Kế toán, kiểm toán - Non - Current liabilities

PREVIEW OF CHAPTERIntermediate AccountingIFRS 2nd EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield 14Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Non-current liabilities (long-term debt) consist of an expected outflow of resources arising from present obligations that are not payable within a year or the operating cycle of the company, whichever is longer. Examples: Bonds payableLong-term notes payableMortgages payablePension liabilities Lease liabilitiesLong-term debt has various covenants or restrictions.BONDS PAYABLELO 1Bond contract known as a bond indenture.Represents a promise to pay: sum of money at designated maturity date, plusperiodic interest at a specified rate on the maturity amount (face value).Paper certificate, typically a €1,000 face value. Interest payments usually made semiannually. Used when the amount of capital needed is too large for one lender to supply.Issuing BondsLO 1After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.Types and Ratings of BondsCommon types found in practice:Secured and Unsecured (debenture) bonds.Term, Serial, and Callable bonds.Convertible, Commodity-Backed, Deep-Discount bonds.Registered and Bearer (Coupon) bonds.Income and Revenue bonds.LO 2Corporate bond listing.Company NameInterest rate paid as a % of par valuePrice as a % of parInterest rate based on priceCreditworthinessTypes and Ratings of BondsLO 2After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.Valuation of Bonds PayableIssuance and marketing of bonds to the public:Usually takes weeks or months. Issuing company mustArrange for underwriters. Obtain regulatory approval of the bond issue, undergo audits, and issue a prospectus.Have bond certificates printed. LO 3Valuation of Bonds PayableSelling price of a bond issue is set by the supply and demand of buyers and sellers, relative risk, market conditions, and state of the economy.Investment community values a bond at the present value of its expected future cash flows, which consist of (1) interest and (2) principal.LO 3Interest RateStated, coupon, or nominal rate = Rate written in the terms of the bond indenture. Bond issuer sets this rate.Stated as a percentage of bond face value (par).Market rate or effective yield = Rate that provides an acceptable return commensurate with the issuer’s risk. Rate of interest actually earned by the bondholders.Valuation of Bonds PayableLO 3How do you calculate the amount of interest that is actually paid to the bondholder each period?How do you calculate the amount of interest that is actually recorded as interest expense by the issuer of the bonds?Valuation of Bonds Payable(Stated rate x Face Value of the bond)(Market rate x Carrying Value of the bond)LO 3Bonds Sold AtMarket Interest6%8%10%PremiumPar ValueDiscountAssume Stated Rate of 8%Valuation of Bonds PayableLO 3Illustration: Santos Company issues R$100,000 in bonds dated January 1, 2015, due in five years with 9 percent interest payable annually on January 1. At the time of issue, the market rate for such bonds is 9 percent.Bonds Issued at ParILLUSTRATION 14-1Time Diagram for BondsIssued at ParLO 3Bonds Issued at ParILLUSTRATION 14-2Present ValueComputation of Bond Selling at ParILLUSTRATION 14-1Time Diagram for BondsIssued at ParLO 3Journal entry on date of issue, Jan. 1, 2015.Bonds Issued at Par Cash 100,000 Bonds payable 100,000Journal entry to record accrued interest at Dec. 31, 2015. Interest expense 9,000 Interest payable 9,000Journal entry to record first payment on Jan. 1, 2016. Interest payable 9,000 Cash 9,000LO 3Illustration: Assuming now that Santos issues R$100,000 in bonds, due in five years with 9 percent interest payable annually at year-end. At the time of issue, the market rate for such bonds is 11 percent.Bonds Issued at a DiscountILLUSTRATION 14-3Time Diagram for BondsIssued at a DiscountLO 3Bonds Issued at a DiscountILLUSTRATION 14-3Time Diagram for BondsIssued at a DiscountILLUSTRATION 14-4Present ValueComputation of Bond Selling at DiscountLO 3Journal entry on date of issue, Jan. 1, 2015.Bonds Issued at a Discount Cash 92,608 Bonds payable 92,608Journal entry to record accrued interest at Dec. 31, 2015. Interest expense ($92,608 x 11%) 10,187 Interest payable 9,000 Bonds payable 1,187Journal entry to record first payment on Jan. 1, 2016. Interest payable 9,000 Cash 9,000LO 3When bonds sell at less than face value: Investors demand a rate of interest higher than stated rate. Usually occurs because investors can earn a higher rate on alternative investments of equal risk. Cannot change stated rate so investors refuse to pay face value