Kế toán, kiểm toán - Current liabilities, provisions, and contingencies

PREVIEW OF CHAPTERIntermediate AccountingIFRS 2nd EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield 13Explain the accounting for different types of provisions.Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose contingent liabilities and assets.Indicate how to present and analyze liability-related information.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Current Liabilities, Provisions, and Contingencies13LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Three essential characteristics:Present obligation.Arises from past events.Results in an outflow of resources (cash, goods, services).CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1A current liability is reported if one of two conditions exists: Liability is expected to be settled within its normal operating cycle; or Liability is expected to be settled within 12 months after the reporting date.The operating cycle is the period of time elapsing between the acquisition of goods and services and the final cash realization resulting from sales and subsequent collections.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Typical Current Liabilities:Accounts payable.Notes payable.Current maturities of long-term debt.Short-term obligations expected to be refinanced.Dividends payable.Customer advances and deposits.Unearned revenues.Sales and value-added taxes payable.Income taxes payable.Employee-related liabilities.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Accounts Payable (trade accounts payable)Balances owed to others for goods, supplies, or services purchased on open account.Time lag between the receipt of services or acquisition of title to assets and the payment for them. Terms of the sale (e.g., 2/10, n/30 or 1/10, E.O.M.) usually state period of extended credit, commonly 30 to 60 days.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Notes PayableWritten promises to pay a certain sum of money on a specified future date.Arise from purchases, financing, or other transactions.Notes classified as short-term or long-term.Notes may be interest-bearing or zero-interest-bearing.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Illustration: Castle National Bank agrees to lend €100,000 on March 1, 2015, to Landscape Co. if Landscape signs a €100,000, 6 percent, four-month note. Landscape records the cash received on March 1 as follows:Cash 100,000 Notes Payable 100,000Interest-Bearing Note IssuedCURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1If Landscape prepares financial statements semiannually, it makes the following adjusting entry to recognize interest expense and interest payable at June 30, 2015:Interest Expense 2,000 Interest Payable 2,000(€100,000 x 6% x 4/12) = €2,000Interest calculation =Interest-Bearing Note IssuedLO 1At maturity (July 1, 2016), Landscape records payment of the note and accrued interest as follows.Notes Payable 100,000Interest Payable 2,000 Cash 102,000Interest-Bearing Note IssuedLO 1Illustration: On March 1, Landscape issues a €102,000, four-month, zero-interest-bearing note to Castle National Bank. The present value of the note is €100,000. Landscape records this transaction as follows.Cash 100,000 Notes Payable 100,000Zero-Interest-Bearing Note IssuedCURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1If Landscape prepares financial statements semiannually, it makes the following adjusting entry to recognize interest expense and the increase in the note payable of €2,000 at June 30.Interest Expense 2,000 Notes Payable 2,000At maturity (July 1), Landscape must pay the note, as follows.Notes Payable 102,000 Cash 102,000Zero-Interest-Bearing Note IssuedLO 1E13-2: (Accounts and Notes Payable) The following are selected 2015 transactions of Darby Corporation.Sept. 1 - Purchased inventory from Orion Company on account for $50,000. Darby records purchases gross and uses a periodic inventory system.Oct. 1 - Issued a $50,000, 12-month, 8% note to Orion in payment of account.Oct. 1 - Borrowed $75,000 from the Shore Bank by signing a 12-month, zero-interest-bearing $81,000 note.Prepare journal entries for the selected transactions.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Sept. 1 - Purchased inventory from Orion Company on account for $50,000. Darby records purchases gross and uses a periodic inventory system.Sept. 1 Purchases 50,000 Accounts Payable 50,000CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Oct. 1 Accounts Payable 50,000 Notes Payable 50,000Interest calculation =Oct. 1 - Issued a $50,000, 12-month, 8% note to Orion in payment of account.Dec. 31 Interest Expense 1,000 Interest Payable 1,000($50,000 x 8% x 3/12) = $1,000CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Dec. 31 Interest Expense 1,500 Notes Payable 1,500Oct. 1 Cash 75,000 Notes Payable 75,000($6,000 x 3/12) = $1,500Oct. 1 - Borrowed $75,000 from the Shore Bank by signing a 12-month, zero-interest-bearing $81,000 note.Interest calculation =CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Portion of bonds, mortgage notes, and other long-term indebtedness that matures within the next fiscal year.Exclude long-term debts maturing currently if they are to be:Current Maturities of Long-Term DebtRetired by assets accumulated that have not been shown as current assets,Refinanced, or retired from the proceeds of a new debt issue, orConverted into ordinary shares.