Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chương 14: Long - Term liabilities

Prepared by Coby Harmon University of California, Santa BarbaraIntermediate AccountingIntermediate Accounting14th Edition14Long-Term LiabilitiesKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield Describe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze long-term debt.Learning ObjectivesBonds PayableLong-Term Notes PayableReporting and Analyzing Long-Term DebtIssuing bondsTypes and ratingsValuationEffective-interest methodCosts of issuingExtinguishmentNotes issued at face valueNotes not issued at face valueSpecial situationsMortgage notes payableFair value optionOff-balance-sheet financingPresentation and analysisLong-Term LiabilitiesBonds PayableLong-term debt consist of probable future sacrifices of economic benefits arising from present obligations that are not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer. LO 1 Describe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Examples: Bonds payableLong-term notes payableMortgages payablePension liabilities Lease liabilitiesLong-term debt has various covenants or restrictions.Issuing BondsLO 1 Describe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Bond contract known as a bond indenture.Represents a promise to pay: sum of money at designated maturity date, plusperiodic interest at a specified rate on the maturity amount (face value).Paper certificate, typically a $1,000 face value. Interest payments usually made semiannually. Used when the amount of capital needed is too large for one lender to supply.Types and Ratings of BondsLO 2 Identify various types of bond issues.Common types found in practice:Secured and Unsecured (debenture) bonds.Term, Serial, and Callable bonds.Convertible, Commodity-Backed, Deep-Discount bonds.Registered and Bearer (Coupon) bonds.Income and Revenue bonds.Types and Ratings of BondsLO 2 Identify various types of bond issues.Corporate bond listing.Company NameInterest rate paid as a % of par valuePrice as a % of parInterest rate based on priceValuation of Bonds PayableLO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Issuance and marketing of bonds to the public:Usually takes weeks or months. Issuing company mustArrange for underwriters. Obtain SEC approval of the bond issue, undergo audits, and issue a prospectus.Have bond certificates printed. Valuation of Bonds PayableLO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Selling price of a bond issue is set by the supply and demand of buyers and sellers, relative risk, market conditions, and state of the economy.Investment community values a bond at the present value of its expected future cash flows, which consist of (1) interest and (2) principal.Interest RateStated, coupon, or nominal rate = Rate written in the terms of the bond indenture. Bond issuer sets this rate.Stated as a percentage of bond face value (par).Market rate or effective yield = Rate that provides an acceptable return commensurate with the issuer’s risk. Rate of interest actually earned by the bondholders.Valuation of Bonds PayableLO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.How do you calculate the amount of interest that is actually paid to the bondholder each period?How do you calculate the amount of interest that is actually recorded as interest expense by the issuer of the bonds?Valuation of Bonds PayableLO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.(Stated rate x Face Value of the bond)(Market rate x Carrying Value of the bond)Bonds Sold AtMarket Interest6%8%10%PremiumPar ValueDiscountValuation of Bonds PayableLO 3Assume Stated Rate of 8%Illustration: ServiceMaster Company issues $100,000 in bonds, due in five years with 9 percent interest payable annually on January 1. At the time of issue, the market rate for such bonds is 11 percent.LO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Valuation of Bonds PayableIllustration 14-1Illustration 14-1LO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Valuation of Bonds PayableIllustration 14-2Illustration: Buchanan Company issues at par 10-year term bonds with a par value of $800,000, dated January 1, 2012, and bearing interest at an annual rate of 10 percent payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1, it records the following entry.LO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Bonds Issued at Par on Interest DateJournal entry on date of issue, Jan. 1, 2012. Cash 100,000 Bonds payable 100,000Bonds Issued at Par on Interest DateJournal entry to record first semiannual interest payment on July 1, 2012. Interest expense 40,000 Cash 40,000Journal entry to accrue interest expense at Dec. 31, 2012. Interest expense 40,000 Interest payable 40,000($800,000 x .10 x ½)LO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.LO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Bonds Issued at a Discount on Interest DateIllustration: Now assume Buchanan Company issues at 97, 10-year term bonds with a par value of $800,000, dated January 1, 2012, and bearing interest at an annual rate of 10 percent payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1, it records the issuance as follows. Cash ($800,000 x .97) 776,000 Discount on bonds payable 24,000 Bonds payable 800,000Bonds Issued at a Discount on Interest Date Interest expense 41,200 Discount on bonds payable 1,200 Cash 40,000At Dec. 31, 2012, Buchanan makes the following adjusting entry.LO 3Illustration: Buchanan records the first semiannual interest payment and the bond discount on July 1, 2012 as follows. Buchanan amortizes the bond discount using the straight-line method. Interest expense 41,200 Discount on bonds payable 1,200 Interest payable 40,000LO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Bonds Issued at a Premium on Interest DateIllustration: Now assume Buchanan Company issues at 103, 10-year term bonds with a par value of $800,000, dated January 1, 2012, and bearing interest at an annual rate of 10 percent payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1, it records the issuance as follows. Cash ($800,000 x .103) 824,000 Premium on bonds payable 24,000 Bonds payable 800,000Bonds Issued at a Premium on Interest Date Interest expense 38,800 Premium on bonds payable 1,200 Cash 40,000At Dec. 31, 2012, Buchanan makes the following adjusting entry.LO 3Illustration: Buchanan records the first semiannual interest payment and the bond discount on July 1, 2012 as follows. Buchanan amortizes the bond premium using the straight-line method. Interest expense 38,800 Premium on bonds payable 1,200 Interest payable 40,000Bond investors will pay the seller the interest accrued from the last interest payment date to the date of issue.On the next semiannual interest payment date, bond investors will receive the full six months’ interest payment.Valuation of BondsBonds Issued between Interest DatesLO 3 Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Illustration: on March 1, 2012, Taft Corporation issues 10-year bonds, dated January 1, 2012, with a par value of $800,000. These bonds have an annual interest rate of 6 percent, payable semiannually on January 1 and July 1. Taft records the bond issuance at par plus accrued interest as follows.LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Bonds Issued between Interest Dates Cash 808,000 Bonds payable 800,000 Interest expense ($800,000 x .06 x 2/12) 8,000On July 1, 2012, four months after the date of purchase, Taft pays the purchaser six months’ interest, by making the following entry.Bonds Issued between Interest Dates Interest expense 24,000 Cash 24,000LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.If, however, Taft issued the 6 percent bonds at 102, its March 1 entry would be:Bonds Issued between Interest Dates Cash 824,000 Bonds Payable 800,000 Premium on Bonds Payable ($800,000 x .02) 16,000 Interest Expense 8,000* [($800,000 x 1.02) + ($800,000 x .06 x 2/12)]*LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-interest method produces a periodic interest expense equal to a constant percentage of the carrying value of the bonds.LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest MethodIllustration 14-3LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest MethodBonds Issued at a DiscountIllustration 14-4Illustration: Evermaster Corporation issued $100,000 of 8% term bonds on January 1, 2012, due on January 1, 2017, with interest payable each July 1 and January 1. Investors require an effective-interest rate of 10%. Calculate the bond proceeds.LO 4Effective-Interest MethodIllustration 14-5Effective-Interest MethodJournal entry on date of issue, Jan. 1, 2012. Cash 92,278 Discount on bonds payable 7,722 Bonds payable 100,000Illustration 14-5LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.LO 4Effective-Interest Method Interest expense 4,614 Discount on bonds payable 614 Cash 4,000Journal entry to record first payment and amortization of the discount on July 1, 2012. Illustration 14-5LO 4Effective-Interest MethodJournal entry to record accrued interest and amortization of the discount on Dec. 31, 2012. Interest expense 4,645 Interest payable 4,000 Discount on bonds payable 645Illustration 14-5Illustration: Evermaster Corporation issued $100,000 of 8% term bonds on January 1, 2012, due on January 1, 2017, with interest payable each July 1 and January 1. Investors require an effective-interest rate of 6%. Calculate the bond proceeds.LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest MethodBonds Issued at a PremiumIllustration 14-6LO 