Kế toán, kiểm toán - Chương 16: Dilutive securities and earnings per share

Volume 2 H A P T E R 16DILUTIVE SECURITIES AND EARNINGS PER SHAREIntermediate AccountingIFRS EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Explain the accounting for convertible preferred stock.Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Discuss the controversy involving share compensation plans.Compute earnings per share in a simple capital structure.Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Learning ObjectivesDebt and equityConvertible debtConvertible preference sharesShare warrantsAccounting for share compensationDilutive Securities and Compensation PlansComputing Earnings Per ShareSimple capital structureComplex capital structureDilutive Securities and Earnings Per ShareDebt and EquityShare OptionsConvertible SecuritiesPreference SharesShould companies report these instruments as a liability or equity.(at the holder’s option)Benefit of a Bond (guaranteed interest and principal)Privilege of Exchanging it for SharesBonds which can be changed into other corporate securities are called convertible bonds.+Convertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Desire to raise equity capital without giving up more ownership control than necessary.Obtain common stock financing at cheaper rates.Two main reasons corporations issue convertibles:Convertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Convertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Convertible debt is accounted for as a compound instrument. Companies use the “with-and-without” method to value compound instruments.Accounting for Convertible DebtIllustration 16-1Convertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Implementation of the with-and-without approach:First, determine total fair value of convertible debt with both liability and equity component.Second, determine liability component by computing net present value of all contractual future cash flows discounted at the market rate of interest.Finally, subtract liability component estimated in second step from fair value of convertible debt (issue proceeds) to arrive at the equity component. Accounting for Convertible DebtAt Time of IssuanceConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Illustration: Roche Group (DEU) issues 2,000 convertible bonds at the beginning of 2011. The bonds have a four-year term with a stated rate of interest of 6 percent, and are issued at par with a face value of €1,000 per bond (the total proceeds received from issuance of the bonds are €2,000,000). Interest is payable annually at December 31. Each bond is convertible into 250 ordinary shares with a par value of €1. The market rate of interest on similar non-convertible debt is 9 percent.At Time of IssuanceConvertible DebtLO 1Illustration 16-2Illustration 16-3Illustration 16-4At Time of IssuanceConvertible DebtLO 1Illustration 16-3Illustration 16-4Cash 2,000,000 Bonds Payable 1,805,606 Share Premium—Conversion Equity 194,394Journal EntrySettlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Repurchase at Maturity. If the bonds are not converted at maturity, Roche makes the following entry to pay off the convertible debtholders.Bonds Payable 2,000,000 Cash 2,000,000NOTE: The amount originally allocated to equity of €194,384 either remains in the Share Premium—Conversion Equity account or is transferred to the Share Premium—Ordinary account.Settlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Conversion of Bonds at Maturity. If the bonds are converted at maturity, Roche makes the following entry.Share Premium—Conversion Equity 194,394Bonds Payable 2,000,000 Share Capital—Ordinary 500,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 1,694,394NOTE: The amount originally allocated to equity of €194,384 is transferred to the Share Premium—Ordinary account.Settlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Conversion of Bonds before Maturity. Illustration 16-5Settlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Conversion of Bonds before Maturity. Assuming that Roche converts its bonds into ordinary shares on December 31, 2012. Share Premium—Conversion Equity 194,394Bonds Payable 1,894,441 Share Capital—Ordinary 500,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 1,588,835NOTE: The amount originally allocated to equity of €194,384 is transferred to the Share Premium—Ordinary account.Settlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Repurchase before Maturity. Roche determines the fair value of the liability component of the convertible bonds at December 31, 2012, and then subtracts the fair value of the convertible bond issue (including the equity component). Then,The difference between the consideration allocated to the liability component and the carrying amount of the liability is recognized as a gain or loss, andThe amount of consideration relating to the equity component is recognized (as a reduction) in equity. Settlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Repurchase before Maturity. Assume:Fair value of the convertible debt (including both