Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chương 12: Intangible assets

C H A P T E R 12INTANGIBLE ASSETSIntermediate AccountingIFRS EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield Describe the characteristics of intangible assets.Identify the costs to include in the initial valuation of intangible assets.Explain the procedure for amortizing intangible assets.Describe the types of intangible assets.Explain the conceptual issues related to goodwill.Describe the accounting procedures for recording goodwill.Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Identify the conceptual issues related to research and development costs.Describe the accounting for research and development and similar costs.Indicate the presentation of intangible assets and related items.Learning ObjectivesMarketing-relatedCustomer-relatedArtistic-relatedContract-relatedTechnology-relatedGoodwillIntangible Asset IssuesTypes of IntangiblesImpairment of IntangiblesResearch and Development CostsPresentation of Intangibles and Related ItemsCharacteristicsValuationAmortizationLimited-life intangiblesReversal of impairment lossIndefinite-life intangibles other than goodwillGoodwillIdentifying R&DAccounting for R&DSimilar costsConceptual questionsIntangible assetsR&D costsIntangible AssetsIntangible Asset IssuesLO 1 Describe the characteristics of intangible assets.Three Main Characteristics:CharacteristicsIdentifiable,Lack physical existence.Not monetary assets.Normally classified as non-current asset.Intangible Asset IssuesLO 2 Identify the costs to include in the initial valuation of intangible assets.Purchased Intangibles:Recorded at cost.Includes all costs necessary to make the intangible asset ready for its intended use.Typical costs include:Purchase price.Legal fees.Other incidental expenses.ValuationIntangible Asset IssuesLO 2 Identify the costs to include in the initial valuation of intangible assets.ValuationInternally Created Intangibles:Companies expense all research phase costs and some development phase costs. Certain development costs are capitalized once economic viability criteria are met. IFRS identifies several specific criteria that must be met before development costs are capitalized.Intangible Asset IssuesLO 2 Identify the costs to include in the initial valuation of intangible assets.Internally Created IntangiblesIllustration 12-1Research andDevelopment StagesIntangible Asset IssuesLO 3 Explain the procedure for amortizing intangible assets.Amortization of IntangiblesLimited-Life Intangibles:Amortize by systematic charge to expense over useful life.Credit asset account or accumulated amortization.Useful life should reflect the periods over which the asset will contribute to cash flows.Amortization should be cost less residual value.IFRS requires companies to assess the residual values and useful lives of intangible assets at least annually.Intangible Asset IssuesLO 3 Explain the procedure for amortizing intangible assets.Amortization of IntangiblesIndefinite-Life Intangibles:No foreseeable limit on time the asset is expected to provide cash flows. No amortization.Must test indefinite-life intangibles for impairment at least annually.Intangible Asset IssuesLO 3 Explain the procedure for amortizing intangible assets.Illustration 12-2Accounting Treatmentfor IntangiblesAmortization of IntangiblesTypes of IntangiblesLO 4 Describe the types of intangible assets.Six Major Categories:Marketing-related.Customer-related.Artistic-related.Contract-related.Technology-related.Goodwill.Types of IntangiblesLO 4 Describe the types of intangible assets.Marketing-Related Intangible AssetsExamples: Trademarks or trade names, newspaper mastheads, Internet domain names, and non-competition agreements.In the United States trademark or trade name has legal protection for indefinite number of 10 year renewal periods. Capitalize acquisition costs. No amortization.Types of IntangiblesLO 4 Describe the types of intangible assets.Customer-Related Intangible AssetsExamples: Customer lists, order or production backlogs, and both contractual and non-contractual customer relationships.Capitalize acquisition costs. Amortized to expense over useful life.Types of IntangiblesLO 4 Describe the types of intangible assets.Illustration: Green Market Inc. acquires the customer list of a large newspaper for €6,000,000 on January 1, 2011. Green Market expects to benefit from the information evenly over a three-year period. Record the purchase of the customer list and the amortization of the customer list at the end of each year.Customer List 6,000,000Jan. 1 Cash 6,000,000Amortization expense 2,000,000Dec. 31201020112012 Customer list 2,000,000Types of IntangiblesArtistic-Related Intangible AssetsExamples: Plays, literary works, musical works, pictures, photographs, and video and audiovisual material.Copyright granted for the life of the creator plus 70 years.Capitalize costs of acquiring and defending.Amortized to expense over useful life.Mickey MouseandLO 4Types of IntangiblesLO 4Contract-Related Intangible AssetsExamples: Franchise and licensing agreements, construction permits, broadcast rights, and service or supply contracts.Franchise (or license) with a limited life should be