Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 13: Non - Financial and current liabilities

CHAPTER 13:NON-FINANCIAL AND CURRENT LIABILITIESCHAPTER 13: Non-Financial and Current LiabilitiesAfter studying this chapter, you should be able to:Understand the importance of non-financial and current liabilities from a business perspective.Define liabilities, distinguish financial liabilities from other liabilities, and identify how they are measured.Define current liabilities and identify and account for common types of current liabilities.Identify and account for the major types of employee-related liabilities.Explain the recognition, measurement, and disclosure requirements for decommissioning and restoration obligations.Explain the issues and account for unearned revenues.Explain the issues and account for product guarantees and other customer program obligations.Explain and account for contingencies and uncertain commitments, and identify the accounting and reporting requirements for guarantees and commitments.9. Indicate how non-financial and current liabilities are presented and analyzed.10. Identify differences in accounting between IFRS and ASPE and what changes are expected in the near future.3Understanding Non-Financial and Current LiabilitiesThe asset and liability approach governs the recognition of accounting elementsVolume 2 of this textbook takes a closer look at liabilities in general as well as specific types of common liabilitiesIt is important for businesses to properly account for liabilities because it useful for cash flow management4Current Definition and CharacteristicsIFRS and ASPE currently define a liability as: An obligation of an enterpriseArising from past transactions or eventsThe settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of assets or provision of services, or other yielding of economic benefits in the future5Current Definition and CharacteristicsThe current definition describes three essential characteristics of a liability as:They embody a duty or responsibility to others.There is little or no discretion to avoid the obligationObligation arises from a transaction or event which has already occurredA constructive obligation arises when past or present practice shows the entity acknowledges a potential economic burden. 6Financial LiabilitiesFinancial liability is any liability that is a contractual obligation to either:deliver cash or other financial assets to another party, or to exchange financial instruments with another party under conditions that are potentially unfavourable to the entityMeasurement rules are significantly different based on whether the liability is considered financial or non-financial7Measurement of Financial vs. Non-Financial LiabilitiesFinancial liabilitiesInitially measured at fair valueSubsequent measurement generally at amortized cost (except those held for trading, such as derivatives, where fair value is used)Non-financial liabilitiesASPE: no specific measurement standards (measurement varies based on nature of liability)IFRS: measured at best estimate of payment that would be required to settle the obligation at the date of the statement of financial position, usually at present value.8Current LiabilitiesUnder IFRS, liabilities are classified as current when they meet any one of the following conditions:Expected to be settled within normal operating cycleHeld primarily for trading Due within 12 months from the end of the reporting periodNo unconditional right to defer settlement for at least 12 months after the date of the statement of financial positionASPE has a less specific definition, similar intent although there may be minor differences in application9Bank IndebtednessLine-of-credit or revolving debtRevolving debt arrangements- an agreement entered with the bank that allows multiple borrowings up to a negotiated limitRepayments made whenever there are sufficient funds availableAmount borrowed reported on the balance sheet; availability of funds and restrictions imposed by the financial institution requires note disclosure10Accounts PayableAmounts owed for goods, supplies or services purchased on open accountGenerally recorded when title has passedRecorded at amount payable11Notes PayableNotes payable are written promises to pay a sum of money on a specified future dateArises from purchases, financing or other transactionsNotes payable may be classified as either current or long-termNotes payable may be interest-bearing or zero-interest-bearing (non-interest-bearing)In both cases, interest expense must be accrued regardless of when cash payment is made. 