liability and equity components), based on market prices at December 31, 2012, is €1,965,000.The fair value of the liability component is €1,904,900. This amount is based on computing the present value of a non-convertible bond with a two-year term (which corresponds to the shortened time to maturity of the repurchased bonds.)Settlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.First, determine the gain or loss on debt repurchase.Illustration 16-6Illustration 16-7Next, determine any adjustment to the equity.Illustration 16-6 & 7Settlement of Convertible BondsConvertible DebtLO 1Bonds Payable 1,894,441Share Premium—Conversion Equity 60,100Loss on Repurchase 10,459 Cash 1,965,000Journal EntryIssuer wishes to encourage prompt conversion.Issuer offers additional consideration, called a “sweetener.”Sweetener is an expense of the period.Convertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Induced ConversionConvertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Induced ConversionIllustration: Helloid, Inc. has outstanding $1,000,000 par value convertible debentures convertible into 100,000 ordinary shares ($1 par value). When issued, Helloid recorded Share Premium—Conversions Equity of $15,000. Helloid wishes to reduce its annual interest cost. To do so, Helloid agrees to pay the holders of its convertible debentures an additional $80,000 if they will convert. Assuming conversion occurs, Helloid makes the following entry.Convertible DebtLO 1 Describe the accounting for the issuance, conversion, and retirement of convertible securities.Induced ConversionIllustration: Helloid makes the following entry.Conversion Expense 65,000Share Premium—Conversion Equity 15,000Bonds Payable 1,000,000 Share Capital—Ordinary 100,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 900,000 Cash 80,000Convertible preference shares are reported as part of equity.When preference shares are converted or repurchased, there is no gain or loss recognized.Convertible Preference SharesLO 2 Explain the accounting for convertible preference shares.Convertible preference shares include an option for the holder to convert preference shares into a fixed number of ordinary shares.Convertible Preference SharesLO 2 Explain the accounting for convertible preference shares.Illustration: Morse Company issues 1,000 convertible preference shares that have a par value of €1 per share. The shares were issued at a price of €200 per share. The journal entry to record this transaction is as follows.Cash (1,000 x €200) 200,000 Share Capital—Preference (1,000 x €1) 1,000 Share Premium—Conversion Equity 199,000Convertible Preference SharesLO 2 Explain the accounting for convertible preference shares.Illustration: If we assume that each share is subsequently converted into 25 each ordinary shares (€2 par value) that have a fair value of €410,000, the journal entry to record the conversion is as follows.Share Capital—Preference 1,000Share Premium—Conversion Equity 199,000 Share Capital—Ordinary (1,000 x 25 x €2) 50,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 150,000Convertible Preference SharesLO 2 Explain the accounting for convertible preference shares.Illustration: If the convertible preference shares are repurchased instead of converted, Morse makes the following entry.Share Capital—Preference 1,000Share Premium—Conversion Equity 199,000Retained Earnings 210,000 Cash 410,000Any excess paid above the book value of the convertible preference shares is often debited to Retained Earnings.Share WarrantsLO 3 Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.Warrants are certificates entitling the holder to acquire shares at a certain price within a stated period. Normally arises under three situations:To make the security more attractive.Existing shareholders have a preemptive right to purchase ordinary shares.To executives and employees as a form of compensation.Share Warrants Issued with Other SecuritiesShare WarrantsWarrants issued with other securities are basically long-term options to buy ordinary shares at a fixed price. Generally, the life of warrants is five years, occasionally 10 years.Company should use the with-and-without method to allocate the proceeds between the two components.LO 3 Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.Share WarrantsIllustration: At one time, AT&T (USA) issued bonds with detachable five-year warrants to buy one ordinary share (par value $5) at $25. At the time, an ordinary share of AT&T was selling for approximately $50. These warrants enabled AT&T to price its bond offering at par with an 83⁄4 percent yield (quite a bit lower than prevailing rates at that time). AT&T was able to sell the bonds plus the warrants for $10,200,000. To account for the proceeds from this sale, AT&T uses the with-and-without method. Using this approach, AT&T determines the present value of the future cash flows related to the bonds, which is $9,707,852.LO 3 Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.Share WarrantsIllustration: Using this approach, AT&T determines the present value of the future cash flows related