for the bonds. Investors receive interest at the stated rate computed on the face value, but they actually earn at an effective rate because they paid less than face value for the bonds.Bonds Issued at a DiscountLO 3After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.Bond issued at a discount - amount paid at maturity is more than the issue amount. Bonds issued at a premium - company pays less at maturity relative to the issue price. Adjustment to the cost is recorded as bond interest expense over the life of the bonds through a process called amortization. Required procedure for amortization is the effective-interest method (also called present value amortization).Effective-Interest MethodLO 4Effective-interest method produces a periodic interest expense equal to a constant percentage of the carrying value of the bonds.Effective-Interest MethodILLUSTRATION 14-5Bond Discount and Premium Amortization ComputationLO 4Effective-Interest MethodBonds Issued at a DiscountIllustration: Evermaster Corporation issued €100,000 of 8% term bonds on January 1, 2015, due on January 1, 2020, with interest payable each July 1 and January 1. Investors require an effective-interest rate of 10%. Calculate the bond proceeds.ILLUSTRATION 14-6Computation of Discount on Bonds PayableLO 4ILLUSTRATION 14-7Bond DiscountAmortization ScheduleEffective-Interest MethodJournal entry on date of issue, Jan. 1, 2015. Cash 92,278 Bonds Payable 92,278ILLUSTRATION 14-7Bond DiscountAmortization ScheduleLO 4 Interest expense 4,614 Bonds payable 614 Cash 4,000Journal entry to record first payment and amortization of the discount on July 1, 2015. Effective-Interest MethodILLUSTRATION 14-7Bond DiscountAmortization ScheduleLO 4Journal entry to record accrued interest and amortization of the discount on Dec. 31, 2015. Interest expense 4,645 Interest payable 4,000 Bonds payable 645Effective-Interest MethodILLUSTRATION 14-7Bond DiscountAmortization ScheduleLO 4Illustration: Evermaster Corporation issued €100,000 of 8% term bonds on January 1, 2015, due on January 1, 2016, with interest payable each July 1 and January 1. Investors require an effective-interest rate of 6%. Calculate the bond proceeds.Bonds Issued at a PremiumILLUSTRATION 14-8Computation of Premium on Bonds PayableLO 4Effective-Interest MethodILLUSTRATION 14-9Bond PremiumAmortization ScheduleEffective-Interest MethodJournal entry on date of issue, Jan. 1, 2015. Cash 108,530 Bonds payable 108,530ILLUSTRATION 14-9Bond PremiumAmortization ScheduleLO 4 Interest expense 3,256 Bonds payable 744 Cash 4,000Journal entry to record first payment and amortization of the premium on July 1, 2015. Effective-Interest MethodILLUSTRATION 14-9Bond PremiumAmortization ScheduleLO 4What happens if Evermaster prepares financial statements at the end of February 2015? In this case, the company prorates the premium by the appropriate number of months to arrive at the proper interest expense, as follows.Effective-Interest MethodAccrued InterestILLUSTRATION 14-10Computation of InterestExpenseLO 4Evermaster records this accrual as follows. Interest expense 1,085.33 Bonds payable 248.00 Interest payable 1,333.33Effective-Interest MethodAccrued InterestILLUSTRATION 14-10Computation of InterestExpenseLO 4Bond investors will pay the seller the interest accrued from the last interest payment date to the date of issue.On the next semiannual interest payment date, bond investors will receive the full six months’ interest payment.Effective-Interest MethodBonds Issued between Interest DatesLO 4Illustration: Assume Evermaster issued its five-year bonds, dated January 1, 2015, on May 1, 2015, at par (€100,000). Evermaster records the issuance of the bonds between interest dates as follows.Effective-Interest Method Cash 100,000 Bonds payable 100,000 Cash 2,667 Interest expense 2,667(€100,000 x .08 x 4/12) = €2,667Bonds Issued at ParLO 4On July 1, 2015, two months after the date of purchase, Evermaster pays the investors six months’ interest, by making the following entry.Effective-Interest Method Interest expense 4,000 Cash 4,000($100,000 x .08 x 1/2) = $4,000Bonds Issued at ParLO 4Bonds Issued at Discount or PremiumEffective-Interest MethodIllustration: Assume that the Evermaster 8% bonds were issued on May 1, 2015, to yield 6%. Thus, the bonds are issued at a premium price of €108,039. Evermaster records the issuance of the bonds between interest dates as follows. Cash 108,039 Bonds payable 108,039 Cash 2,667 Interest expense 2,667LO 4Evermaster then determines interest expense from the date of sale (May 1, 2015), not from the date of the bonds (January 1, 2015).Bonds Issued at Discount or