12Interest-Bearing Notes Payable ExampleGiven:Landscape Corp. borrows $100,000Signs a 4-month, 12% note on March 1Record the following journal entries:Signing of noteInterest accrual at June 30 year end Note repayment13Interest-Bearing Notes Payable ExampleMarch 1:Cash 100,000 Notes Payable 100,000June 30:Interest Expense 4,000 Interest Payable 4,000(100,000 x 12% x 4/12)July 1:Notes Payable 100,000Interest Payable 4,000 Cash 104,00014Zero-Interest-Bearing Notes PayableFor zero-interest-bearing notes, the difference between the present value of the note and the face value of the note represents the interestThe interest expense is recorded over the life of the note15Zero-Interest-Bearing Notes Payable ExampleGiven:Landscape Corp. issues a $100,000, 4-month, zero-interest-bearing note on March 1Present value (PV) of note and cash received is $96,154Prepare the journal entries to record the signing, interest accrual and repayment of the note 16Zero-Interest-Bearing Notes Payable ExampleMarch 1:Cash 96,154 Notes Payable 96,154June 30:Interest Expense 3,846 Notes Payable 3,84617Zero-Interest-Bearing Notes Payable ExampleJuly 1:Notes Payable 100,000 Cash 100,000In effect, $96,154 is borrowed for four months with $3,846 of total interest charged = $100,000 maturity value18Current Maturities of Long-Term DebtThe portion of long-term debt maturing within 12 months from the date of the statement of financial position is reported as a current liabilityPortions of long-term debts should not be reported as current liabilities if, by contract, they are retired by assets not classified as current assetsAny liability due on demand, or due on demand within a year or operating cycle, is reported as a current liability19Short-Term Debt Expected to be RefinancedIFRS has more stringent rules than ASPEUnder IFRS, debt due within 12 months is classified as current, unless at the date of the statement of financial position the company has the intent and a right (under existing contract, and solely in its discretion) to refinance with long-term debtUnder ASPE, currently maturing debt can be classified as long-term if there is irrefutable evidence when the financial statements are completed that the debt has been or will be converted to long-term debtSee Illustration 13-2 with an example of short term debt paid off after the Balance Sheet Date replace by long-term debt20Dividends PayableCash DividendBecomes legal obligation on declaration dateClassified as current liabilityPreferred Dividends in ArrearsCumulative preferred dividends that have not been declared require note disclosureNot recognized as a liabilityStock DividendsNot a liability; does not meet the definition of a liability as no future outlays of assets/servicesRecorded only through equity accounts – i.e. represents a transfer of equity from retained earnings to contributed capital21Rents and Royalties Payable“This type of liability may be created by a contractual agreement in which payments are conditional on the amount of revenue that is earned or the quantity of product that is produced or extracted.”Examples include the following:Franchisees often pay the franchisor franchise fees calculated as a percentage of salesTenants in shopping centres may be required to pay additional rents based on sales 22Customer Advances and DepositsCustomers may pay deposits that guarantee the payment of expected future obligations or the performance of a future serviceThey are classified as either current or non-current liabilities depending on the specific conditions attached to the deposit23Taxes PayableSales TaxBusinesses must collect provincial sales tax from customers on transfers of tangible property and on certain servicesThe taxes charged are then remitted to the tax authority (generally the provincial or territorial government)The Sales Tax Payable account reflects the amount collected from customers that has not yet been remittedNote that provincial sales tax paid by businesses is not recoverable24Taxes PayableGoods and Services TaxMost businesses in Canada are subject to Goods and Services Tax (GST)Since July 1, 2008, GST is calculated at a rate of 5%GST is charged by each taxable entity thus businesses pay GST and also charge GST to their customersTherefore, accounting for GST involves two accounts:GST Payable: amount collected on eligible salesGST Recoverable: GST paid on eligible purchases (also referred to as “input tax credit”)25Taxes PayableGoods and Services TaxThe Net amount of the GST Payable and GST Recoverable accounts is remitted to (due from) Canada Revenue Agency (CRA)This net amount is shown on the statement