to the bonds, which is $9,707,852.LO 3Illustration 16-8Journal EntryCash 9,705,882 Bonds Payable 9,705,882Cash 492,148 Share Premium-Share Warrants 492,148Share WarrantsIllustration: Assuming investors exercise all 10,000 warrants (one warrant per one ordinary share), AT&T makes the following entry.Cash (10,000 x $25) 250,000Share Premium—Share Warrants 492,148 Share Capital—Ordinary (10,000 x $5) 50,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 692,148What if investors fail to exercise the warrants?LO 3 Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.Rights to Subscribe to Additional SharesShare WarrantsShare Rights - existing stockholders have the right (preemptive privilege) to purchase newly issued shares in proportion to their holdings.Price is normally less than current market value.Companies make only a memorandum entry.LO 3 Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.Share Option - gives key employees option to purchase ordinary shares at a given price over extended period of time.Effective compensation programs are ones that: base compensation on performancemotivate employees, help retain executives and recruit new talent,maximize employee’s after-tax benefit, and use performance criteria over which employee has control. Share Compensation PlansShare WarrantsLO 3 Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.The Major Reporting IssueNew IASB guidelines requires companies to recognize compensation cost using the fair-value method.Under the fair-value method, companies use acceptable option-pricing models to value the options at the date of grant.Share WarrantsLO 3 Contrast the accounting for share warrants and for share warrants issued with other securities.Two main accounting issues:How to determine compensation expense. Over what periods to allocate compensation expense.LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationShare Option PlansDetermining ExpenseCompensation expense based on the fair value of the options expected to vest on the date the options are granted to the employee(s) (i.e., the grant date).Allocating Compensation ExpenseOver the periods in which employees perform the service—the service period.LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Illustration: On November 1, 2010, the shareholders of Chen Company approve a plan that grants the company’s five executives options to purchase 2,000 shares each of the company’s ¥100 par value ordinary shares. The company grants the options on January 1, 2011. The executives may exercise the options at any time within the next 10 years. The option price per share is ¥6,000, and the market price of the shares at the date of grant is ¥7,000 per share. Under the fair value method, the company computes total compensation expense by applying an acceptable fair value option-pricing model. The fair value option-pricing model determines Chen’s total compensation expense to be ¥22,000,000.Accounting for Share CompensationLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Illustration: Assume that the expected period of benefit is two years, starting with the grant date. Chen would record the transactions related to this option contract as follows.Compensation Expense 11,000,000 Share Premium—Share Options 11,000,000Dec. 31, 2011(¥22,000,000 x 2)**Compensation Expense 11,000,000 Share Premium—Share Options 11,000,000Dec. 31, 2012Accounting for Share CompensationLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Exercise. If Chen’s executives exercise 2,000 of the 10,000 options (20 percent of the options) on June 1, 2014 (three years and five months after date of grant), the company records the following journal entry.Cash (2,000 x ¥6,000) 12,000,000Share Premium—Share Options 4,400,000 Share Capital—Ordinary (2,000 x ¥100) 200,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 16,200,000June 1, 2014Accounting for Share CompensationLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Expiration. If Chen’s executives fail to exercise the remaining share options before their expiration date, the company records the following at the date of expiration.Share Premium—Share Options 17,600,000 Share Premium—Expired Share Options 17,600,000Jan. 1, 2021(¥22,000,000 x 80%)**Accounting for Share CompensationLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Adjustment. Once the total compensation is measured at the date of grant, can it be changed in future periods? Depends on whether the adjustment is caused by a service or market condition. Accounting for Share CompensationRestricted StockTransfer shares of stock to employees, subject to an agreement that the shares cannot be sold, transferred, or pledged until vesting occurs.Major Advantages:Never becomes completely worthless.Generally results in less dilution to existing stockholders.Better aligns employee incentives with company incentives.Accounting for Share CompensationLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationIllustration: On January 1, 2011, Ogden Company issues 1,000 shares of restricted stock to its CEO, Christie DeGeorge. Ogden’s stock