amortized to expense over the life of the franchise.Franchise with an indefinite life should be carried at cost and not amortized.Types of IntangiblesLO 4 Describe the types of intangible assets.Technology-Related Intangible AssetsExamples: Patented technology and trade secrets granted by a governmental body.Patent gives holder exclusive use for a period of 20 years.Capitalize costs of purchasing a patent.Expense any R&D costs in developing a patent. Amortize over legal life or useful life, whichever is shorter.Types of IntangiblesLO 4 Describe the types of intangible assets.Illustration: Harcott Co. incurs $180,000 in legal costs on January 1, 2011, to successfully defend a patent. The patent’s useful life is 20 years, amortized on a straight-line basis. Harcott records the legal fees and the amortization at the end of 2011 as follows.Patent 180,000Jan. 1 Cash 180,000Patent amortization expense 9,000Dec. 31 Patent 9,000Types of IntangiblesLO 5 Explain the conceptual issues related to goodwill.GoodwillConceptually, represents the future economic benefits arising from the other assets acquired in a business combination that are not individually identified and separately recognized.Only recorded when an entire business is purchased.Goodwill is measured as the excess of ... cost of the purchase over the FMV of the identifiable net assets purchased.Internally created goodwill should not be capitalized.Illustration: Multi-Diversified, Inc. decides that it needs a parts division to supplement its existing tractor distributorship. The president of Multi-Diversified is interested in buying São Paulo, Brazil. The illustration presents the statement of financial position of Tractorling Company.Recording GoodwillLO 6 Describe the accounting procedures for recording goodwill.Illustration 12-4Illustration: Multi-Diversified investigates Tractorling’s underlying assets to determine their fair values.Recording GoodwillLO 6 Describe the accounting procedures for recording goodwill.Tractorling Company decides to accept Multi-Diversified’s offer of $400,000. What is the value of the goodwill, if any?Illustration 12-5 Illustration: Determination of Goodwill.Recording GoodwillLO 6 Describe the accounting procedures for recording goodwill.Illustration 12-6 Illustration: Multi-Diversified records this transaction as follows.Recording GoodwillLO 6 Describe the accounting procedures for recording goodwill.Property, Plant, and Equipment 205,000Patents 18,000Inventories 122,000Receivables 35,000Cash 25,000Goodwill 50,000 Liabilities 55,000 Cash 400,000GoodwillGoodwill Write-offGoodwill considered to have an indefinite life. Should not be amortized.Only adjust carrying value when goodwill is impaired.LO 6 Describe the accounting procedures for recording goodwill.Bargain PurchasePurchase price less than the fair value of net assets acquired.Amount is recorded as a gain by the purchaser.Impairment of Intangible AssetsImpairment of Limited-Life IntangiblesLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible-asset impairments.Same as impairment for long-lived assets in Chapter 11.Illustration 11-15Illustration: Lerch, Inc. has a patent on how to extract oil from shale rock, with a carrying value of $5,000,000 at the end of 2010. Unfortunately, several recent non-shale-oil discoveries adversely affected the demand for shale-oil technology, indicating that the patent is impaired. Lerch determines the recoverable amount for the patent, based on value-in-use (because there is no active market for the patent). Lerch estimates the patent’s value-in-use at $2,000,000, based on the discounted expected net future cash flows at its market rate of interest.Impairment of Intangible AssetsLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Impairment of Intangible AssetsLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Illustration 11-15$5,000,000$2,000,000Unknown$2,000,000$3,000,000 Impairment LossCalculate the impairment loss (based on value-in-use).Impairment of Intangible AssetsLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Illustration 11-15$5,000,000$2,000,000Unknown$2,000,000$3,000,000 Impairment LossCalculate the impairment loss (based on value-in-use).Entry to record the impairment loss.Loss on Impairment 3,000,000 Patents 3,000,000Impairment of Intangible AssetsLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Illustration: The carrying value of the patent after impairment is $2,000,000. Lerch’s amortization is $400,000 ($2000,000 / 5) over the remaining five years of the patent’s life. The amortization expense and related carrying amount after the impairment is shown below:Reversal of Impairment LossIllustration 12-8 Impairment of Intangible AssetsLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Early in 2012, based on improving conditions in the market for shale-oil technology, Lerch remeasures the recoverable amount of the patent to be $1,750,000. In this case, Lerch reverses a portion of the recognized impairment loss.Reversal of Impairment LossPatents ($1,750,000-$1,600,000) 150,000 Loss on Impairment 150,000Impairment of Intangible AssetsImpairment of Indefinite-Life Intangibles Other than GoodwillLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Should