of financial position as a current liability (credit balance) or a current asset (debit balance)Some provinces charge Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) which is accounted for in the same way as GST26Taxes PayableIncome TaxCorporations are charged federal and provincial income tax based on taxable incomeThe amount is calculated using income tax rules instead of accounting principlesSince income tax returns are generally finalized after the financial statements have been issued, companies generally estimate the total amount of income tax payable27Employee-Related LiabilitiesEmployee-related liabilities include the following:Salaries or wages owed to employees at end of the accounting periodPayroll deductions owed to CRA and othersShort-term compensated absencesProfit-sharing and bonusesUsually reported as current liabilities28Payroll DeductionsPayroll deductions include statutory and discretionary deductionsStatutory (mandatory) deductions include:Canada (Quebec) Pension Plan [CPP/QPP]Employment Insurance (EI)Income Tax Withholding (Federal and Provincial) Discretionary deductions might include:Insurance premiumsUnion duesUntil these deductions are remitted to the government or other entity, they are reported as current liabilities29Short-Term Compensated AbsencesCompensated absences are absences from employment for which employees are paidThere are two main types: AccumulatingEmployee rights accruing with employee service (e.g. vacation and statutory holidays)Expense and liability recognized as earned by employeesNon-accumulatingEmployee rights based on occurrence of obligating event (e.g. disability, parental leave, etc.)Expense and liability recognized at time of obligating eventUse best estimate of future pay rates to estimate future liability (often, current rates of pay are used)30Decommissioning and Restoration ObligationsObligation associated with retirement of a long-lived asset must be recognized when incurredExisting legal obligations include those related to:Decommissioning nuclear facilities,Dismantling, restoring, and reclamation of oil and gas properties,Certain closure, reclamation, and removal costs of mining facilities, andClosure and post-closure costs of landfills.This liability is also referred to as an asset retirement obligation (ARO) or site restoration obligation31Decommissioning and Restoration ObligationsASPE recognizes cost of legal obligations only while IFRS also includes constructive obligationsInitial measurement at “best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation” at the reporting dateNeed to discount future costs (i.e. present value)Recognition and allocationCapitalized costs are not recorded in separate accountAdded to the carrying amount of the underlying assetAmortized over underlying asset’s useful life32Decommissioning and Restoration ObligationsInterest must also be recorded because the obligation is initially recorded and reported at its present value (PV)Calculated using the same rate used to calculate the PV (the discount rate)This interest cost classified as: Interest Expense (under IFRS)Accretion Expense (under ASPE)33Decommissioning and Restoration ObligationsIf the ARO increases as the underlying asset is used, the estimated increase in cost is added to the cost or carrying amount of the underlying asset 34Decommissioning and Restoration Obligations ExampleGiven:Oil Platform erected January 1, 2017Platform must be dismantled at the end of the useful life of 5 yearsEstimated cost of dismantling: $1,000,000 (80% caused by the asset acquisition itself)Discount rate: 10%PV of the dismantling cost (ARO):$620,920Increase in 2017 due to production of oil: $136,602On January 10, 2022 the platform is dismantled for $995,000Prepare the journal entries to record this decommissioning and restoration obligation35Decommissioning and Restoration Obligations ExampleJournal entry to recognize ARO, Jan 1, 2017:Drilling Platform 496,736 Asset Retirement Obligation 496,736(Drilling Platform is the underlying asset account)($620,920 x 80% = $496,736)Year-end adjustment journal entries (2017 – 2021):Amortization Expense 99,347 Accumulated Amortization 99,347($496,736  5 years = $99,347 assuming straight-line method)36Decommissioning and Restoration Obligations: ExampleYear-end adjustment (December 31, 2017):Interest Expense (IFRS) 49,674orAccretion Expense (ASPE) 49,674 Asset Retirement Obligation 49,674($496,736 x 10% = $49,674)Year-end adjustment (December 31, 2017):Inventory* (IFRS) 136,602orDrilling Platform (ASPE) 136,602 Asset Retirement Obligation 136,602(* Assuming oil is not