has a fair value of $20 per share on January 1, 2011. Additional information is as follows.The service period related to the restricted stock is five years.Vesting occurs if DeGeorge stays with the company for a five-year period.The par value of the stock is $1 per share.Ogden makes the following entry on the grant date (January 1, 2011).LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationUnearned Compensation 20,000 Share Capital--Ordinary (1,000 x $1) 1,000 Share Premium--Ordinary (1,000 x $19) 19,000Unearned Compensation represents the cost of services yet to be performed, which is not an asset. Unearned Compensation is reported as a component of stockholders’ equity in the balance sheet.Illustration: Ogden makes the following entry on the grant date (January 1, 2011).LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationCompensation expense 4,000 Unearned compensation 4,000Ogden records compensation expense of $4,000 for each of the next four years (2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014).Illustration: Record the journal entry at December 31, 2011, Ogden records compensation expense.LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationShare Capital--Ordinary 1,000Share Premium--Ordinary 19,000 Compensation Expense ($4,000 x 2) 8,000 Unearned Compensation 12,000Illustration: Assume that DeGeorge leaves on February 3, 2013 (before any expense has been recorded during 2013). The entry to record this forfeiture is as followsLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Employee Stock-Purchase Plans (ESPPs)Generally permit all employees to purchase stock at a discounted price for a short period of time. Considered compensatory and should be recorded as expense over the service period.Accounting for Share CompensationLO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationIllustration: Masthead Company offers all its 1,000 employees the opportunity to participate in an employee share-purchase plan. Under the terms of the plan, the employees are entitled to purchase 100 ordinary shares (par value £1 per share) at a 20 percent discount. The purchase price must be paid immediately upon acceptance of the offer. In total, 800 employees accept the offer, and each employee purchases on average 80 shares. That is, the employees purchase a total of 64,000 shares. The weighted-average market price of the shares at the purchase date is £30 per share, and the weighted-average purchase price is £24 per share. The entry to record this transaction is as follows.LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationIllustration: The entry to record this transaction is as follows.Cash (64,000 x £24) 1,536,000Compensation Expense [64,000 x (£30 - £24)] 384,000 Share Capital—Ordinary (64,000 x £1) 64,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 1,856,000The IASB indicates that there is no reason to treat broad-based employee share plans differently from other employee share plans.LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Disclosure of Compensation PlansAccounting for Share CompensationCompany with one or more share-based payment arrangements must disclose:Nature and extent of share-based payment arrangements that existed during the period.How the fair value of the goods and services received, or the fair value of the equity instruments granted during the period, was determined.Effect of share-based payment transactions on the company’s net income (loss) during the period and on its financial position. LO 4 Describe the accounting for share compensation plans.Debate over Stock Option AccountingThe IASB faced considerable opposition when it proposed the fair value method for accounting for share options. This is not surprising, given that the fair value method results in greater compensation costs relative to the intrinsic-value model.Transparent financial reporting—including recognition of share-based expense—should not be criticized because companies will report lower income.If we write standards to achieve some social, economic, or public policy goal, financial reporting loses its credibility.LO 5 Discuss the controversy involving share compensation plans.Accounting for Share CompensationEarnings per share indicates the income earned by each ordinary share.Companies report earnings per share only for ordinary shares.When the income statement contains discontinued operations, companies are required to report earnings per share from continuing operations and net income on the face of the income statement.Computing Earnings Per ShareIllustration 16-12LO 6 Compute earnings per share in a simple capital structure.Simple Structure--Only ordinary shares; no potentially dilutive securities.Complex Structure--Potentially dilutive securities are present.