P. and T. Westbrook. 2002. “EBusiness Exchange between Homecenter Buyers and Wood Products Suppliers”. Forest Products Journal, 52(1): 38-43. Vlosky, R. P., T. Westbrook, and K. Poku. 2002. “An Exploratory Study of Internet Adoption by Primary Wood Products Manufacturers in the Western United States”. Forest Products Journal, 52(6): 35-42. Vroom, V. H. and A. G. Jago. 1988. “Managing Participation: A Critical Dimension of Leadership”. The Journal of Management Development, 7(5): 32-42. Waldera, L. 2000. “Corporate Culture in the New Economy: How Communicators Can Contribute to Adaptive Organizational DNA”. Strategic Communications Management, October/November, pp 26-30. Weber, Y. and N. Pliskin. 1998. “The Effects of Information Systems Integration and Organizational Culture on a Firm's Effectiveness”. Information & Management, 30(2): 81-90. Webster, F. E., Jr. 1988. “Rediscovering the Marketing Concept”. Business Horizons, 31(May-June): 29-39. 104 West J. P. and E. V. Berman. 2001. “The Impact of Revitalized Management Practices on the Adoption of Information Technology: A National Survey of Local Governments. Public Performance & Management Review, 24(3): 233-253. Wexler, J. 2001. “Why Computer Users Accept New Systems”. MIT Sloan Management Review, 42(3): 17. Wong, H. J., M. W. Legnini, H. H. Whitmore, and R. S. Taylor. 2000. “The Diffusion of Decision Support Systems in Healthcare: Are we There Yet? Practitioner Application”. Journal of Healthcare Management, 45(4): 240-253. Wynekoop, J.L. (1991). “An Innovation Study of the Implementation of Computer- Aided Software Engineering Tools”. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, College of Business, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. Yip, G. S. 1995. “Total Global Strategy”. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey. Youngquist, J. A. 1999. “Wood-based Composites and Panel Products”. In: Wood Handbook: Wood as an Engineered Material. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. General Technical Report FPL-GTR-113. 1999, xxpp. Zaltman, G., R. Duncan, and J. Holbeck. 1973. “Innovations and Organizations”. Wiley & Sons, New York. Zaltman, G. and C. Moorman. 1989. “The Management and Use of Advertising Research”. Journal of Advertising Research, 28(6): 11-18. 105 APPENDIX HOW THE FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY USES THE INTERNET This survey is designed to collect information about how the forest products industry uses the Internet for conducting business. By completing this survey, you will receive competitive information about the impact of the Internet on your industry. A complementary copy of the survey results will be sent to you as a token of our appreciation for completing the survey. The survey is confidential and only summary information will be reported in the study results. The number at the top of this survey is an identifier only that allows for tracking of completed surveys, ensuring that you do not receive subsequent surveys or phone calls. When you have completed the survey, please place it in the postage paid envelope and return it. Thank you. Kofi Poku, Doctoral Candidate Forest Products Marketing Louisiana State University Section I – Business Profile 1. Which of the following categories best describes your company? (Please check only one option). 1. Manufacturer 2. Distributor or wholesaler 3. Both 2. On the following map of the United States, please indicate the region where your company’s corporate headquarter is located by placing an “X” in the appropriate box. 3. Please estimate your company’s total 2001 sales revenue in U.S. dollars. (Please circle only one option). 1. Less than $100 Million 4. $501-750 Million 2. $100-250 Million 5. $751 million-$1 Billion 3. $251-500 Million 6. Greater than $1 Billion 106 4. Please indicate the total number of people that are currently employed in your company. (Circle only one option). 1. Less than 50 employees 4. 251-500 employees 6. 1,001-2,500 employees 2. 51-100 employees 5. 501-1,000 employees 7. Over 2,500 employees 3. 101-250 employees 5. What are the top 5 products your company sold (by revenue) in 2001? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Companies often serve the market by either producing to meet customer needs or by producing at low cost to serve the market. If you had to choose, of the two choices below which best characterizes your company. (Choose one). 1. Produces to meet customer needs 2. Produces at low cost to serve the market 2. On a scale from 1 to 5 (1-strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree), please rate your level of agreement with the following propositions of about your company focus in conducting business. My Company: Strongly Somewhat Strongly disagree agree agree Produces what our customers need 1 2 3 4 5 Sells to customers what our company can produce 1 2 3 4 5 Uses marketing research to determine customer needs 1 2 3 4 5 Uses marketing research to determine customer satisfaction 1 2 3 4 5 Engages in innovation with a focus on locating new market opportunities 1 2 3 4 5 Engages in innovation with a focus on cost cutting 1 2 3 4 5 Considers customer credit as a necessary service 1 2 3 4 5 Considers packaging only as protection for the product 1 2 3 4 5 Considers packaging as a selling tool 1 2 3 4 5 Sets inventory levels primarily based on customer Requirements 1 2 3 4 5 Sets inventory levels primarily based on production requirements 1 2 3 4 5 Focuses advertisements on the benefits of production and services 1 2 3 4 5 Focuses advertisements on product features and quality 1 2 3 4 5 3. Does your company conduct marketing research? 1. Yes 2. No Section II. Your Company 107 4. Flexibility is the ability to be open to change and supportive of continuous improvements. How do you consider the level of flexibility of your company? 1. Very inflexible 4. Very flexible 2. Somewhat inflexible 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat flexible 1. Internet is defined as a network of computer networks. Has your company adopted any Internet -based technologies? (Please circle one option). 1 Yes (continue to question #2). 2. No If NO, please give reasons and put questionnaire in postage paid envelope and mail it back. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. If your answer is yes from question #1 above, when did your company first adopt the use of the Internet? 