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 1Explain the accounting for different types of provisions.Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose contingent liabilities and assets.Indicate how to present and analyze liability-related information.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Current Liabilities, Provisions, and Contingencies13LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Short-Term Obligations Expected to Be RefinancedExclude from current liabilities if both of the following conditions are met:Must intend to refinance the obligation on a long-term basis.Must have an unconditional right to defer settlement of the liability for at least 12 months after the reporting date.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2E13-4 (Refinancing of Short-Term Debt): The CFO for Yong Corporation is discussing with the company’s chief executive officer issues related to the company’s short-term obligations. Presently, both the current ratio and the acid-test ratio for the company are quite low, and the chief executive officer is wondering if any of these short-term obligations could be reclassified as long-term. The financial reporting date is December 31, 2014. Two short-term obligations were discussed, and the following action was taken by the CFO.Instructions: Indicate how these transactions should be reported at Dec. 31, 2014, on Yongs’ statement of financial position.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2Short-Term Obligation A: Yong has a $50,000 short-term obligation due on March 1, 2015. The CFO discussed with its lender whether the payment could be extended to March 1, 2017, provided Yong agrees to provide additional collateral. An agreement is reached on February 1, 2015, to change the loan terms to extend the obligation’s maturity to March 1, 2017. The financial statements are authorized for issuance on April 1, 2015.Liability of $50,000Dec. 31, 2014Statement IssuanceApr. 1, 2015Liability due for paymentMar. 1, 2015Refinance completedFeb. 1, 2015CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2Current Liability of $50,000Dec. 31, 2015Since the agreement was not in place as of the reporting date (December 31, 2015), the obligation should be reported as a current liability.CURRENT LIABILITIESShort-Term Obligation A: Yong has a $50,000 short-term obligation due on March 1, 2015. The CFO discussed with its lender whether the payment could be extended to March 1, 2017, provided Yong agrees to provide additional collateral. An agreement is reached on February 1, 2015, to change the loan terms to extend the obligation’s maturity to March 1, 2017. The financial statements are authorized for issuance on April 1, 2015.LO 2Refinance completedDec. 18, 2014Statement IssuanceMar. 31, 2015Liability due for paymentFeb. 15, 2015Liability of $120,000Dec. 31, 2014CURRENT LIABILITIESShort-Term Obligation B: Yong also has another short-term obligation of $120,000 due on February 15, 2015. In its discussion with the lender, the lender agrees to extend the maturity date to February 1, 2016. The agreement is signed on December 18, 2014. The financial statements are authorized for issuance on March 31, 2015.LO 2Refinance completedDec. 18, 2014Non-Current Liability of $120,000Dec. 31, 2014Since the agreement was in place as of the reporting date (December 31, 2014), the obligation is reported as a non-current liability.CURRENT LIABILITIESShort-Term Obligation B: Yong also has another short-term obligation of $120,000 due on February 15, 2015. In its discussion with the lender, the lender agrees to extend the maturity date to February 1, 2016. The agreement is signed on December 18, 2014. The financial statements are authorized for issuance on March 31, 2015.LO 2Dividends PayableAmount owed by a corporation to its stockholders as a result of board of directors’ authorization.Generally paid within three months.Undeclared dividends on cumulative preference shares not recognized as a liability.Dividends payable in the form of additional shares are not recognized as a liability. Reported in equity.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2Customer Advances and DepositsReturnable cash deposits received from customers and employees.May be classified as current or non-current liabilities.