“Dilutive” means the ability to influence the EPS in a downward direction.EPS Simple Capital StructureLO 6 Compute earnings per share in a simple capital structure.Preferred Stock DividendsSubtracts the current-year preference share dividend from net income to arrive at income available to ordinary shareholders.Illustration 16-13Preference dividends are subtracted on cumulative preference shares, whether declared or not. EPS Simple Capital StructureLO 6 Compute earnings per share in a simple capital structure.Weighted-Average Number of SharesCompanies must weight the shares by the fraction of the period they are outstanding.When share dividends or share splits occur, companies need to restate the shares outstanding before the share dividend or split.EPS Simple Capital StructureLO 6 Compute earnings per share in a simple capital structure.Illustration: Sabrina Company has the following changes in its ordinary shares during the year.Illustration 16-16Compute the weighted-average number of shares outstanding for Sabrina Company.EPS Simple Capital StructureLO 6 Compute earnings per share in a simple capital structure.Illustration 16-16Illustration 16-17EPS Simple Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Complex Capital Structure exists when a business hasconvertible securities, options, warrants, or other rights that upon conversion or exercise could dilute earnings per share. Company reports both basic and diluted earnings per share.EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Diluted EPS includes the effect of all potential dilutive ordinary shares that were outstanding during the period.Companies will not report diluted EPS if the securities in their capital structure are antidilutive.Illustration 16-22EPS Complex Capital StructureDiluted EPS – Convertible SecuritiesMeasure the dilutive effects of potential conversion on EPS using the if-converted method.This method for a convertible bond assumes: the conversion at the beginning of the period (or at the time of issuance of the security, if issued during the period), and the elimination of related interest, net of tax.LO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Illustration: Mayfield Corporation has net income of $210,000 for the year and a weighted-average number of ordinary shares outstanding during the period of 100,000 shares. The company has two convertible debenture bond issues outstanding. One is a 6 percent issue sold at 100 (total $1,000,000) in a prior year and convertible into 20,000 ordinary shares. Interest expense for the current year related to the liability component of this convertible bond is $62,000. The other is a 7 percent issue sold at 100 (total $1,000,000) on April 1 of the current year and convertible into 32,000 ordinary shares. Interest expense for the current year related to the liability component of this convertible bond is $80,000. The tax rate is 40 percent.EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Net income = $210,000Weighted-average shares = 100,000=$2.10Basic EPSEPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.When calculating Diluted EPS, begin with Basis EPS.$210,000100,000=+$62,000 x (1 - .40)20,000Basic EPS = 2.10Effect on EPS = 1.86+++$80,000 x (1 - .40) x 9/1224,000Effect on EPS = 1.50Diluted EPS = $1.976% Debentures7% DebenturesBasic EPSEPS Complex Capital StructureDiluted EPS – Convertible SecuritiesOther FactorsLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.The conversion rate on a dilutive security may change during the period in which the security is outstanding. In this situation, the company uses the most dilutive conversion rate available.For Convertible Preference Shares the company does not subtract preference dividends from net income in computing the numerator. Why not? Because for purposes of computing EPS, it assumes conversion of the convertible preference shares to outstanding ordinary shares.EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.E16-26 (EPS with Preference Shares) On January 1, 2010, Lindsey Company issued $1,000,000 of 6% cumulative convertible preference shares were issued instead of the bonds. Each $100 preference share is convertible into 5 ordinary shares of Lindsey. Lindsey’s net income in 2011 was $240,000, and its tax rate was 40%. The company had 100,000 ordinary shares outstanding throughout 2010. Instructions: Compute diluted earnings per share for 2010.EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.E16-26 (a) Compute diluted earnings per share for 2010.When calculating Diluted EPS, begin with Basis EPS.Net income $240,000 – Pfd. Div. $60,000*Weighted-average shares = 100,000=$1.80Basic EPS* $1,000,000 x 6% = $60,000 dividendEPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.When calculating Diluted EPS, begin with Basis EPS.100,000=$1.60Diluted EPS$60,000Basic EPS = 1.80=Effect on EPS = 1.20E16-26 (a) Compute diluted earnings per share for 2010.$240,000 – $60,00050,000*$240,000150,000*(10,000 x 5)++EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.100,000=$1.80Diluted EPS$60,000Basic EPS = 1.80=Effect on EPS = 2.00E16-26 (variation): Assume each share of preferred is convertible into 3 shares of common stock.