be tested for impairment at least annually.Impairment test is the same as that for limited-life intangibles. That is, compare the recoverable amount of the intangible asset with the asset’s carrying value. If the recoverable amount is less than the carrying amount, the company recognizes an impairment.Illustration: Arcon Radio purchased a broadcast license for $2,000,000. The license is renewable every 10 years. Arcon Radio has renewed the license with the GCC twice, at a minimal cost. Because it expects cash flows to last indefinitely, Arcon reports the license as an indefinite-life intangible asset. Recently, the GCC decided to auction these licenses to the highest bidder instead of renewing them. Based on recent auctions of similar licenses, Arcon Radio estimates the fair value less costs to sell (the recoverable amount) of its license to be $1,500,000. Impairment of Intangible AssetsLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Illustration 12-9Impairment of Intangible AssetsImpairment of GoodwillLO 7 Explain the accounting issues related to intangible asset impairments.Companies must test goodwill at least annually. Impairment test is conducted based on the cash-generating unit to which the goodwill is assigned.Because there is rarely a market for cash-generating units, estimation of the recoverable amount for goodwill impairments is usually based on value-in-use estimates.Impairment of Intangible AssetsIllustration: Kohlbuy Corporation has three divisions. It purchasedone division, Pritt Products, four years ago for $2 million. Unfortunately, Pritt experienced operating losses over the last three quarters. Kohlbuy management is now reviewing the division (the cash-generating unit), for purposes of its annual impairmenttesting. Pritt Division’s net assets, including the associated goodwill of $900,000 from the purchase:LO 7Illustration 12-10Impairment of Intangible AssetsIllustration 11-15$2,400,000$2,800,000Unknown$2,800,000Kohlbuy determines the recoverable amount for the Pritt Division to be $2,800,000, based on a value-in-use estimate.LO 7No ImpairmentImpairment of Intangible AssetsIllustration 11-15$2,400,000$1,900,000Unknown$1,900,000Assume that the recoverable amount for the Pritt Division is $1,900,000, instead of $2,800,000.LO 7$500,000 Impairment LossUnknown$1,900,000Impairment of Intangible AssetsIllustration 11-15$2,400,000$1,900,000Assume that the recoverable amount for the Pritt Division is $1,900,000, instead of $2,800,000.LO 7$500,000 Impairment LossLoss on Impairment 500,000 Goodwill 500,000Research and Development CostsLO 8 Identify the conceptual issues related to research and development costs.Frequently results in something that a company patents or copyrights such as:new product, process, idea, formula, composition, orliterary work.Research and development (R&D) costs are not in themselves intangible assets.Research and Development CostsLO 8 Identify the conceptual issues related to research and development costs.Companies spend considerable sums on research and development.Illustration 12-12 Research and Development CostsLO 8 Identify the conceptual issues related to research and development costs.Research costs must be expensed as incurred. Development costs may or may not be expensed as incurred. Capitalization begins when the project is far enough along in the process such that the economic benefits of the R&D project will flow to the company (the project is economically viable).Identifying R & D ActivitiesResearch and Development CostsLO 8 Identify the conceptual issues related to research and development costs.Research ActivitiesOriginal and planned investigation undertaken with the prospect of gaining new scientific or technical knowledge and understanding.ExamplesLaboratory research aimed at discovery of new knowledge; searching for applications of new research findings.Development ActivitiesApplication of research findings or otherknowledge to a plan or design for the production of new or substantially improved materials, devices, products, processes, systems, or servicesbefore the start of commercial production or use.ExamplesConceptual formulation and design of possible product or process alternatives; construction of prototypes andoperation of pilot plants.Illustration 12-13Accounting for R & D ActivitiesCosts Associated with R&D Activities:Materials, Equipment, and FacilitiesPersonnelPurchased IntangiblesContract ServicesIndirect CostsResearch and Development CostsLO 9 Describe the accounting for research and development and similar costs.1. Investment in a subsidiary company.2. Timberland. 3. Cost of engineering activity required to advance the design of a product to the manufacturing stage.4. Lease prepayment. 