4Effective-Interest MethodIllustration 14-7Effective-Interest MethodJournal entry on date of issue, Jan. 1, 2012. Cash 108,530 Premium on bonds payable 8,530 Bonds payable 100,000Illustration 14-7LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.LO 4Effective-Interest Method Interest expense 3,256 Premium on bonds payable 744 Cash 4,000Journal entry to record first payment and amortization of the premium on July 1, 2012. Illustration 14-7What happens if Evermaster prepares financial statements at the end of February 2012? In this case, the company prorates the premium by the appropriate number of months to arrive at the proper interest expense, as follows.LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest MethodAccrued InterestIllustration 14-8Evermaster records this accrual as follows.LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest MethodAccrued Interest Interest expense 1,085.33 Premium on bonds payable 248.00 Interest payable 1,333.33Illustration 14-8Companies report bond discounts and bond premiums as a direct deduction from or addition to the face amount of the bond.LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest MethodClassification of Discount and PremiumUnamortized bond issue costs are treated as a deferred charge and amortized over the life of the debt.LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest MethodCost of Issuing BondsIllustration: Microchip Corporation sold $20,000,000 of 10-year debenture bonds for $20,795,000 on January 1, 2012 (also the date of the bonds). Costs of issuing the bonds were $245,000. Microchip records the issuance of the bonds and amortization of the bond issue costs as follows.Jan. 1, 2012LO 4 Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Effective-Interest Method Cash 20,550,000 Unamortized bond issue costs 245,000 Premium on bonds payable 795,000 Bonds payable 20,000,000Illustration: Microchip Corporation sold $20,000,000 of 10-year debenture bonds for $20,795,000 on January 1, 2012 (also the date of the bonds). Costs of issuing the bonds were $245,000. Dec. 1, 2012 Bond issue expense 24,500 Unamortized bond issue costs 24,500Illustration: On January 1, 2005, General Bell Corp. issued at 97 bonds with a par value of $800,000, due in 20 years. It incurred bond issue costs totaling $16,000. Eight years after the issue date, General Bell calls the entire issue at 101 and cancels it. General Bell computes the loss on redemption (extinguishment).Extinguishment of DebtIllustration 14-10LO 5 Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of debt.Extinguishment of DebtBonds payable 800,000Loss on redemption of bonds 32,000 Discount on bonds payable 14,400 Unamortized bond issue costs 9,600 Cash 808,000General Bell records the reacquisition and cancellation of the bonds as follows:LO 5 Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of debt.Long-Term Notes PayableAccounting is Similar to BondsA note is valued at the present value of its future interest and principal cash flows. Company amortizes any discount or premium over the life of the note.LO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.BE14-12: Coldwell, Inc. issued a $100,000, 4-year, 10% note at face value to Flint Hills Bank on January 1, 2013, and received $100,000 cash. The note requires annual interest payments each December 31. Prepare Coldwell’s journal entries to record (a) the issuance of the note and (b) the December 31 interest payment.Notes Issued at Face Value(a) Cash 100,000 Notes payable 100,000(b) Interest expense 10,000 Cash 10,000 ($100,000 x 10% = $10,000) LO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Notes Not Issued at Face ValueIssuing company records the difference between the face amount and the present value (cash received) as a discount and amortizes that amount to interest expense over the life of the note.LO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Zero-Interest-Bearing NotesBE14-13: Samson Corporation issued a 4-year, $75,000, zero-interest-bearing note to Brown Company on January 1, 2013, and received cash of $47,663. The implicit interest rate is 12%. Prepare Samson’s journal entries for (a) the Jan. 1 issuance and (b) the Dec. 31 recognition of interest.LO 6Zero-Interest-Bearing NotesLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Zero-Interest-Bearing NotesBE14-13: Samson Corporation issued a 4-year, $75,000, zero-interest-bearing note to Brown Company on January 1, 2013, and received cash of $47,663. The implicit interest rate is 12%. Prepare Samson’s journal entries for (a) the Jan. 1 issuance and (b) the Dec. 31 recognition of interest.Cash 47,664Discount on Notes Payable 27,336 Notes Payable 75,000(a)Interest expense 5,720 Discount on Notes Payable 5,720(b)Interest-Bearing NotesBE14-14: McCormick Corporation issued a 4-year, $40,000, 5% note to Greenbush Company on Jan. 1, 2013, and received a computer that normally sells for $31,495. The note requires annual interest payments each Dec. 31. The market rate of interest is 12%. Prepare McCormick’s journal entries for (a) the Jan. 1 issuance and (b) the Dec. 31 interest.LO 6Interest-Bearing Notes(a) Computer 31,495 Discount on notes payable 8,505 Notes payable 40,000Interest expense 3,779 Cash 2,000 Discount on notes payable 1,779Notes Issued for Property, Goods, or ServicesSpecial Notes Payable SituationsLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.No interest rate is stated, orThe stated interest rate is unreasonable, orThe face amount is materially different from the current cash price for the same or similar items or from the current fair value of the debt instrument.When exchanging the debt instrument for property, goods, or services in a bargained transaction, the stated interest rate is presumed to be fair unless:If a company cannot determine the fair value of the property, goods, services, or other rights, and if the note has no ready market, the company must approximate an applicable interest rate.Special Notes Payable SituationsLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Choice of rate is affected by:Prevailing rates for similar instruments. Factors such as restrictive covenants, collateral, payment schedule, and the existing prime interest rate.Choice of Interest RatesSpecial Notes Payable SituationsLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Illustration: On December 31, 2012, Wunderlich Company issued a promissory note to Brown Interiors Company for architectural services. The note has a face value of $550,000, a due date of December 31, 2017, and bears a stated interest rate of 2 percent, payable at the end of each year. Wunderlich cannot readily determine the fair value of the architectural services, nor is the note readily marketable. On the basis of Wunderlich’s credit rating, the absence of collateral, the prime interest rate at that date, and the prevailing interest on Wunderlich’s other outstanding debt, the company imputes an 8 percent interest rate as appropriate in this circumstance.Special Notes Payable SituationsLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Illustration 14-15Illustration 14-16Special Notes Payable SituationsLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Wunderlich records issuance of the note on Dec. 31, 2012, in payment for the architectural services as follows.Building (or Construction in Process) 418,239Discount on notes payable 131,761 Notes Payable 550,000Special Notes Payable SituationsLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Illustration 14-20Payment of first year’s interest and amortization of the discount.Interest expense 33,459 Discount on notes payable 22,459 Cash 11,000A promissory note secured by a document called a mortgage that pledges title to property as security for the loan.Mortgage Notes PayableLO 6 Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Most common form of long-term notes payable.Payable in full at maturity or in installments.Fixed-rate mortgage. Variable-rate mortgages.Fair Value OptionLO 7 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Companies have the option to record fair value in their accounts for most financial assets and liabilities, including bonds and notes payable. The FASB believes that fair value measurement for financial instruments, including financial liabilities, provides more relevant and understandable information than amortized cost.Fair Value OptionLO 7 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Non-current liabilities are recorded at fair value, with unrealized holding gains or losses reported as part of net income.Fair Value MeasurementIllustrations: Edmonds Company has issued $500,000 of 6 percent bonds at face value on May 1, 2012. Edmonds chooses the fair value option for these bonds. At December 31, 2012, the value of the bonds is now $480,000 because interest rates in the market have increased to 8 percent.Bonds Payable 20,000 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 20,000Off-balance-sheet financing is an attempt to borrow monies in such a way to prevent recording the obligations.Off-Balance-Sheet FinancingLO 8 Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Different Forms:Non-Consolidated SubsidiarySpecial Purpose Entity (SPE)Operating LeasesNote disclosures generally indicate the nature of the liabilities, maturity dates, interest rates, call provisions, conversion privileges, restrictions imposed by the creditors, and assets designated or pledged as security.Fair value of the debt should be discloses.Must disclose future payments for sinking