$240,000 – $60,00030,000*$180,000100,000*(10,000 x 3)++AntidilutiveBasic = Diluted EPSEPS Complex Capital StructureDiluted EPS – Options and WarrantsMeasure the dilutive effects of potential conversion using the treasury-share method.This method assumes: company exercises the options or warrants at the beginning of the year (or date of issue if later), and that it uses those proceeds to purchase ordinary shares for the treasury.LO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.EPS Complex Capital StructureIllustration: Kubitz Industries, Inc. has net income for the period of $220,000. The average number of shares outstanding for the period was 100,000 shares. Hence, basic EPS—ignoring all dilutive securities—is $2.20. The average number of shares related to options outstanding (although not exercisable at this time), at an option price of $20 per share, is 5,000 shares. The average market price of the ordinary shares during the year was $28. Compute EPS using the treasury-share method.LO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Illustration 16-27EPS Complex Capital StructureContingent Issue AgreementContingent shares are issued as a result of the: passage of time or attainment of a certain earnings or market price level.LO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Antidilution RevisitedIgnore antidilutive securities in all calculations and in computing diluted earnings per share.EPS Complex Capital StructureEPS Presentation and DisclosureA company should show per share amounts for: Income from continuing operations, Discontinued operations, and Net income.Per share amounts for a discontinued operation should be presented on the face of the income statement or in the notes.LO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.EPS Complex Capital StructureLO 7 Compute earnings per share in a complex capital structure.Summary of EPS ComputationIllustration 16-32LO 7Illustration 16-33Summary of EPS ComputationUnder U.S. GAAP, all of the proceeds of convertible debt are recorded as long-term debt unless settlement is in cash. Under IFRS, convertible bonds are “split”—separated into the equity component (the value of the conversion option) of the bond issue and the debt component. Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS follow the same model for recognizing share-based compensation: The fair value of shares and options awarded to employees is recognized over the period to which the employees’ services relateAlthough the calculation of basic and diluted earnings per share is similar between U.S. GAAP and IFRS, the Boards are working to resolve the few minor differences in EPS reporting. One proposal in the FASB project concerns contracts that can be settled in either cash or shares. IFRS requires that share settlement must be used, while U.S. GAAP gives companies a choice. The FASB project proposes adopting the IFRS approach, thus converging U.S. GAAP and IFRS in this regard.Related to employee share-purchase plans, under IFRS all employee purchase plans are deemed to be compensatory; that is, compensation expense is recorded for the amount of the discount. Under U.S. GAAP, these plans are often considered non-compensatory and therefore no compensation is recorded. Certain conditions must exist before a plan can be considered non-compensatory—the most important being that the discount generally cannot exceed 5%. Modification of a share option results in the recognition of any incremental fair value under both IFRS and U.S. GAAP. However, if the modification leads to a reduction, IFRS does not permit the reduction but U.S. GAAP doesStock-Appreciation Rights (SARs):The company gives an executive the right to receive compensation equal to the share appreciation. Share appreciation is the excess of the market price of the stock at the date of exercise over a pre-established price. The company may pay the share appreciation in cash, shares, or a combination of both.The accounting for stock-appreciation rights depends on whether the company classifies the rights as equity or as a liability.LO 8 Explain the accounting for share-appreciation rights plans.LO 8 Explain the accounting for share-appreciation rights plans.SARS— Share-Based Equity AwardsCompanies classify SARs as equity awards if at the date of exercise, the holder receives shares of stock from the company upon exercise. Holder receives shares in an amount equal to the share-price appreciation (the difference between the market price and the pre-established price). At the date of grant, the company determines a fair value for the SAR and then allocates this amount to compensation expense over the service period of the employees.SARS— Share-Based Liability AwardsCompanies classify SARs as liability awards if at the date of exercise, the holder receives a cash payment. Accounting:Measure the fair value of the award at the grant date and accrue compensation over the service period.Remeasure the fair value each reporting period, until the award is settled; adjust the compensation cost each period for changes in fair value pro-rated for the portion of the service period completed.Once the service period is completed, determine compensation expense each subsequent period by reporting the full change in market price as an adjustment to compensation expense.LO 8 