1. 2002 3. 2000 5. 1998 7. 1996 2. 2001 4. 1999 6. 1997 8. Before 1996 3. What types of Internet-based applications has your company adopted? (Please circle all that apply). 1. Buying 7. Home page 2. Selling 8. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) 3. Database management 9. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) 4. E-mail 10. Intranet 5. Customer relationship management 13. Extranet 6. Other, please list: ______________________________________________________________ 4. Taking everything into account, how important is the Internet in conducting business in your company? 1 Very unimportant 4. Very important 2. Somewhat unimportant 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat important 5. What is the level of cooperation among co-workers to solve problems that arise from the use of the Internet in your company? 1. Very Low 3. Somewhat high 5. I don’t know 2. Somewhat low 4. Very high Section III. Internet Adoption 108 6. The use of the Internet offers a range of benefits. On a scale from 1 to 5 (1-strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree), please rate your level of agreement with the following benefits from the use of the Internet. The use of the Internet in my company: Strongly Somewhat Strongly disagree agree agree Saves my company money 1 2 3 4 5 Is important for market research 1 2 3 4 5 Is important for decision making 1 2 3 4 5 Is helpful in coordinating efforts among several departments 1 2 3 4 5 Has increased interaction among departments 1 2 3 4 5 Has changed the nature of the competition between companies 1 2 3 4 5 Has been easy to adopt because of the high level of Technical skills of the IT personnel within my company 1 2 3 4 5 Has been easy to adopt because of the compatibility it has with existing computer systems 1 2 3 4 5 Has met our expectations 1 2 3 4 5 was adopted as a result of management pressure 1 2 3 4 5 7. How often do employees in your company attend company-sanctioned training/information sessions that help in the adoption of the use of the Internet in your company? 1. Never 2. Sometimes 3. As often as possible 4. Always 8. How satisfied are you with the initiative shown by employees in helping with the adoption process of the Internet in your company? 1. Very dissatisfied 4. Very satisfied 2. Somewhat dissatisfied 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat satisfied 9. On a scale from 1 to 5 (1-strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree), please indicate your level of agreement concerning employee participation in the adoption of the use of the Internet in your company. Strongly Somewhat Strongly Disagree agree agree Employees play active part in decisions made concerning the adoption of the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 There were clear, planned, goals and objectives for employees about the adoption of the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 Employees make constructive suggestions about how to improve the adoption of the use of the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 There is a definite lack of leadership support in the adopt of the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 Employees have generally, very little loyalty to the company’s Internet initiatives 1 2 3 4 5 In general, employees have strong interest in the adoption of the use of the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 Co-workers put in a lot of effort to promote Internet adoption 1 2 3 4 5 109 10. How important is it for you to use the Internet in performing your job? (Please circle one). 1. Very unimportant 4. Important 2. Somewhat unimportant 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat important 11. Are you generally comfortable using the Internet? (Please circle one). 1. Yes 2. No 12. On a scale from 1 to 5 (1-strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree), please indicate your level of agreement concerning the ease of use of the Internet in conducting business in your company. Strongly Somewhat Strongly Disagree agree agree It is easy for me to find ways to perform my job using the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 The Internet has made my job easier 1 2 3 4 5 Technical support provided by my company makes it easy for me to use the Internet in performing my job 1 2 3 4 5 Technical support provided from outside my company makes the use of the Internet easy for me in performing my job 1 2 3 4 5 I have a clear understanding of how the Internet can help me to perform my job better 1 2 3 4 5 I enjoy using the Internet in performing my job 1 2 3 4 5 Internet use for job performance is required in my company 1 2 3 4 5 13. Does your company provide Internet training? 1. Yes (Continue to question # 14 ) 2. No (Continue to question # 16) 14. If your answer is “Yes” in question #13 above, who provided the training? 1. My company 2. Training was outsourced 3. I don’t know 15. If your answer is “Yes” in question #13 above, how adequate has the training improved your job performance? 1. Very inadequate 4. Very adequate 2. Somewhat inadequate 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat adequate 16. How valuable is the use of the Internet to you in increasing your job performance. (Circle one option). 1. Not very valuable 4. Very valuable 2. Somewhat not valuable 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat valuable 17. How would you classify management support of employees using the Internet in your company? (Please circle one option). 1. Very unsupportive 3. Somewhat supportive 5. I don’t know 2. Somewhat unsupportive 4. Very supportive 110 18. Relative to your competitors, what stage is your company in with regard to its adoption of the Internet for doing business? (Please circle one). 