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2Payment received before providing goods or performing services.Unearned RevenuesILLUSTRATION 13-2Unearned and Earned Revenue AccountsCURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2BE13-6: Sports Pro Magazine sold 12,000 annual subscriptions on August 1, 2015, for €18 each. Prepare Sports Pro’s August 1, 2015, journal entry and the December 31, 2015, annual adjusting entry.Aug. 1 Cash 216,000 Unearned Revenue 216,000 (12,000 x €18) Dec. 31 Unearned Revenue 90,000 Subscription Revenue 90,000 (€216,000 x 5/12 = €90,000) CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2Consumption taxes are generally either a sales tax or a value-added tax (VAT). Purpose is to generate revenue for the government. The two systems use different methods to accomplish this objective.Sales and Value-Added Taxes PayableCURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2Illustration: Halo Supermarket sells loaves of bread to consumers on a given day for €2,400. Assuming a sales tax rate of 10 percent, Halo Supermarket makes the following entry to record the sale.Sales Taxes PayableCash 2,640 Sales Revenue 2,400 Sales Taxes Payable 240LO 2Illustration: The VAT is collected every time a business purchases products from another business in the product’s supply chain. To illustrate, Hill Farms Wheat Company grows wheat and sells it to Sunshine Baking for €1,000. Hill Farms Wheat makes the following entry to record the sale, assuming the VAT is 10 percent.Value-Added Taxes PayableCash 1,100 Sales Revenue 1,000 Value-Added Taxes Payable 100LO 2Sunshine Baking makes loaves of bread from this wheat and sells it to Halo Supermarket for €2,000. Sunshine Baking makes the following entry to record the sale, assuming the VAT is 10 percent. Value-Added Taxes PayableCash 2,200 Sales Revenue 2,000 Value-Added Taxes Payable 200Sunshine Baking then remits €100 to the government, not €200. The reason: Sunshine Baking has already paid €100 to Hill Farms Wheat.LO 2Halo Supermarket sells the loaves of bread to consumers for €2,400. Halo Supermarket makes the following entry to record the sale, assuming the VAT is 10 percent.Value-Added Taxes PayableCash 2,640 Sales Revenue 2,400 Value-Added Taxes Payable 240Halo Supermarket then sends only €40 to the tax authority as it deducts the €200 VAT already paid to Sunshine Baking.LO 2Income Tax PayableBusinesses must prepare an income tax return and compute the income tax payable.Taxes payable are a current liability.Corporations must make periodic tax payments.Differences between taxable income and accounting income sometimes occur (Chapter 19).CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 2Explain the accounting for different types of provisions.Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose contingent liabilities and assets.Indicate how to present and analyze liability-related information.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Current Liabilities, Provisions, and Contingencies13LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Employee-Related LiabilitiesAmounts owed to employees for salaries or wages are reported as a current liability.Current liabilities may include:Payroll deductions.Compensated absences.Bonuses.CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 3Payroll DeductionsTaxes:Social Security TaxesIncome Tax WithholdingILLUSTRATION 13-4Summary of Payroll LiabilitiesEmployee-Related LiabilitiesLO 3Illustration: Assume a weekly payroll of $10,000 entirely subject to Social Security taxes (8%), with income tax withholding of $1,320 and union dues of $88 deducted. The company records the wages and salaries paid and the employee payroll deductions as follows. Wages and Salaries Expense 10,000 Withholding Taxes Payable 1,320 Social Security Taxes Payable 800 Union Dues Payable 88 Cash 7,792Employee-Related LiabilitiesLO 3Illustration: Assume a weekly payroll of $10,000 entirely subject to Social Security taxes (8%), with income tax withholding of $1,320 and union dues of $88 deducted. The company records the employer payroll taxes as follows. Payroll Tax Expense 800 Social Security Taxes Payable 800The employer must remit to the government its share of Social Security tax along with the amount of Social Security tax deducted from each employee’s gross compensation.Employee-Related LiabilitiesLO 3Compensated AbsencesPaid absences for vacation, illness and maternity, paternity, and jury leaves.Vested rights - employer has an obligation to make payment to an employee even after terminating his or her employment. Accumulated rights - employees can carry forward to future periods if not used in the period in which earned.Non-accumulating rights - do not carry forward; they lapse if not used.Employee-Related LiabilitiesLO 3Illustration: Amutron Inc. began operations on January 1, 2015. The company employs 10 individuals and pays each €480 per week. Employees earned 20 unused vacation weeks in 2015. In 2016, the employees used the vacation weeks, but now they each earn €540 per week. Amutron accrues the accumulated vacation pay on December 31, 2015, as follows. Salaries and Wages Expense 9,600 Salaries and Wages Payable 9,600In 2016, it records the payment of vacation pay as follows. Salaries and Wages Payable 9,600 Salaries and Wages Expense 1,200 Cash 10,800Employee-Related LiabilitiesLO 3Payments to certain or all employees in addition to their regular salaries or wages.Bonuses paid are an operating expense.Unpaid bonuses should be reported as a current liability. Profit-Sharing and Bonus PlansEmployee-Related LiabilitiesLO 3Explain the accounting for different types of provisions.Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose contingent liabilities and assets.Indicate how to present and analyze liability-related information.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Current Liabilities, Provisions, and Contingencies13LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Provision is a liability of uncertain timing or amount. Reported either as current or non-current liability. Common types are Obligations related to litigation. Warrantees or product guarantees. Business restructurings.Environmental damage.Uncertainty about the timing or amount of the future expenditure required to settle the obligation.PROVISIONSLO 4Companies accrue an expense and related liability for a provision only if the following three conditions are met: Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event;Probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and A reliable estimate can be made.Recognition of a ProvisionLO 4A reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be determined.Recognition ExamplesRecognition of a ProvisionILLUSTRATION 13-5Recognition of a Provision—WarrantyLO 4Constructive obligation is an obligation that derives from a company’s actions where:By an established pattern of past practice, published policies, or a sufficiently specific current statement, the company has indicated to other parties that it will accept certain responsibilities; and As a result, the company has created a valid expectation on the part of those other parties that it will discharge those responsibilities.Recognition ExamplesLO 4A reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be determined.Recognition ExamplesILLUSTRATION 13-6Recognition of a Provision—RefundsLO 4A reliable estimate of the amount of the obligation can be determined.Recognition ExamplesILLUSTRATION 13-7Recognition of a Provision—LawsuitLO 4How does a company determine the amount to report for a provision?IFRS: Amount recognized should be the best estimate of the expenditure required to settle the present obligation. Best estimate represents the amount that a company would pay to settle the obligation at the statement of financial position date.Measurement of ProvisionsLO 4Management must use judgment, based on past or similar transactions, discussions with experts, and any other pertinent information.Measurement Examples Toyota warranties. Toyota might determine that 80 percent of its cars will not have any warranty cost, 12 percent will have substantial costs, and 8 percent will have a much smaller cost. In this case, by weighting all the possible outcomes by their associated probabilities, Toyota arrives at an expected value for its warranty liability.Measurement of ProvisionsLO 4 Carrefour refunds. Carrefour sells many items at varying selling prices. Refunds to customers for products sold may be viewed as a continuous range of refunds, with each point in the range having the same probability of occurrence. In this case, the midpoint in the range can be used as the basis for measuring the amount of the refunds.Measurement of ProvisionsManagement must use judgment, based on past or similar transactions, discussions with experts, and any other pertinent information.Measurement ExamplesLO 4Measurement of the liability should consider the time value of money, if material. Future events that may have an impact on the measurement of the costs should be considered. Novartis lawsuit. Large companies like Novartis are involved in numerous litigation issues related to their products. Where a single obligation such as a lawsuit is being measured, the most likely outcome of the lawsuit may be the best estimate of the liability.Measurement of ProvisionsMeasurement ExamplesLO 4Common Types:LawsuitsWarrantiesConsideration payable EnvironmentalOnerous contractsRestructuringIFRS requires extensive disclosure related to provisions in the notes to the financial statements. Companies do not record or report in the notes general risk contingencies inherent in business operations (e.g., the possibility of war, strike, uninsurable catastrophes, or a business recession).Common Types of ProvisionsLO 4Litigation ProvisionsCompanies must consider the following in determining whether to record a liability with respect to pending or threatened litigation and actual or possible claims and assessments.The time period in which the underlying cause of action occurred.The probability