Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 22: Accounting changes and error analysis

Volume 2 H A P T E R 22ACCOUNTING CHANGESAND ERROR ANALYSISIntermediate AccountingIFRS EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield the two types of accounting changes.Describe the accounting for changes in accounting policies.Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Understand how to account for impracticable changes.Describe the accounting for changes in estimates.Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Identify economic motives for changing accounting policies.Analyze the effect of errors.Learning ObjectivesChanges in accounting policyChanges in accounting estimateCorrection of errorsSummaryMotivations for change of policyAccounting ChangesError AnalysisStatement of financial position errorsIncome statement errorsStatement of financial position and income statement effectsComprehensive examplePreparation of statements with error correctionsAccounting Changes and Error AnalysisTypes of Accounting Changes:Change in Accounting Policy.Changes in Accounting Estimate.Errors are not considered an accounting change.LO 1 Identify the two types of accounting changes.Accounting Alternatives: Diminish the comparability of financial information.Obscure useful historical trend data.Accounting ChangesAverage cost to LIFO.Completed-contract to percentage-of-completion.Change from one accepted accounting policy to another. Examples include:Changes in Accounting PolicyLO 2 Describe the accounting for changes in accounting policies.Adoption of a new policy in recognition of events that have occurred for the first time or that were previously immaterial is not an accounting change.Three approaches for reporting changes: Currently.Retrospectively.Prospectively (in the future).IASB requires use of the retrospective approach.Rationale - Users can then better compare results from one period to the next.LO 2 Describe the accounting for changes in accounting policies.Changes in Accounting PolicyRetrospective Accounting Change ApproachLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.IFRS permits a change in policy if:It is required by IFRS; orIt results in the financial statements providing more reliable and relevant information.Changes in Accounting PolicyRetrospective Accounting Change ApproachLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Company reporting the changeAdjusts its financial statements for each prior period presented to the same basis as the new accounting policy.Adjusts the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as of the beginning of the first year presented, plus the opening balance of retained earnings.Changes in Accounting PolicyIllustration: Denson Company has accounted for its income from long-term construction contracts using the cost-recovery (zero-profit) method. In 2011, the company changed to the percentage-of-completion method. Management believes this approach provides a more appropriate measure of the income earned. For tax purposes, the company uses the cost-recovery method and plans to continue doing so in the future. (Assume a 40 percent enacted tax rate.)LO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Retrospective Accounting Change: Long-Term ContractsChanges in Accounting PolicyIllustration 22-1LO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Changes in Accounting PolicyData for Retrospective ChangeIllustration 22-2Construction in Process 220,000 Deferred Tax Liability 88,000 Retained Earnings 132,000LO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Journal entry beginning of 2010Changes in Accounting PolicyReporting a Change in policyLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Major disclosure requirements are as follows.Nature of the change in accounting policy;Reasons why applying the new accounting policy provides reliable and more relevant information;For the current period and each prior period presented, to the extent practicable, the amount of the adjustment:For each financial statement line item affected; andBasic and diluted earnings per share.Amount of the adjustment relating to periods before those presented, to the extent practicable.Changes in Accounting PolicyLO 3Illustration 22-3Reporting a Change in policyChanges in Accounting PolicyRetained Earnings AdjustmentLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Illustration 22-4Retained earnings balance is €1,360,000 at the beginning of 2009.Before ChangeChanges in Accounting PolicyLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Illustration 22-5After ChangeRetained Earnings AdjustmentChanges in Accounting PolicyE22-1 (Change in policy—Long-Term Contracts): Cherokee Construction Company changed from the cost-recovery to the percentage-of-completion method of accounting for long-term construction contracts during 2010. For tax purposes, the company employs the cost-recovery method and will continue this approach in the future. (Hint: Adjust all tax consequences through the Deferred Tax Liability account.)LO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Changes in Accounting PolicyE22-1 (Change in policy—Long-Term Contracts):LO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Instructions: (assume a tax rate of 35%)(b) What entry(ies) are necessary to adjust the accounting records for the change in accounting policy?