PremiumEffective-Interest MethodILLUSTRATION 14-12Partial Period InterestAmortizationLO 4The premium amortization of the bonds is also for only two months.Bonds Issued at Discount or PremiumEffective-Interest MethodILLUSTRATION 14-13Partial Period InterestAmortizationLO 4Evermaster therefore makes the following entries on July 1, 2015, to record the interest payment and the premium amortization. Interest expense 4,000 Cash 4,000 Bonds payable 253 Interest expense 253Bonds Issued at Discount or PremiumEffective-Interest MethodLO 4Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Accounting is Similar to BondsA note is valued at the present value of its future interest and principal cash flows. Company amortizes any discount or premium over the life of the note.LONG-TERM NOTES PAYABLELO 5BE14-9: Coldwell, Inc. issued a €100,000, 4-year, 10% note at face value to Flint Hills Bank on January 1, 2015, and received €100,000 cash. The note requires annual interest payments each December 31. Prepare Coldwell’s journal entries to record (a) the issuance of the note and (b) the December 31 interest payment.Notes Issued at Face Value(a) Cash 100,000 Notes payable 100,000(b) Interest expense 10,000 Cash 10,000 (€100,000 x 10% = €10,000) LO 5Notes Not Issued at Face ValueIssuing company records the difference between the face amount and the present value (cash received) as a discount and amortizes that amount to interest expense over the life of the note.Zero-Interest-Bearing NotesLO 5Illustration: Turtle Cove Company issued the three-year, $10,000, zero-interest-bearing note to Jeremiah Company. The implicit rate that equated the total cash to be paid ($10,000 at maturity) to the present value of the future cash flows ($7,721.80 cash proceeds at date of issuance) was 9 percent.Zero-Interest-Bearing NotesILLUSTRATION 14-14Time Diagram for Zero-Interest NoteLO 5Illustration: Turtle Cove Company issued the three-year, $10,000, zero-interest-bearing note to Jeremiah Company. The implicit rate that equated the total cash to be paid ($10,000 at maturity) to the present value of the future cash flows ($7,721.80 cash proceeds at date of issuance) was 9 percent.Turtle Cove records issuance of the note as follows.Zero-Interest-Bearing Notes Cash 7,721.80 Notes Payable 7,721.80LO 5Zero-Interest-Bearing NotesILLUSTRATION 14-15Schedule of NoteDiscount AmortizationLO 5Zero-Interest-Bearing NotesILLUSTRATION 14-15Schedule of NoteDiscount AmortizationTurtle Cove records interest expense for year 1 as follows. Interest Expense ($7,721.80 x 9%) 694.96 Notes Payable 694.96LO 5Illustration: Marie Co. issued for cash a €10,000, three-year note bearing interest at 10 percent to Morgan Corp. The market rate of interest for a note of similar risk is 12 percent. In this case, because the effective rate of interest (12%) is greater than the stated rate (10%), the present value of the note is less than the face value. That is, the note is exchanged at a discount. Interest-Bearing NotesILLUSTRATION 7-16Computation of Present Value—Effective RateDifferent from Stated RateLO 5Illustration: Marie Co. issued for cash a €10,000, three-year note bearing interest at 10 percent to Morgan Corp. The market rate of interest for a note of similar risk is 12 percent. In this case, because the effective rate of interest (12%) is greater than the stated rate (10%), the present value of the note is less than the face value. That is, the note is exchanged at a discount. Marie Co. records the issuance of the note as follows.Interest-Bearing Notes Cash 9,520 Notes Payable 9,520LO 5Interest-Bearing NotesILLUSTRATION 14-16Schedule of NoteDiscount AmortizationLO 5Interest-Bearing NotesILLUSTRATION 14-16Schedule of NoteDiscount AmortizationMarie Co. records the following entry at the end of year 1. Interest Expense 1,142 Notes Payable 142 Cash 1,000LO 5Notes Issued for Property, Goods, or ServicesSpecial Notes Payable SituationsWhen exchanging the debt instrument for property, goods, or services in a bargained transaction, the stated interest rate is presumed to be fair unless:No interest rate is stated, orThe stated interest rate is unreasonable, orThe stated face amount is materially different from the current cash price for the same or similar items or from the current fair value of the debt instrument.LO 5Special Notes Payable SituationsIf a company cannot determine the fair value of the property, goods, services, or other rights, and if the note has no ready market, the present value of the note must be determined by the company to approximate an applicable interest rate (imputation).Choice of rate is affected by:Prevailing rates for