of an unfavorable outcome.Ability to make a reasonable estimate of the amount of loss.Common Types of ProvisionsLO 4With respect to unfiled suits and unasserted claims and assessments, a company must determine the degree of probability that a suit may be filed or a claim or assessment may be asserted, and the probability of an unfavorable outcome.If both are probable, if the loss is reasonably estimable, and if the cause for action is dated on or before the date of the financial statements, then the company should accrue the liability.Litigation ProvisionsLO 4BE13-12: Scorcese Inc. is involved in a lawsuit at December 31, 2015. (a) Prepare the December 31 entry assuming it is probable that Scorcese will be liable for ₺900,000 as a result of this suit. (b) Prepare the December 31 entry, if any, assuming it is not probable that Scorcese will be liable for any payment as a result of this suit.(a) Lawsuit Loss 900,000 Lawsuit Liability 900,000(b) No entry is necessary. The loss is not accrued because it is not probable that a liability has been incurred at 12/31/15.Litigation ProvisionsLO 4Warranty ProvisionsPromise made by a seller to a buyer to make good on a deficiency of quantity, quality, or performance in a product.If it is probable that customers will make warranty claims and a company can reasonably estimate the costs involved, the company must record an expense.Common Types of ProvisionsLO 4Companies often provide one of two types of warranties to customers:Assurance-Type WarrantyA quality guarantee that the good or service is free from defects at the point of sale. Obligations should be expensed in the period the goods are provided or services performed (in other words, at the point of sale). Company should record a warranty liability.Warranty ProvisionsLO 4Facts: Denson Machinery Company begins production of a new machine in July 2015 and sells 100 of these machines for $5,000 cash by year-end. Each machine is under warranty for one year. Denson estimates, based on past experience with similar machines, that the warranty cost will average $200 per unit. Further, as a result of parts replacements and services performed in compliance with machinery warranties, it incurs $4,000 in warranty costs in 2015 and $16,000 in 2016.Question: What are the journal entries for the sale and the related warranty costs for 2015 and 2016?Assurance-Type WarrantyLO 4Solution: For the sale of the machines and related warranty costs in 2015 the entry is as follows.1. To recognize sales of machines and accrual of warranty liability:July–December 2015Assurance-Type WarrantyCash 500,000Warranty Expense 20,000 Warranty Liability 20,000 Sales Revenue 500,000LO 4Solution: For the sale of the machines and related warranty costs in 2015 the entry is as follows.2. To record payment for warranties incurred:July–December 2015Assurance-Type WarrantyWarranty Liability 4,000 Cash, Inventory, Accrued Payroll 4,000The December 31, 2015, statement of financial position reports Warranty Liability as a current liability of $16,000. The income statement for 2015 reports Warranty Expense of $20,000.LO 4Assurance-Type WarrantyWarranty Liability 16,000 Cash, Inventory, Accrued Payroll 16,000Solution: For the sale of the machines and related warranty costs in 2015 the entry is as follows.3. To record payment for warranty costs incurred in 2016 related to 2015 machinery sales:January 1–December 31, 2016At the end of 2016, no warranty liability is reported for the machinery sold in 2015.LO 4Companies often provide one of two types of warranties to customers:Service-Type WarrantyAn extended warranty on the product at an additional cost.Usually recorded in an Unearned Warranty Revenue account.Recognize revenue on a straight-line basis over the period the service-type warranty is in effect.Warranty ProvisionsLO 4Facts: You purchase an automobile from Hamlin Auto for €30,000 on January 2, 2014. Hamlin estimates the assurance-type warranty costs on the automobile to be €700 (Hamlin will pay for repairs for the first 36,000 miles or three years, whichever comes first). You also purchase for €900 a service-type warranty for an additional three years or 36,000 miles. Hamlin incurs warranty costs related to the assurance-type warranty of €500 in 2014 and €200 in 2015. Hamlin records revenue on the service-type warranty on a straight-line basis.Question: What entries should Hamlin make in 2014 and 2017?Service-Type WarrantyLO 4Solution:1. To record the sale of the automobile and related warranties:January 2, 2014Service-Type WarrantyCash (€30,000 + €900) 30,900Warranty Expense 700 Warranty Liability 700 Unearned Warranty Revenue 900 Sales Revenue 30,000LO 4Solution:2. To record warranty costs incurred in 2014:January 2–December 31, 2014Service-Type WarrantyWarranty Liability 500 Cash, Inventory, Accrued Payroll 500LO 4Solution:3. To record revenue recognized in 2017 on the service-type warranty:January 1–December 31, 2017Service-Type