fund requirements and maturity amounts of long-term debt during each of the next five years.LO 9 Indicate how to present and analyze long-term debt.Presentation and AnalysisPresentation of Long-Term DebtAnalysis of Long-Term DebtTwo ratios that provide information about debt-paying ability and long-run solvency are:Total debtTotal assets Debt to total assets =The higher the percentage of debt to total assets, the greater the risk that the company may be unable to meet its maturing obligations.1.Presentation and AnalysisLO 9 Indicate how to present and analyze long-term debt.Analysis of Long-Term DebtTwo ratios that provide information about debt-paying ability and long-run solvency are:Income before income taxes and interest expenseInterest expense Times interest earned =Indicates the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due.2.Presentation and AnalysisLO 9 Indicate how to present and analyze long-term debt.LO 9 Indicate how to present and analyze long-term debt.Illustration: Best Buy has total liabilities of $11,338 million, total assets of $18,302 million, interest expense of $94 million, income taxes of $802 million, and net income of $1,317 million. We compute Best Buy’s debt to total assets and times interest earned ratiosIllustration 14-21Presentation and AnalysisUsual Progression in Troubled-Debt SituationsIllustration 14A-1A troubled-debt restructuring involves one of two basic types of transactions:1. Settlement of debt at less than its carrying amount.2. Continuation of debt with a modification of terms.LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSSettlement of DebtCan involve either a transfer of noncash assets (real estate, receivables, or other assets) or the issuance of the debtor’s stock.Creditor should account for the noncash assets or equity interest received at their fair value.LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Transfer of Assets): American City Bank loaned $20,000,000 to Union Mortgage Company. Union Mortgage cannot meet its loan obligations. American City Bank agrees to accept from Union Mortgage real estate with a fair value of $16,000,000 in full settlement of the $20,000,000 loan obligation. The real estate has a carrying value of $21,000,000 on the books of Union Mortgage. American City Bank (creditor) records this transaction as follows.Land 16,000,000Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 4,000,000 Note Receivable from Union Mortgage 20,000,000LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Transfer of Assets): The bank records the real estate at fair value. Further, it makes a charge to the Allowancefor Doubtful Accounts to reflect the bad debt write-off.Union Mortgage (debtor) records this transaction as follows.Note Payable to American City Bank 20,000,000Loss on Disposal of Land 5,000,000 Land 21,000,000 Gain on Restructuring of Debt 4,000,000LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Granting an Equity Interest): American City Bank agrees to accept from Union Mortgage 320,000 shares of common stock ($10 par) that has a fair value of $16,000,000, in full settlement of the $20,000,000 loan obligation. American City Bank (creditor) records this transaction as follows.Investment 16,000,000Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 4,000,000 Note Receivable from Union Mortgage 20,000,000LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Granting an Equity Interest): It records the stock as an investment at the fair value at the date of restructure.Union Mortgage (debtor) records this transaction as follows.Note Payable to American City Bank 20,000,000 Common Stock 3,200,000 Additional Paid-in Capital 12,800,000 Gain on Restructuring of Debt 4,000,000LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSModification of TermsA debtor’s serious short-run cash flow problems will lead it to request one or a combination of the following modifications:Reduction of the stated interest rate.Extension of the maturity date of the face amount of the debt.Reduction of the face amount of the debt.Reduction or deferral of any accrued interest.LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Example 1—No Gain for Debtor): On December 31, 2011, Morgan National Bank enters into a debt restructuring agreement with Resorts Development Company, which is experiencing financial difficulties. The bank restructures a $10,500,000 loan receivable issued at par (interest paid to date) by:Reducing the principal obligation from $10,500,000 to $9,000,000;Extending the maturity date from December 31, 2011, to December 31, 2015; andReducing the interest rate from 12% to 8%.LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSSchedule Showing Reduction of Carrying Amount of NoteIllustration 14A-2Notes Payable 