similar instruments. Factors such as restrictive covenants, collateral, payment schedule, and the existing prime interest rate.Choice of Interest RatesLO 5Special Notes Payable SituationsIllustration: On December 31, 2015, Wunderlich Company issued a promissory note to Brown Interiors Company for architectural services. The note has a face value of £550,000, a due date of December 31, 2020, and bears a stated interest rate of 2 percent, payable at the end of each year. Wunderlich cannot readily determine the fair value of the architectural services, nor is the note readily marketable. On the basis of Wunderlich’s credit rating, the absence of collateral, the prime interest rate at that date, and the prevailing interest on Wunderlich’s other outstanding debt, the company imputes an 8 percent interest rate as appropriate in this circumstance.LO 5Special Notes Payable SituationsILLUSTRATION 14-18Time Diagram for Interest-Bearing NoteILLUSTRATION 14-19Computation of Imputed Fair Value and Note DiscountLO 5Special Notes Payable SituationsOn December 31, 2015, Wunderlich records issuance of the note in payment for the architectural services as follows.Building (or Construction in Process) 418,239 Notes Payable 418,239ILLUSTRATION 14-19Computation of Imputed Fair Value and Note DiscountLO 5Special Notes Payable SituationsILLUSTRATION 14-20Schedule of Discount Amortization Using Imputed Interest RateLO 5Special Notes Payable SituationsPayment of first year’s interest and amortization of the discount.Interest Expense 33,459 Notes Payable 22,459 Cash 11,000ILLUSTRATION 14-20Schedule of Discount Amortization Using Imputed Interest RateLO 5Mortgage Notes PayableA promissory note secured by a document called a mortgage that pledges title to property as security for the loan.Common form of long-term notes payable.Payable in full at maturity or in installments.Fixed-rate mortgage. Variable-rate mortgages.LO 5Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Extinguishment with cash before maturity,Extinguishment by transferring assets or securities, andExtinguishment with modification of terms.Extinguishment of Non-Current LiabilitiesSPECIAL ISSUES RELATED TO NON-CURRENT LIABILITIESLO 6Net carrying amount > Reacquisition price = GainReacquisition price > Net carrying amount = LossAt time of reacquisition, unamortized premium or discount must be amortized up to the reacquisition date.Extinguishment of Non-Current LiabilitiesExtinguishment with Cash before MaturityLO 6Illustration: Evermaster bonds issued at a discount on January 1, 2015. These bonds are due in five years. The bonds have a par value of €100,000, a coupon rate of 8% paid semiannually, and were sold to yield 10%.Extinguishment with Cash before MaturityILLUSTRATION 14-21Bond Premium Amortization Schedule, Bond ExtinguishmentLO 6Two years after the issue date on January 1, 2017, Evermaster calls the entire issue at 101 and cancels it.Evermaster records the reacquisition and cancellation of the bonds as follows.Bonds Payable 94,925Loss on Extinguishment of Bonds 6,075 Cash 101,000Extinguishment with Cash before MaturityILLUSTRATION 14-22Computation of Loss onRedemption of BondsLO 6Creditor should account for the non-cash assets or equity interest received at their fair value.Debtor recognizes a gain equal to the excess of the carrying amount of the payable over the fair value of the assets or equity transferred (gain).Extinguishment of Non-Current LiabilitiesExtinguishment by Exchanging Assets or SecuritiesLO 6Illustration: Hamburg Bank loaned €20,000,000 to Bonn Mortgage Company. Bonn, in turn, invested these monies in residential apartment buildings. However, because of low occupancy rates, it cannot meet its loan obligations. Hamburg Bank agrees to accept from Bonn Mortgage real estate with a fair value of €16,000,000 in full settlement of the €20,000,000 loan obligation. The real estate has a carrying value of €21,000,000 on the books of Bonn Mortgage. Bonn (debtor) records this transaction as follows.Note Payable (to Hamburg Bank) 20,000,000Loss on Disposal of Real Estate 5,000,000 Real Estate 21,000,000 Gain on Extinguishment of Debt 4,000,000Exchanging AssetsLO 6Illustration: Now assume that Hamburg Bank agrees to accept from Bonn Mortgage 320,000 ordinary shares (€10 par) that have a fair value of €16,000,000, in full settlement of the €20,000,000 loan obligation. Bonn Mortgage (debtor) records this transaction as follows.Notes Payable (to Hamburg Bank) 20,000,000 Share Capital—Ordinary 3,200,000 Share Premium—Ordinary 12,800,000 Gain on Extinguishment of Debt 4,000,000Exchanging SecuritiesLO 6Extinguishment with Modification