Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chapter fifteen: Auditing the financing/investing process: long - Term liabilities, stockholders’ equity and income statement accounts

Auditing the Financing/Investing Process: Long-Term Liabilities, Stockholders’ Equity and Income Statement AccountsChapter FifteenAuditing Long-Term DebtThe auditor must be assured that the amounts shown on the balance sheet for the various types of long-term debt are not materially misstated. This assurance extends to the recognition of interest expense. For the vast majority of entities, it is more efficient to follow a strategy of conducting substantive testing.Inherent Risk Assessment – Long-Term DebtThe inherent risk for notes and bonds would normally be assessed as low to moderate because the volume of transactions are low, the accounting is not complex, and the client often receives third-party statements or amortization tables. However, the amounts are usually large and the financial markets have developed sophisticated instruments that have characteristics of both debt and equity. The inherent risk associated with these instruments is normally high. Control Risk Assessment – Long-Term DebtWhen a substantive strategy is followed, theauditor still needs a sufficient understandingof the entity’s internal control system over debt.Assertions and Related Control ActivitiesOccurrence and AuthorizationAdequate documentation must verify that a note or bond was properly authorized.Any significant debt commitments should be approved by the board of directors or by executives who have been delegated by this authority.When the entity has proper controls for issuing debt transactions, it is generally easy for the auditor to test those transactions for validity and authorization at the end of the period.Assertions and Related Control ActivitiesCompletenessThe client should maintain a subsidiary ledger that contains information about all the long-term debt owed by the entity. The debt amount recorded in the subsidiary ledger should be reconciled to the general ledger control account regularly.Assertions and Related Control ActivitiesValuationNotes and bonds are recorded at their face value less any unamortized discount or plus any unamortized premium. The effective interest method should be used to amortize discounts and premiumsAssertions and Related Control ActivitiesDisclosure - ClassificationControls should ensure that notes and bonds are properly classified in the financial statements. The major issue is to properly classify as a short-term liability the portion of long-term debt that is due in the next year.Substantive Procedures – Long-Term DebtThe auditor should examine any new debt agreements, determine the status of prior debt agreements, and confirm balances and other relevant information with outside parties.Analytical procedures are useful because of the direct relationship between interest expense and the amount of long-term debt.Substantive Procedures – Long-Term DebtSubstantive Procedures – Long-Term DebtAuditing Stockholders’ EquityControl Risk Assessment – Stockholders’ EquityA substantive strategy is often used to audit stockholders’ equity because the number of transactions is usually small. The auditor must still be aware of the types of controls that are in place to prevent the misstatement of equity transactions.Large companies may use an independent outside agent such as a registrar, transfer agent and dividend-disbursing agent to process and record equity transactions. Relevant information about equity transactions may be confirmed with the registrar and transfer agent.Assertions and Related Control ActivitiesOccurrenceVerify that stock and dividend transactions comply with corporate charter.AccuracyVerify that stock and dividend transactions have been properly posted and summarized in the accounting records.AuthorizationVerify that stock and dividend transactions have been properly approved.ValuationVerify that stock and dividend transactions have been properly valued.Segregation of DutiesThe following duties should be segregated:The individuals responsible for issuing, transferring and canceling stock certificates should not have any accounting responsibilities.The individual responsible for maintaining the detailed stockholders’ records should be independent of the maintenance of the general ledger control accounts.The individual responsible for maintaining the detailed stockholders’ records should not also process cash receipts or disbursements.Appropriate segregation of duties should be established between dividend payments and recording of dividend payments.Auditing Equity Capital AccountsOccurrence and CompletenessWhen outside agents are used, the auditor confirms information relevant to year end amounts.When outside agents are not used, the auditor should:Trace the transfers of shares between stockholders to the stock register and/or stock certificate book.Foot the shares outstanding in the stock register and/or stock certificate book and agree them to total shares outstanding in the general ledger.Examine any canceled stock certificates.Account for and inspect any unissued stock certificates in the stock certificate book.Auditing Equity Capital AccountsValuationWhen equity capital is issued for cash the valuation is straightforward. The proceeds from the sale are normally traced to the cash receipts records.When equity capital is exchanged for property, goods, or services, the valuation issue is more complex. Generally, fair market value is an issue and the accounting may involve a gain or loss.Stock dividends may also create complex auditing issues. The auditor must recompute the dividend and trace the entries to the general ledger.Auditing Equity Capital AccountsCompleteness of DisclosuresExamples of disclosure items include: Number of shares authorized, issued and outstanding for each class of stock. Call privileges, prices and dates of preferred stock. Stock option or purchase plans. Restrictions on retained earnings and dividends. Any completed or pending transactions that may affect stockholders’ equity.Auditing DividendsAll dividends declared and paid will be audited because of concerns of violations of corporate bylaws or debt covenants.When an outside agent for dividend-disbursing is used, the auditor can confirm the amount disbursed with the agent. This amount is agreed with the amount authorized by the board of directors.When an outside agent is not used, the auditor can recompute the amount of the dividend authorized by the board of directors and trace the amount to cash disbursements or dividends payable.Auditing Retained EarningsUnder normal circumstances, retained earnings are affected by the current year’s income or loss and the dividends declared and or paid. The major exception is the existence of prior period adjustments, valuation accounts for certain financial instruments and foreign currency translation.Auditing Income Statement AccountsAssessing Control Risk for Business ProcessesIf control risk is set at the maximum – the auditor does not rely on controls. Instead extensive substantive procedures are used.If a reliance strategy is followed – the auditor determines if controls may be relied upon.If controls are operating effectively – the auditor may reduce control risk below the maximum.Direct Tests of Balance Sheet AccountsIncome statement accounts are normally audited in the course of auditing the related balance sheet accounts.Substantive Analytical ProceduresExtensive use may be made of analytical procedures in the audit of revenue and expense accounts.Common sizeincome statementfor current andprevious years.Percentageincome statementfor current andprevious years.Trend and ratioanalysis.Tests of Selected Account BalancesThe auditor may wish to examine key revenue and expense accounts in some detail. Usually, the auditor verifies the transactions in the account by examining the supporting documentation. Accounts audited in this manner may be related to income tax reporting and include legal and audit expense, travel and entertainment, charitable contributions, and other income and expense.End of Chapter 15