1. Potential (i.e., yet to adopt) 3. Later than most competitors 2. We were one of the first 4. Last in the industry 19. On a scale from 1 to 5 (1-strongly disagree, 5-strongly agree), please indicate your level of agreement concerning the usefulness of the Internet in your company. Strongly Somewhat Strongly disagree agree agree My company’s Internet technologies are superior to that of our competitors 1 2 3 4 5 The use of the Internet conforms to the beliefs and practices of doing business in our company 1 2 3 4 5 Technical support provided by my company makes the Internet valuable for me in performing my job 1 2 3 4 5 Technical support provided from outside my company makes the Internet valuable for me in performing my job 1 2 3 4 5 The information I obtain from the use of the Internet is powerful (persuasive, useful, and helpful) for me in getting my job done 1 2 3 4 5 My productivity is increased by using the Internet in performing my job 1 2 3 4 5 Using the Internet in performing my job increases my working relationship with co-workers 1 2 3 4 5 My job quality is increased by using the Internet 1 2 3 4 5 I gain greater control over my work when I use the Internet to perform my job 1 2 3 4 5 20. How do you find the usefulness of the Internet in doing business in your company? (Please circle one). 1. Totally useless 4. Very useful 2. Somewhat useless 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat useful 21. How adequately skilled are you in using the Internet in performing your job? (Please circle one). 1. Very inadequate 4. Very adequate 2. Somewhat inadequate 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat adequate 22. Do you consider the adoption of the Internet to be sufficient in meeting your needs in performing your job? (Please circle one). 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 4. Not applicable 23. Which of the following implementation process factors do you consider to positively influence the successful adoption of the Internet in your company? (Please circle all that apply). 1. User involvement 4. Development of trust in using technology 2. User-training 3. Management support 111 24. Do you consider yourself to have adequate knowledge about the reason(s) behind the adoption of the Internet in your company? (Please circle one). 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not applicable 25. How do you consider the level of funding for Internet technologies in your company? (Please circle one). 1. Severely inadequately funded 4. Very adequately funded 2. Somewhat inadequately funded 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat adequately funded 26. On a scale from 1 to 5 (1-does not influence at all, 5-influence greatly), please indicate the level of influence of the following personalities on Internet adoption in your company. Does not Influences Influences Influence at moderately greatly all Top management 1 2 3 4 5 Desirable Supervisor 1 2 3 4 5 Co-workers 1 2 3 4 5 27. Did you get the opportunity to use the Internet on a trial basis in your company, long enough to see what it could do before full-scale implementation? 1. Yes 2. No 3. Not applicable 28. Do you think the support of management is necessary for the successful adoption of the Internet in your company? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 29. Were the implementation goals for adopting the Internet in your company clear to you prior to adoption? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 30. To what extent do you think employees of your company have been involved in the adoption process of the Internet in your company? 1. Not involved at all 4. Very involved 2. Somewhat not Involved 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat involved 31. How would you consider the level of training in your company towards adoption of the Internet? (Please circle one). 1. Very inadequate 4. Very adequate 2. Somewhat inadequate 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat adequate 112 32. In general, how would you consider the level of management’s understanding of the tasks performed by employees in your company? 1. Woefully inadequate 4. Very adequate 2. Somewhat inadequate 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat adequate 33. Would you consider your company to have a clear-cut business strategy towards the adoption of the Internet? 1. Yes 2. No 3. I don’t know 34. What importance will employee acceptance play in the successful adoption of the Internet in your company. 1. Very unimportant 4. Very important 2. Somewhat unimportant 5. I don’t know 3. Somewhat important 35. The following are post-implementation performance factors relevant to the successful adoption of the Internet. Please rank them in order of importance (1-most important, 7-least important). How you think they would impact the adoption of the Internet in your company. ___Functioning with existing transaction procedures ___Linkage to company strategies ___User participation ___Responsiveness to new technology requirements ___IT staff quality ___Reliability of Internet services ___Responsiveness to end-user needs Please use the following space below for any additional comments you have about corporate culture and Internet adoption. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time!! If you have any further question about this survey, please contact: Kofi Poku, Doctoral Candidate, Forest Products Marketing 227 Renewable Natural Resources Building; Phone: (225)578-4133; Fax: (225)578-4251; E-mail: kpoku1@lsu.edu Louisiana Forest Products Laboratory School of Renewable Natural Resources Louisiana State University Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Please return this survey by placing it in the postage paid envelope and dropping it in the nearest mailbox. Your response has ensured that this study will be a success. Thank you for your cooperation and your time in completing this survey 113 VITA The author was born on May 5, 1964, in Ghana. He received a degree of Bachelor of Science in natural resources management from Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in 1989, and pursued a graduate diploma in industrial management from the same university in 1992. He started graduate school at Lakehead University in Thunder Bay, Canada, in 1996, and continued in the United States in 1998 at Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College (LSU). He earned a degree of Master of Science in forestry in 1999 with a concentration in forest products marketing. He also earned a degree of Master of Business Administration in 2002, with a concentration in management and internal auditing from LSU. He will be earning the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in forestry in 2003 with a concentration in forest products marketing and industry development from LSU.