Explain the accounting for share-appreciation rights plans.Illustration: Brazil Hotels, Inc. establishes a share-appreciation rights plan on January 1, 2011. The plan entitles executives to receive cash at the date of exercise for the difference between the market price of the stock and the pre-established price of $10 on 10,000 SARs. The fair value of the SARs on December 31, 2011, is $3, and the service period runs for two years (2011–2012).Illustration 16A-1 indicates the amount of compensation expense to be recorded each period.LO 8 Explain the accounting for share-appreciation rights plans.Illustration 16-A1Brazil Hotels records compensation expense in the first year as follows.Compensation Expense 15,000 Liability under Share-Appreciation Plan 15,000LO 8 Explain the accounting for share-appreciation rights plans.In 2012, when it records negative compensation expense, Brazil would debit the account for $20,000. The entry to record the negative compensation expense is as follows.Liability under Share-Appreciation Plan 20,000 Compensation Expense 20,000At December 31, 2013, the executives receive $50,000. Brazil would remove the liability with the following entry.Liability under Share-Appreciation Plan 50,000 Cash 50,000LO 8 Explain the accounting for share-appreciation rights plans.LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.Illustration 16-B1Balance Sheet for Comprehensive IllustrationIllustration 16-B1LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.Balance Sheet for Comprehensive IllustrationIllustration 16-B2Computation of Earnings per Share—Simple Capital StructureLO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.Diluted Earnings Per ShareSteps for computing diluted earnings per share:Determine, for each dilutive security, the per share effect assuming exercise/conversion.Rank the results from step 1 from smallest to largest earnings effect per share. Beginning with the earnings per share based upon the weighted-average of ordinary shares outstanding, recalculate earnings per share by adding the smallest per share effects from step 2. Continue this process so long as each recalculated earnings per share is smaller than the previous amount. LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The first step is to determine a per share effect for each potentially dilutive security.Per Share Effect of Options (Treasury-Share Method), Diluted Earnings per ShareIllustration 16-B3LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The first step is to determine a per share effect for each potentially dilutive security.Per Share Effect of 8% Bonds (If-Converted Method), Diluted Earnings per ShareIllustration 16-B4LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The first step is to determine a per share effect for each potentially dilutive security.Per Share Effect of 10% Bonds (If-Converted Method), Diluted Earnings per ShareIllustration 16-B5LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The first step is to determine a per share effect for each potentially dilutive security.Per Share Effect of 10% Convertible Preference Shares (If-Converted Method), Diluted Earnings per ShareIllustration 16-B6LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The first step is to determine a per share effect for each potentially dilutive security.Ranking of per Share Effects (Smallest to Largest), Diluted Earnings per ShareIllustration 16-B7LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The next step is to determine earnings per share giving effect to the rankingRecomputation of EPS Using Incremental Effect of OptionsIllustration 16-B8LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The effect of the options is dilutive.The next step is to determine earnings per share giving effect to the rankingRecomputation of EPS Using Incremental Effect of 8% Convertible BondsIllustration 16-B9LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The effect of the 8% convertible bonds is dilutive.The next step is to determine earnings per share giving effect to the rankingRecomputation of EPS Using Incremental Effect of 10% Convertible BondsIllustration 16-B10LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The effect of the 10% convertible bonds is dilutive.The next step is to determine earnings per share giving effect to the rankingRecomputation of EPS Using Incremental Effect of 10% Convertible Preference SharesIllustration 16-B11LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The effect of the 10% convertible preference shares is NOT dilutive.Finally, Webster Corporation’s disclosure of earnings pershare on its income statement.Illustration 16-B12LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.The effect of the 10% convertible preference shares is NOT dilutive.Assume that Barton Company provides the following information.Illustration 16-B13LO 9 Compute earnings per share in a complex situation.Barton Company DataBasic and Diluted EPSIllustration 16-B14Illustration 16-B14Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 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