356,056Interest Expense 363,944 Cash 720,000Dec. 31, 2012LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSSchedule Showing Reduction of Carrying Amount of NoteNotes Payable 9,000,000 Cash 9,000,000Dec. 31, 2015LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration 14A-2Creditor CalculationsIllustration 14A-3Morgan National Bank (creditor)Morgan National Bank records bad debt expense as followsBad Debt Expense 2,593,428 Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 2,593,428LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSCreditor CalculationsIllustration 14A-4In subsequent periods, Morgan National Bank reports interest revenue based on the historical effective rate.Cash 720,000Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 228,789 Interest Revenue 948,789Dec. 10, 2012LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSCreditor CalculationsThe creditor makes a similar entry (except for different amounts debited to Allowance for Doubtful Accounts and credited to Interest Revenue) each year until maturity. Atmaturity, the company makes the following entry.Cash 9,000,000Allowance for Doubtful Accounts 1,500,000 Notes receivable 10,500,000Dec. 10, 2015LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Example 2—Gain for Debtor): Assume the facts in the previous example except that Morgan National Bank reduces the principal to $7,000,000 (and extends the maturity date to December 31, 2015, and reduces the interest from 12% to 8%). The total future cash flow is now $9,240,000 ($7,000,000 of principal plus $2,240,000 of interest), which is $1,260,000 ($10,500,000 $9,240,000) less than the pre-restructure carrying amount of $10,500,000. Under these circumstances, Resorts Development (debtor) reduces the carrying amount of its payable $1,260,000 and records a gain of $1,260,000. On the other hand, Morgan National Bank (creditor) debits its Bad Debt Expense for $4,350,444.LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Example 2—Gain for Debtor): Morgan National Bank (creditor) debits its Bad Debt Expense for $4,350,444.Illustration 14A-5Illustration 14A-6LO 10APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Example 2—Gain for Debtor): Morgan National reports interest revenue the same as the previous example—Illustration 14A-7LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSIllustration (Example 2—Gain for Debtor): Accounting for periodic interest payments and final principal payment.Illustration 14A-8LO 10 Describe the accounting for a debt restructuring.APPENDIX 14ATROUBLED-DEBT RESTRUCTURINGSRELEVANT FACTSUnder GAAP, companies are permitted to use the straight-line method of amortization for bond discount or premium, provided that the amount recorded is not materially different than that resulting from effective-interest amortization. However, the effective-interest method is preferred and is generally used. Under IFRS, companies must use the effective-interest method. Under IFRS, companies do not use premium or discount accounts but instead show the bond at its net amount. For example, if a $100,000 bond was issued at 97, under IFRS a company would record: Cash 97,000 Bonds Payable 97,000RELEVANT FACTSUnder GAAP, bond issue costs are recorded as an asset. Under IFRS, bond issue costs are netted against the carrying amount of the bonds.GAAP uses the term troubled-debt restructurings and has developed specific guidelines related to that category of loans. IFRS generally assumes that all restructurings will be accounted for as extinguishments of debt.Under IFRS, bond issuance costs, including the printing costs and legal fees associated with the issuance, should be:expensed in the period when the debt is issued.recorded as a reduction in the carrying value of bonds payable.accumulated in a deferred charges account and amortized over the life of the bonds.reported as an expenses in the period the bonds mature or are retired.IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTIONWhich of the following is stated correctly?Current liabilities follow non-current liabilities on the statement of financial position under GAAP but follow current liabilities under IFRS.IFRS does not treat debt modifications as extinguishments of debt.Bond issuance costs are recorded as a reduction of the carrying value of the debt under GAAP but are recorded as an asset and amortized to expense over the term of the debt under IFRS.Under GAAP, bonds payable is recorded at the face amount and any premium or discount is recorded in a separate account. Under IFRS, bonds payable is recorded at the carrying value so no separate premium or discount accounts are used.IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTIONCopyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.Copyright