yet sold)37Decommissioning and Restoration Obligations: ExampleRecord Settlement, January 2022:Asset Retirement Obligation 1,000,000 Gain on Settlement of ARO 5,000 Cash 995,00038Unearned RevenuesWhen cash is received before the product is delivered or service is rendered, a current liability called “unearned revenue” is createdExamples include gift certificates, prepayments for subscriptions etc.When cash is received: DR Cash CR Unearned RevenueWhen revenue is earned (service or good is provided) DR Unearned Revenue CR Revenue39Product Guarantees and Warranty ObligationsA continuing obligation results when an entity provides customer programs requiring that goods or services be provided after the initial product or service is deliveredThere are two approaches to accounting for the outstanding liability:Service-type warrantyAssurance-type warranty40Service Type ApproachApplies to extended product warranties or warranties sold as a separate product or is bundled with the selling price of the associated good.Accounted for using service type approachRevenue from warranty sale deferredRecognized over life of the warranty in the same pattern as the costs are expected to be incurred 41Service Type Approach ExampleGiven:Date of sale of equipment: January 2, 2017Total sale price of equipment including two year warranty: $20,000Estimated stand-alone value of the two-year warranty (if purchased separately) : $1,200Assume costs of $423 were incurred in 2017 to service the warrantyPrepare the journal entries for 201742Service Type Approach ExampleRecord the initial sale on January 2, 2017:Cash 20,000 Sales Revenue 18,800 Unearned Warranty Revenue 1,200Recognize warranty revenue in 2017:Unearned Warranty Revenue 600 Warranty Revenue 600($1,200  2 years = $600, assuming straight-line)Recognize warranty costs as incurred in 2017:Warranty Expense 423 Materials, Cash, Payables, etc. 42343Assurance-type ApproachApplies to a warranty that is part of the sales price.The outstanding liability is measured at the cost of the economic resources needed to meet the obligation. This assurance-type warranty (expense based approach) makes the assumption that along with the liability that is required to be recognized at the reporting date, the associated expense needs to be measured and matched with the revenues of the period. 44Assurance-type Approach ExampleGiven:Warranty provided at no additional charge and all revenues considered earned at time of saleUnits sold in 2017: 100 units at $5,000Expected average repair cost (under 1-year warranty) per unit: $200Actual repair costs incurred in 2017: $4,000The entity uses the calendar year as its fiscal yearEstimated further warranty costs in 2018: $16,000Record the warranty expense for 2017 45Assurance Type Approach ExampleWarranty Expense Recognition (Time of Sale):No entry madeActual Warranty Costs in 2017:Warranty Expense 4,000 Materials/Cash/Payables, etc. 4,000Year-end adjusting entry, Dec 31, 2017:Warranty Expense 16,000 Estimated Warranty Liability 16,00046Service vs Assurance ApproachesUnder the expense approach for assurance-type warranties, the liability is measured at the estimated cost of meeting the obligation. Under the revenue approach for service-type warranties, the liability recognized is measured at the value of the service to be provided, not at its cost.47Service vs Assurance ApproachesUnder the expense approach, there is typically no effect on future income. Under the revenue approach, future income is affected. Some amount of unearned revenue is recognized as a liability, and this is recognized as revenue in future periods when it is earned or the performance obligation is met. Any expenses associated with that revenue are also recognized in the future. Therefore, future income amounts are affected by the profit or loss earned in subsequent periods.48Product Guarantee and Warranty Obligations-Use of Cash BasisWarranty costs charged to the period in which the costs are paidNo estimated liability recorded or reportedOnly acceptable for accounting purposes when:Warranty costs are highly immaterial, orWarranty period is relatively shortRequired for income tax purposes49Customer Loyalty ProgramsMany companies offer customer loyalty programs (such as frequent flyer miles, discounts, etc.)Under IFRS, revenues from original sales that give rise to loyalty points (or other award credits) should be allocated between the two componentsFair value of award credits should be deferred as unearned revenue and recognized when exchanged for promised rewardsWhile ASPE does not have a specific standard on loyalty programs, it has similar intent with recognizing revenue to separately identifiable components. 