of TermsCreditor may offer one or a combination of the following modifications:Reduction of the stated interest rate.Extension of the maturity date of the face amount of the debt.Reduction of the face amount of the debt.Reduction or deferral of any accrued interest.LO 6Illustration: On December 31, 2015, Morgan National Bank enters into a debt modification agreement with Resorts Development Company. The bank restructures a ¥10,500,000 loan receivable issued at par (interest paid to date) by:Reducing the principal obligation from ¥10,500,000 to ¥9,000,000;Extending the maturity date from December 31, 2015, to December 31, 2019; andReducing the interest rate from the historical effective rate of 12 percent to 8 percent. Given Resorts Development’s financial distress, its market-based borrowing rate is 15 percent.Modification of TermsLO 6IFRS requires the modification to be accounted for as an extinguishment of the old note and issuance of the new note, measured at fair value.Modification of TermsILLUSTRATION 14-23Fair Value of Restructured NoteLO 6The gain on the modification is ¥3,298,664, which is the difference between the prior carrying value (¥10,500,000) and the fair value of the restructured note, as computed in Illustration 14-23 (¥7,201,336). Given this information, Resorts Development makes the following entry to record the modification.Note Payable (old) 10,500,000 Gain on Extinguishment of Debt 3,298,664 Note Payable (new) 7,201,336Modification of TermsLO 6Amortization schedule for the new note.Modification of TermsILLUSTRATION 14-24Schedule of Interest and Amortizationafter Debt ModificationLO 6Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Fair Value OptionCompanies have the option to record fair value in their accounts for most financial assets and liabilities, including bonds and notes payable. The IASB believes that fair value measurement for financial instruments, including financial liabilities, provides more relevant and understandable information than amortized cost.LO 7Non-current liabilities are recorded at fair value, with unrealized holding gains or losses reported as part of net income.Fair Value MeasurementIllustrations: Edmonds Company has issued €500,000 of 6 percent bonds at face value on May 1, 2015. Edmonds chooses the fair value option for these bonds. At December 31, 2015, the value of the bonds is now €480,000 because interest rates in the market have increased to 8 percent.Bonds Payable (€500,000 - €480,000) 20,000 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 20,000Fair Value OptionLO 7Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Off-balance-sheet financing is an attempt to borrow monies in such a way to prevent recording the obligations.Off-Balance-Sheet FinancingDifferent Forms:Non-Consolidated SubsidiarySpecial Purpose Entity (SPE)Operating LeasesLO 8Describe the accounting for the extinguishment of non-current liabilities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Explain the reporting of off-balance-sheet financing arrangements.Indicate how to present and analyze non-current liabilities.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Non-Current Liabilities14LEARNING OBJECTIVESDescribe the formal procedures associated with issuing long-term debt.Identify various types of bond issues.Describe the accounting valuation for bonds at date of issuance.Apply the methods of bond discount and premium amortization.Explain the accounting for long-term notes payable.Note disclosures generally indicate the nature of the liabilities, maturity dates, interest rates, call provisions, conversion privileges, restrictions imposed by the creditors, and assets designated or pledged as security.Fair value of the debt should be disclosed.Must disclose future payments for sinking fund requirements and maturity amounts of long-term debt during each of the next five years.Presentation and AnalysisPresentation of Non-Current LiabilitiesLO 9Analysis of Non-Current LiabilitiesOne ratio that provides information about debt-paying ability and long-run solvency is:Total LiabilitiesTotal Assets Debt to Assets =The higher the percentage of total liabilities to total assets, the greater the risk that the company may be unable to meet its maturing obligations.Presentation and AnalysisLO 9A second ratio that provids information about debt-paying ability and long-run solvency is:Income before Income Taxes and Interest ExpenseInterest Expense Times Interest Earned =Indicates the company’s ability to meet interest payments as they come due.Analysis of Non-Current LiabilitiesPresentation and AnalysisLO 9Illustration: Novartis has total liabilities