Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter 7: Accounting information systems

Chapter 7Accounting Information SystemsFundamental System PrinciplesC1Accounting information systems collect and process data from transactions and events, organize them in useful reports, and communicate results to decisions makers. Components of Accounting SystemsC1KeyboardsScannersModemsBar-Code ReaderHardwareSoftwareProfessional JudgmentIncreasingly, source documents are electronic files creating a “paperless” system.Components of Accounting SystemsC1CD/DVDHard DriveTapePaper DocumentPrinterMonitorProjectorsWeb communicationsSpecial Journals in AccountingC2Subsidiary LedgersSubsidiary ledgers are a listing of individual accounts with common characteristics.CharacteristicControllingAccountSubsidiary LedgerAmounts due from customers Accounts ReceivableAccounts ReceivableLedgerAmounts owed to creditorsAccountsPayableAccounts PayableLedgerC3Accounts Receivable LedgerAfter all items are posted, the balance in the accounts receivable controlling account is equal to the sum of the balances in the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.C3Sales JournalP1Proving the LedgersP2The balance of the Accounts Receivable controlling account in the general ledger should equal the accounts in the accounts receivable subsidiary ledger.A schedule of accounts receivable lists each customer and the balance owed. Sales TaxesP1Governmental agencies often require sellers to collect sales taxes from customers and to periodically send these taxes to the appropriate agency. Sales Returns and AllowancesIf a company has few sales returns, they may be recorded in the General Journal.A company with many sales returns may use a Sales Returns and Allowances Journal.P1P1Cash Receipts TypesCash from credit customersCash from cash salesCash from other sourcesFooting, Crossfooting, and PostingP1 P1Proving the LedgerP2The balance of the Accounts Payable controlling account in the general ledger should equal the accounts in the accounts payable subsidiary ledger.A schedule of accounts payable lists each supplier and the balance owed to them. P1General Journal TransactionsAdjusting EntriesPurchase Returns & AllowancesClosingEntriesP1Sales Returns & AllowancesComputer Technology in AccountingOff-the-Shelf SoftwareFamiliar accounting programs such as Peachtree® and QuickBooks® are designed to be user friendly and menu driven.Integrated SoftwareActions taken in one part of the system automatically affect related parts. For instance, when a credit sale is entered, several parts of the system are automatically updated.Data Processing in AccountingOnline processing enters and processes data immediately.Batch processing accumulates information for a period of time and then processes all the data at one time (daily, weekly, or monthly).Computer Networks in AccountingComputer networks are links among computers giving different users access to common databases and programs.ServerWork StationsEnterprise Resource Planning Software (ERP)Programs that manage and integrate a company’s vital operations. A good AIS collects financial data for a company’s various segments. Segment Return on AssetsA segment is a part of a company that is separately identified by its products, services, or geographic market. A1Companies Reporting Operations by Segments*Total exceeds 100% because companies can report more than one segment.Segment Return on AssetsSegment return on assets=Segment operating profit or incomeSegment average assetsA1Nestlé’s best performing segment in terms of return on assets is Zone Asia, Oceania, and Africa. This is especially impressive considering this segment ranks second in terms of the amount of assets.Appendix 7A: Special Journals under a Periodic System P3Appendix 7A: Special Journals under a Periodic System P3END OF CHAPTER 7