5. Cost of equipment obtained.6. Cost of searching for applications of new research findings.ItemClassificationResearch and Development CostsE12-1: Indicate how items on the list below would generally be reported in the financial statements. LO 9Long-term investmentsPP&ER&D expense Prepaid rentPP&ER&D expense Cost incurred in the formation of a corporation.Operating losses incurred in the start-up of a business.Training costs incurred in start-up of new operation.Purchase cost of a franchise.Goodwill generated internally.Cost of testing in search of product alternatives.Research and Development CostsLO 9 Describe the accounting for research and development and similar costs.ExpenseOperating lossExpenseIntangibleNot recordedR&D expenseItemClassificationGoodwill acquired in the purchase of a business.Cost of developing a patent.Cost of purchasing a patent from an inventor.Legal costs incurred in securing a patent.Unrecovered costs of a successful legal suit to protect the patent.Research and Development CostsLO 9 Describe the accounting for research and development and similar costs.IntangibleR&D expenseIntangibleIntangibleIntangibleItemClassificationCost of conceptual formulation of possible product alternatives.Cost of purchasing a copyright.Development costs incurred after achieving economic viability.Long-term receivables.Cost of developing a trademark.Cost of purchasing a trademark.Research and Development CostsR&D expenseIntangibleIntangibleLong-term investmentExpenseIntangibleItemClassificationLO 9 Describe the accounting for research and development and similar costs.Other Costs Similar to R & D CostsStart-up costs for a new operation.should expensed as incurred.Initial operating losses.Should not be capitalized.Advertising costs.Should expensed as incurred.Research and Development CostsLO 9 Describe the accounting for research and development and similar costs.If R&D–related intangibles (often referred to as in-process R&D) are also acquired in a business combination, they are also recognized and measured at fair value. Cost of equipment acquired that will have alternative uses in future R&D projects over the next 5 years. Materials consumed in R&D projects Consulting fees paid to outsiders for R&D projects Personnel costs of persons involved in R&D projects Indirect costs reasonably allocable to R&D projects Materials purchased for future R&D projects$330,00059,000100,000128,00050,00034,000$66,00059,000100,000128,00050,0000R&D Expense$403,000$330,000 / 5 = $66,000 Research and Development CostsE12-17: Compute the amount to be reported as research and development expense.LO 9 Describe the accounting for research and development and similar costs.Statement of Financial PositionIntangible assets shown as a separate item. Reporting is similar to the reporting of property, plant, and equipment. Contra accounts may not be shown for intangibles.Companies should report as a separate item all intangible assets other than goodwill.Presentations of Intangibles and Related ItemsLO 10 Indicate the presentation of intangible assets and related items.Presentation of Intangible AssetsIncome StatementAmortization expense.Impairment losses and reversals other than goodwill separately (usually in the operating section).Presentations of Intangibles and Related ItemsLO 10 Indicate the presentation of intangible assets and related items.Presentation of Intangible AssetsPresentations of Intangibles and Related ItemsLO 10 Indicate the presentation of intangible assets and related items.Presentation of Intangible AssetsIllustration 12-15Presentations of Intangibles and Related ItemsLO 10 Indicate the presentation of intangible assets and related items.Presentation of Intangible AssetsIllustration 12-16Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS segregate the costs associated with research and development into the two components. Costs in the research phase are always expensed under both IFRS and U.S. GAAP. Under IFRS, however, costs in the development phase are capitalized once economic viability is achieved. While IFRS permits some capitalization of internally generated intangible assets (e.g., brands and development costs that meet economic viability criteria), U.S. GAAP requires expensing of all research and development costs.Under U.S. GAAP, impairment loss is measured as the excess of the carrying amount over the asset’s fair value. Under IFRS, the impairment test is based on the asset’s carrying amount compared to its recoverable amount (the higher of the asset’s fair value less costs to sell and its value-in-use).While IFRS allows reversal of impairment losses when there has been a change in economic conditions or in the expected use of the asset, under U.S. GAAP, impairment losses cannot be reversed for assets to be held and used; the impairment loss results in a new cost basis for the asset. IFRS and U.S. GAAP are similar in the accounting for the impairments of assets held for disposal.With issuance of a recent converged statement on business combinations (IFRS 3 and SFAS No. 141—Revised ), IFRS and U.S. GAAP are very similar for intangibles acquired in a business combination. That is, companies recognize an intangible asset separately from goodwill if the intangible represents contractual or legal rights or is capable of being separated or divided and sold, transferred, licensed, rented, or exchanged. In addition, under both U.S. GAAP and IFRS, companies recognize acquired in-process research and development (IPR&D) as a separate intangible asset if it meets the definition of an intangible asset and its fair value can be measured reliably.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 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