50Premiums and RebatesPremiums, coupons, contests, and other benefits have historically been accounted for under the expense approachThis is reasonable if the costs are really marketing expensesHowever, under IFRS it would be more appropriate to use the revenue approach and allocate some of the consideration to unearned revenue. 51Contingencies and Uncertain CommitmentsA contingency is:“an existing condition or situation involving uncertainty as to possible gain or loss to an enterprise that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur”(CICA Handbook-Accounting, Part II, Section 3290.05)52Contingencies and Uncertain CommitmentsLoss contingencies involve situations of possible loss at the statement of financial positionAs discussed in Chapter 5, gain contingencies and contingent assets are generally not recognizedASPE and IFRS have different terminology and accounting rules for contingent losses53Contingencies and Uncertain CommitmentsASPE:A liability incurred as a result of a loss contingency is a contingent liabilityThe likelihood of occurrence of the future event may be:Likely (high chance)Unlikely (slight chance)Not determinable (the chance of the event occurrence cannot be determined) 54Contingencies and Uncertain CommitmentsASPE:Estimated losses are accrued if both of the following conditions are met:It is likely that a future event will confirm that a liability has been incurred, at the balance sheet date, andThe amount of loss can be reasonably estimated.Additional information is disclosed in the notes if:Likelihood is not determinable, or A reasonable estimate cannot be established, orThe entity is exposed to loss above the accrued amount.55Contingencies and Uncertain CommitmentsIFRS:Under IFRS, estimated losses from loss contingencies are accrued as liabilities (called “provisions”) if: the occurrence of the confirming future event is “probable” (less strict than “likely”), andamounts are “reliably measurable”.Measurement of liability is made using the “expected value” method (takes into account probabilities of possible outcomes)Term “contingent liabilities” is used only for possible obligations that are not recognizedDisclosure required unless likelihood is “remote” 56Litigation, Claims, and AssessmentsThe most common types of loss contingencies involve litigation, claims by others and assessmentsTo recognize a loss and liability, the litigation cause must have occurred pre balance sheet dateTo determine whether a liability should be recorded, the following is evaluated:the time period in which the underlying cause of action occurred,the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome,the ability to make a reasonable estimate of loss.57Litigation, Claims, and AssessmentsTo evaluate the likelihood of an unfavourable outcome, the following is considered:nature of litigation and progress of case,opinion of legal counsel,experience in similar cases,company response to the lawsuit.58Financial GuaranteesExample: standby letter of credit guaranteeing another’s payment of a loanASPE follows rules for loss contingencies, with additional disclosure requirementsUnder IFRS, recognize guarantee initially at fair value, usually equal to the premium charged by the guarantor.Key focus is to give users information about risks assumed by being a guarantor 59CommitmentsExecutory contracts are agreements where neither party has yet performed These commitments are not yet considered liabilities but they do represent a contractual obligation of future fundsDisclosure is required for abnormal commitments or ones that carry significant risks60Presentation and Disclosure of Current LiabilitiesDisclose major classes separately: bank loans, trade creditors and accrued liabilities, taxes, dividends, deferred revenue, future income taxes, amounts owing to related partiesReport amounts owing to officers, directors, shareholders and associated companies separatelyIdentify secured liabilities and related assets pledged61Analysis of Current LiabilitiesCurrent Ratio: Current Assets Current LiabilitiesAcid-Test Ratio: Cash + Marketable Securities + Net Receivables Current LiabilitiesDays Payables Outstanding: Average Trade Accounts Payable Average Daily Cost of Goods Sold62Looking AheadChanges are expected as a result of the work on the conceptual framework by IASB and FASBThe IASB issued an Exposure Draft in May 2015: Conceptual Framework for Financial ReportingAs a result, definition of “liability” and application of recognition criteria are expected to change63