(a) What is the amount of net income and retained earnings that would be reported in 2010? Assume beginning retained earnings for 2009 to be $100,000.Changes in Accounting PolicyE22-1: Pre-Tax Income from Long-Term ContractsLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Changes in Accounting PolicyE22-1: Comparative StatementsLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Income StatementStatement of Retained EarningsChanges in Accounting PolicyLO 3 Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes.Direct Effects - IASB takes the position that companies should retrospectively apply the direct effects of a change in accounting policy. Indirect Effect is any change to current or future cash flows of a company that result from making a change in accounting policy that is applied retrospectively.Direct and Indirect Effects of ChangesChanges in Accounting PolicyImpracticabilityLO 4 Understand how to account for impracticable changes.Companies should not use retrospective application if one of the following conditions exists:Company cannot determine the effects of the retrospective application.Retrospective application requires assumptions about management’s intent in a prior period.Retrospective application requires significant estimates that the company cannot develop.Changes in Accounting PolicyChanges in Accounting EstimateLO 5 Describe the accounting for changes in estimates.Examples of EstimatesBad debts.Inventory obsolescence.Useful lives and residual values of assets.Periods benefited by deferred costs.Liabilities for warranty costs and income taxes.Recoverable mineral reserves.Change in depreciation methods.Fair value of financial assets or financial liabilities.Changes in Accounting EstimateLO 5 Describe the accounting for changes in estimates.Prospective ReportingChanges in accounting estimates are reported prospectively. Account for changes in estimates in the period of change if the change affects that period only, or the period of change and future periods if the change affects both.IASB views changes in estimates as normal recurring corrections and adjustments and prohibits retrospective treatment.Illustration: Arcadia High School purchased equipment for $510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2010 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time.Required:What is the journal entry to correct prior years’ depreciation expense?Calculate depreciation expense for 2010.No Entry RequiredChange in Estimate ExampleLO 5 Describe the accounting for changes in estimates.Equipment$510,000Fixed Assets:Accumulated depreciation 350,000 Net book value (NBV)$160,000Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2009)Change in Estimate ExampleAfter 7 yearsEquipment cost $510,000Salvage value - 10,000Depreciable base 500,000Useful life (original) 10 yearsAnnual depreciation $ 50,000x 7 years = $350,000 First, establish NBV at date of change in estimate.LO 5 Describe the accounting for changes in estimates.Net book value $160,000Salvage value (if any) 5,000Depreciable base 155,000Useful life 8 yearsAnnual depreciation $ 19,375Change in Estimate ExampleSecond, calculate depreciation expense for 2010.Depreciation expense 19,375 Accumulated depreciation 19,375Journal entry for 2010LO 5 Describe the accounting for changes in estimates.Changes in Accounting EstimateLO 5 Describe the accounting for changes in estimates.DisclosuresCompanies should disclose the nature and amount of a change in an accounting estimate that has an effect in the current period or is expected to have an effect in future periods.Companies need not disclose changes in accounting estimate made as part of normal operations, such as bad debt allowances or inventory obsolescence, unless such changes are material.Correction of ErrorsLO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Types of Accounting Errors:A change from an accounting policy that is not generally accepted to an accounting policy that is acceptable. Mathematical mistakes.Changes in estimates that occur because a company did not prepare the estimates in good faith. Failure to accrue or defer certain expenses or revenues.Misuse of facts.Incorrect classification of a cost as an expense instead of an asset, and vice versa.Correction of ErrorsAll material errors must be corrected. Record corrections of errors from prior periods as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings in the current period. Such corrections are called prior period adjustments.For comparative statements, a company should restate the prior statements affected, to correct for the error.LO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Correction of ErrorsIllustration: In 2012 the bookkeeper for Selectro Company discovered an error: In 2011 the company failed to record £20,000of depreciation expense on a newly constructed building. This building is the only depreciable asset Selectro owns. The company correctly included the depreciation expense in its tax return and correctly reported its income taxes payable. LO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Correction of ErrorsIllustration: Selectro’s income statement for 2011 with and without the error.Illustration 22-17Show the entries that Selectro should have made and did make for recording depreciation expense and income taxes.LO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Correction of ErrorsIllustration: Show the entries that Selectro should have made and did make for recording depreciation expense and income taxes.Illustration 22-18Correcting Entry in 2012LO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Correction of ErrorsIllustration: Show the entries that Selectro should have made and did make for recording depreciation expense and income taxes.Retained Earnings 12,000Correcting Entry in 2012LO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Illustration 22-18Correction of ErrorsIllustration: Show the entries that Selectro should have made and did make for recording depreciation expense and income taxes.Retained Earnings 12,000Deferred Tax Liability 8,000 Correcting Entry in 2012ReversalLO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Illustration 22-18Correction of ErrorsIllustration: Show the entries that Selectro should have made and did make for recording depreciation expense and income taxes.Retained Earnings 12,000Deferred Tax Liability 8,000 Accumulated Depreciation—Buildings 20,000Correcting Entry in 2012RecordLO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Illustration 22-18Correction of ErrorsIllustration (Single-Period Statement): Assume that Selectro Company has a beginning retained earnings balance at January 1, 2012, of $350,000. The company reports net income of $400,000 in 2012.Illustration 22-21LO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Correction of ErrorsComparative StatementsCompany should make adjustments to correct the amounts for all affected accounts reported in the statements for all periods reported. restate the data to the correct basis for each year presented.show any catch-up adjustment as a prior period adjustment to retained earnings for the earliest period it reported. LO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2010, you discover a $62,500 error that caused the 2009 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in 2009). Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2010? Assume a 20% tax rate. Correction of ErrorsLO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Correction of ErrorsLO 6 Describe the accounting for correction of errors.Summary of Accounting Changes and ErrorsIllustration 22-23LO 6Motivations for Change of Accounting MethodLO 7 Identify economic motives for changing accounting policies.Why companies may prefer certain accounting methods. Some reasons are:Political costs.Capital Structure.Bonus Payments.Smooth Earnings.Error AnalysisLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.Companies must answer three questions:What type of error is involved?What entries are needed to correct for the error?After discovery of the error, how are financial statements to be restated?Companies treat errors as prior-period adjustments and report them in the current year as adjustments to the beginning balance of Retained Earnings.Statement of financial position errors affect only the presentation of an asset, liability, or stockholders’ equity account.Current year error - reclassify item to its proper position.Prior year error - restate the statement of financial position of the prior year for comparative purposes.Statement of Financial Position ErrorsLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.Improper classification of revenues or expenses.Current year error - reclassify item to its proper position.Prior year error - restate the income statement of the prior year for comparative purposes.Income Statement ErrorsLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.Counterbalancing ErrorsWill be offset or corrected over two periods.If company has closed the books:If the error is already counterbalanced, no entry is necessary.If the error is not yet counterbalanced, make entry to adjust the present balance of retained earnings.LO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.For comparative purposes, restatement is necessary even if a correcting journal entry is not required.Balance Sheet and Income Statement ErrorsWill be offset or corrected over two periods.If company has not closed the books:If error already counterbalanced, make entry to correct the error in the current period and to adjust the beginning balance of Retained Earnings.If error not yet counterbalanced, make entry to adjust the beginning balance of Retained Earnings.LO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.Balance Sheet and Income Statement ErrorsCounterbalancing ErrorsNon-Counterbalancing ErrorsNot offset in the next accounting period.Companies must make correcting entries, even if they have closed the books.LO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.Balance Sheet and Income Statement ErrorsE22-19 (Error Analysis; Correcting Entries): A partial trial balance of Dickinson Corporation is as follows on December 31, 2010.Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.Instructions: (a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010? Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.1. A physical count of supplies on hand on December 31, 2010, totaled $1,100.2. Accrued salaries and wages on December 31, 2010, amounted to $4,400.(a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010?Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.3. Accrued interest on investments amounts to $4,350 on December 31, 2010.4. The unexpired portions of the insurance policies totaled $65,000 as of December 31, 2010. (a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010?Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.5. $24,000 was received on January 1, 2010 for the rent of a building for both 2010 and 2011. The entire amount was credited to rental income.6. Depreciation for the year was erroneously recorded as $5,000 rather than the correct figure of $50,000.(a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010?E22-19 (Error Analysis; Correcting Entries) A partial trial balance of Dickinson Corporation is as follows on December 31, 2010.Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.Instructions: (b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010?Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.(b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010?1. A physical count of supplies on hand on December 31, 2010, totaled $1,100.2. Accrued salaries and wages on December 31, 2010, amounted to $4,400.Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.3. Accrued interest on investments amounts to $4,350 on December 31, 2010.4. The unexpired portions of the insurance policies totaled $65,000 as of December 31, 2010.(b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010?Error Analysis ExampleLO 8 Analyze the effect of errors.5. $24,000 was received on January 1, 2010 for the rent of a building for both 2010 and 2011. The entire amount was credited to rental income.6. Depreciation for the year was erroneously recorded as $5,000 rather than the correct figure of $50,000.(b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2010?One area in which U.S. GAAP and IFRS differ is the reporting of error corrections in previously issued financial statements. While both sets of standards require restatement, U.S. GAAP is an absolute standard—that is, there is no exception to this rule.The accounting for changes in estimates is similar between U.S. GAAP and IFRS.Under U.S. GAAP and IFRS, if determining the effect of a change in accounting policy is considered impracticable, then a company should report the effect of the change in the period in which it believes it practicable to do so, which may be the current period.Under IFRS, the impracticality exception applies both to changes in accounting policies and to the correction of errors. Under U.S. GAAP, this exception applies only to changes in accounting policy. IAS 8 does not specifically address the accounting and reporting for indirect effects of changes in accounting policies. As indicated in the chapter, U.S. GAAP has detailed guidance on the accounting and reporting of indirect effects.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 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