WarrantyUnearned Warranty Revenue (€900 ÷ 3) 300 Warranty Revenue 300LO 4Consideration PayableCompanies often make payments (provide consideration) to their customers as part of a revenue arrangement.Companies offer premiums, coupon offers, and rebates to stimulate sales. Companies should charge the costs of premiums and coupons to expense in the period of the sale that benefits from the plan.Common Types of ProvisionsLO 4Facts: Fluffy Cake Mix Company sells boxes of cake mix for £3 per box. In addition, Fluffy Cake Mix offers its customers a large durable mixing bowl in exchange for £1 and 10 box tops. The mixing bowl costs Fluffy Cake Mix £2, and the company estimates that customers will redeem 60 percent of the box tops. The premium offer began in June 2015. During 2015, Fluffy Cake Mix purchased 20,000 mixing bowls at £2, sold 300,000 boxes of cake mix for £3 per box, and redeemed 60,000 box tops.Question: What entries should Fluffy Cake Mix record in 2015?Consideration PayableLO 4Solution:1. To record purchase of 20,000 mixing bowls at £2 per bowl:Premium Inventory (20,000 bowls x £2) 40,000 Cash 40,000Consideration PayableLO 4Solution:Before Fluffy Cake Mix makes the entry to record the sale of the cake mix boxes, it determines its premium expense and related premium liability. This computation is as follows.Consideration PayableLO 4Solution:The entry to record the sale of the cake mix boxes and premium expense and premium liability is as follows.Consideration PayableCash (300,000 boxes x £3) 900,000Premium Expense 18,000 Sales Revenue 900,000 Premium Liability 18,000LO 4Solution:To record the actual redemption of 60,000 box tops, the receipt of £1 per 10 box tops, and the delivery of the mixing bowls:Consideration PayableCash [(60,000 ÷ 10) x £1] 6,000Premium Liability 6,000 Premium Inventory [(60,000 ÷ 10) x £2] 12,000LO 4A company must recognize an environmental liability when it has an existing legal obligation associated with the retirement of a long-lived asset and when it can reasonably estimate the amount of the liability.Environmental ProvisionsCommon Types of ProvisionsLO 4Obligating Events. Examples of existing legal obligations, which require recognition of a liability include, but are not limited to:Decommissioning nuclear facilities,Dismantling, restoring, and reclamation of oil and gas properties,Certain closure, reclamation, and removal costs of mining facilities,Closure and post-closure costs of landfills.Environmental ProvisionsLO 4Measurement. A company initially measures an environmental liability at the best estimate of its future costs.Recognition and Allocation. To record an environmental liability a company includes the cost associated with the environmental liability in the carrying amount of the related long-lived asset, and records a liability for the same amount. Environmental ProvisionsLO 4Illustration: On January 1, 2015, Wildcat Oil Company erected an oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Wildcat is legally required to dismantle and remove the platform at the end of its useful life, estimated to be five years. Wildcat estimates that dismantling and removal will cost $1,000,000. Based on a 10 percent discount rate, the fair value of the environmental liability is estimated to be $620,920 ($1,000,000 x .62092). Wildcat records this liability on Jan. 1, 2015 as follows.Drilling Platform 620,920 Environmental Liability 620,920Environmental ProvisionsLO 4Illustration: During the life of the asset, Wildcat allocates the asset retirement cost to expense. Using the straight-line method, Wildcat makes the following entries to record this expense.Depreciation Expense ($620,920 ÷ 5) 124,184 Accumulated Depreciation—Plant Assets 124,184December 31, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018Environmental ProvisionsLO 4Illustration: In addition, Wildcat must accrue interest expense each period. Wildcat records interest expense and the related increase in the environmental liability on December 31, 2015, as follows.Environmental ProvisionsInterest Expense ($620,920 x 10%) 62,092 Environmental Liability 62,092December 31, 2015LO 4Illustration: On January 10, 2020, Wildcat contracts with Rig Reclaimers, Inc. to dismantle the platform at a contract price of $995,000. Wildcat makes the following journal entry torecord settlement of the liability.Environmental ProvisionsEnvironmental Liability 1,000,000 Gain on Settlement of Environmental Liability 5,000 Cash 995,000January 10, 2020LO 4“The unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations exceed the economic benefits expected to be received.”The expected costs should reflect the least net cost of exiting from the contract, which is the lower of the cost of fulfilling the contract, or the compensation or penalties arising from failure to fulfill the contract.Onerous Contract ProvisionsCommon Types of ProvisionsLO 4Illustration: Sumart Sports operates profitably in a factory that it