of $54,997 million, total assets of $124,216 million, interest expense of $724 million, income taxes of $1,625 million, and net income of $9,618 million. We compute Novartis’s debt to assets and times interest earned ratios as shownPresentation and AnalysisILLUSTRATION 14-28Computation of Long-Term Debt Ratios for NovartisLO 9LIABILITIESU.S. GAAP and IFRS have similar definitions for liabilities. In addition, the accounting for current liabilities is essentially the same under both IFRS and U.S. GAAP. However, there are substantial differences in terminology related to noncurrent liabilities as well as some differences in the accounting for various types of long-term debt transactions.GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSRelevant FactsSimilaritiesU.S. GAAP and IFRS have similar liability definitions. Both also classify liabilities as current and non-current.Much of the accounting for bonds and long-term notes is the same under U.S. GAAP and IFRS.Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS require the best estimate of a probable loss. In U.S. GAAP, the minimum amount in a range is used. Under IFRS, if a range of estimates is predicted and no amount in the range is more likely than any other amount in the range, the midpoint of the range is used to measure the liability. Both U.S. GAAP and IFRS prohibit the recognition of liabilities for future losses.GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSRelevant FactsDifferencesUnder U.S. GAAP, companies must classify a refinancing as current only if it is completed before the financial statements are issued. IFRS requires that the current portion of long-term debt be classified as current unless an agreement to refinance on a long-term basis is completed before the reporting date. U.S. GAAP uses the term contingency in a different way than IFRS. A contingency under U.S. GAAP may be reported as a liability under certain situations. IFRS does not permit a contingency to be recorded as a liability. U.S. GAAP uses the term estimated liabilities to discuss various liability items that have some uncertainty related to timing or amount. IFRS generally uses the term provisions.GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSRelevant FactsDifferencesU.S. GAAP and IFRS are similar in the treatment of environmental liabilities. However, the recognition criteria for environmental liabilities are more stringent under U.S. GAAP: Environmental liabilities are not recognized unless there is a present legal obligation and the fair value of the obligation can be reasonably estimated. U.S. GAAP uses the term troubled debt restructurings and develops recognition rules related to this category. IFRS generally assumes that all restructurings should be considered extinguishments of debt. GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSRelevant FactsDifferencesUnder U.S. GAAP, companies are permitted to use the straight-line method of amortization for bond discount or premium, provided that the amount recorded is not materially different than that resulting from effective-interest amortization. However, the effective-interest method is preferred and is generally used. Under IFRS, companies must use the effective-interest method.Under U.S. GAAP, companies record discounts and premiums in separate accounts (see the About the Numbers section). Under IFRS, companies do not use premium or discount accounts but instead show the bond at its net amount.GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSRelevant FactsDifferencesUnder U.S. GAAP, bond issue costs are recorded as an asset. Under IFRS, bond issue costs are netted against the carrying amount of the bonds. Under U.S. GAAP, losses on onerous contract are generally not recognized unless addressed by industry- or transaction-specific requirements. IFRS requires a liability and related expense or cost be recognized when a contract is onerous.GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSAbout The NumbersGLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSUnder IFRS, premiums and discounts are netted against the face value of the bonds for recording purposes. Under U.S. GAAP, discounts and premiums are recorded in separate accounts.On the HorizonAs indicated in Chapter 2, the IASB and FASB are working on a conceptual framework project, part of which will examine the definition of a liability. In addition, the two Boards are attempting to clarify the accounting related to provisions and related contingencies.GLOBAL ACCOUNTING INSIGHTSCopyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. 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