has leased and on which it pays monthly rentals. Sumart decides to relocate its operations to another facility. However, the lease on the old facility continues for the next three years. Unfortunately, Sumart cannot cancel the lease nor will it be able to sublet the factory to another party. The expected costs to satisfy this onerous contract are €200,000. In this case, Sumart makes the following entry.Loss on Lease Contract 200,000 Lease Contract Liability 200,000Onerous Contract ProvisionsLO 4Assume the same facts as above for the Sumart example and the expected costs to fulfill the contract are €200,000. However, Sumart can cancel the lease by paying a penalty of €175,000. In this case, Sumart should record the liability as follows.Loss on Lease Contract 175,000 Lease Contract Liability 175,000Onerous Contract ProvisionsLO 4Restructuring ProvisionsRestructurings are defined as a “program that is planned and controlled by management and materially changes either the scope of a business undertaken by the company; orthe manner in which that business is conducted.”Companies are required to have a detailed formal plan for the restructuring and to have raised a valid expectation to those affected by implementation or announcement of the plan.Common Types of ProvisionsLO 4IFRS provides specific guidance related to certain costs and losses that should be excluded from the restructuring provision.Restructuring ProvisionsILLUSTRATION 13-13Costs Included/Excludedfrom Restructuring ProvisionLO 4Restructuring ProvisionsLO 4Self-insurance is not insurance, but risk assumption.There is little theoretical justification for the establishment of a liability based on a hypothetical charge to insurance expense.Conditions for accrual stated in IFRS are not satisfied prior to the occurrence of the event.Self-InsuranceCommon Types of ProvisionsLO 4A company must provide a reconciliation of its beginning to ending balance for each major class of provisions, identifying what caused the change during the period. In addition, Provision must be described and the expected timing of any outflows disclosed. Disclosure about uncertainties related to expected outflows as well as expected reimbursements should be provided.Disclosure Related to ProvisionsLO 4Explain the accounting for different types of provisions.Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose contingent liabilities and assets.Indicate how to present and analyze liability-related information.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Current Liabilities, Provisions, and Contingencies13LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Contingent liabilities are not recognized in the financial statements because they areA possible obligation (not yet confirmed), A present obligation for which it is not probable that payment will be made, or A present obligation for which a reliable estimate of the obligation cannot be made. CONTINGENCIESContingent LiabilitiesLO 5Illustration 13-16 presents the general guidelines for the accounting and reporting of contingent liabilities.Contingent LiabilitiesILLUSTRATION 13-16Contingent LiabilityGuidelinesLO 5A contingent asset is a possible asset that arises from past events and whose existence will be confirmed by the occurrence or non-occurrence of uncertain future events not wholly within the control of the company. Typical contingent assets are:Possible receipts of monies from gifts, donations, bonuses.Possible refunds from the government in tax disputes.Pending court cases with a probable favorable outcome.Contingent assets are not recognized on the statement of financial position.CONTINGENCIESContingent AssetsLO 5Contingent assets are disclosed when an inflow of economic benefits is considered more likely than not to occur (greater than 50 percent).Contingent AssetsThe general rules related to contingent assets are presented in Illustration 13-18.ILLUSTRATION 13-18Contingent Asset GuidelinesLO 5Explain the accounting for different types of provisions.Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose contingent liabilities and assets.Indicate how to present and analyze liability-related information.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Current Liabilities, Provisions, and Contingencies13LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Presentation of Current LiabilitiesUsually reported at their full maturity value.Difference between present value and the maturity value is considered immaterial.PRESENTATION AND ANALYSISLO 6Illustration 13-15Presentation of Current LiabilitiesILLUSTRATION 13-19Current Assets andCurrent LiabilitiesLiquidity regarding a liability is the expected time to elapse before its payment. Two ratios to help assess liquidity are:Illustration: Compute these two ratios using the information for Wilmar International Limited (SGP) in Illustration 13-19.Analysis of Current LiabilitiesLO 6Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.COPYRIGHT