Kế toán, kiểm toán - Valuation of inventories: A cost - Basis approach

PREVIEW OF CHAPTERIntermediate AccountingIFRS 2nd EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield 8Understand the items to include as inventory cost.Describe and compare the methods used to price inventories.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approach8LEARNING OBJECTIVESIdentify major classifications of inventory.Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.Determine the goods included in inventory and the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.Inventories are assets:items held for sale in the ordinary course of business, orgoods to be used in the production of goods to be sold.Merchandising CompanyManufacturing CompanyBusinesses with InventoryorClassificationINVENTORY ISSUESLO 1One inventory account.Purchase merchandise in a form ready for sale.ClassificationILLUSTRATION 8-1INVENTORY ISSUESLO 1LO 1Three accountsRaw MaterialsWork in ProcessFinished GoodsClassificationILLUSTRATION 8-1INVENTORY ISSUESClassificationILLUSTRATION 8-2Flow of Costs through Manufacturing and Merchandising CompaniesINVENTORY ISSUESLO 1Understand the items to include as inventory cost.Describe and compare the methods used to price inventories.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approach8LEARNING OBJECTIVESIdentify major classifications of inventory.Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.Determine the goods included in inventory and the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.Inventory Cost FlowILLUSTRATION 8-3Two types of systems for maintaining inventory records — perpetual system or periodic system.LO 2INVENTORY ISSUESPerpetual System Purchases of merchandise are debited to Inventory.Freight-in is debited to Inventory. Purchase returns and allowances and purchase discounts are credited to Inventory.Cost of goods sold is debited and Inventory is credited for each sale.Subsidiary records show quantity and cost of each type of inventory on hand.The perpetual inventory system provides a continuous record of the balance in both the Inventory and Cost of Goods Sold accounts.Inventory Cost FlowLO 2Periodic System Beginning inventory $ 100,000Purchases, net + 800,000Goods available for sale 900,000Ending inventory - 125,000Cost of goods sold $ 775,000Inventory Cost FlowLO 2Purchases of merchandise are debited to Purchases.Ending Inventory determined by physical count.Calculation of Cost of Goods Sold:Illustration: Fesmire Company had the following transactions during the current year.Record these transactions using the Perpetual and Periodic systems.Inventory Cost FlowComparing Perpetual and Periodic Systems LO 2LO 2Inventory Cost FlowILLUSTRATION 8-4Comparative Entries—Perpetual vs. PeriodicIllustration: Assume that at the end of the reporting period, the perpetual inventory account reported an inventory balance of $4,000. However, a physical count indicates inventory of $3,800 is actually on hand. The entry to record the necessary write-down is as follows.Inventory Over and Short 200 Inventory 200Note: Inventory Over and Short adjusts Cost of Goods Sold. In practice, companies sometimes report Inventory Over and Short in the “Other income and expense” section of the income statement.Inventory Cost FlowLO 2Inventory ControlAll companies need periodic verification of the inventory records by actual count, weight, or measurement, with counts compared with detailed inventory records.Companies should take the physical inventory near the end of their fiscal year, to properly report inventory quantities in their annual accounting reports.INVENTORY ISSUESLO 2Companies must allocate the cost of all the goods available for sale (or use) between the goods that were sold or used and those that are still on hand.LO 2Basic Issues in Inventory ValuationINVENTORY ISSUESILLUSTRATION 8-5Computation of Costof Goods SoldThe physical goods to include in inventory (who owns the goods?—goods in transit, consigned goods, special sales agreements).The costs to include in inventory (product vs. period costs).The cost flow assumption to adopt (specific identification, average-cost, FIFO, retail, etc.).Valuing inventories requires determiningBasic Issues in Inventory ValuationLO 2Understand the items to include as inventory cost.Describe and compare the methods used to price inventories.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approach8LEARNING OBJECTIVESIdentify major classifications of inventory.Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.Determine the goods included in inventory and the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.A company should record inventory when it obtains legal title to the goods.PHYSICAL GOODS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYLO 3ILLUSTRATION 8-6Guidelines for Determining OwnershipExample: LG (KOR) determines ownership by applying the “passage of title” rule. If a supplier ships goods to LG f.o.b. shipping point, title passes to LG when the supplier delivers the goods to the common carrier, who acts as an agent for LG.If the supplier ships the goods f.o.b. destination, title passes to LG only when it receives the goods from the common carrier. “Shipping point” and “destination” are often designated by a particular location, for example, f.o.b. Seoul.LO 3Goods in TransitGOODS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYExample: Williams Art Gallery (the consignor) ships various art merchandise to Sotheby’s Holdings (USA) (the consignee), who acts as Williams’ agent in selling the consigned goods. Sotheby’s agrees to accept the goods without any liability, except to exercise due care and reasonable protection from loss or damage, until it sells the goods to a third party. When Sotheby’s sells the goods, it remits the revenue, less a selling commission and expenses incurred, to Williams.Goods out on consignment remain the property of the consignor (Williams).LO 3Consigned GoodsGOODS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYExample: Hill Enterprises transfers (“sells”) inventory to Chase, Inc. and simultaneously agrees to repurchase this merchandise at a specified price over a specified period of time. Chase then uses the inventory as collateral and borrows against it. Essence of transaction is that Hill Enterprises is financing its inventory—and retains control of the inventory—even though it transferred to Chase technical legal title to the merchandise. Often described in practice as a “parking transaction.” Hill should report the inventory and related liability on its books.LO 3Sales with Repurchase AgreementsGOODS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYExample: Quality Publishing Company sells textbooks to Campus Bookstores with an agreement that Campus may return for full credit any books not sold. Quality Publishing should recognizeRevenue from the textbooks sold that it expects will not be returned.A refund liability for the estimated books to be returned.An asset for the books estimated to be returned which reduces the cost of goods sold.If Quality Publishing is unable to estimate the level of returns, it should not report any revenue until the returns become predictive.LO 3Sales with Rights of ReturnGOODS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYIn one of the more elaborate accounting frauds, employees at Kurzweil Applied Intelligence Inc. (USA) booked millions of dollars in phony inventory sales during a two-year period that straddled two audits and an initial public offering. They dummied up phony shipping documents and logbooks to support bogus sales transactions. Then, they shipped high-tech equipment, not to customers, but to a public warehouse for “temporary” storage, where some of it sat for 17 months. (Kurzweil still had ownership.)WHAT’S YOUR PRINCIPLENO PARKING!To foil auditors’ attempts to verify the existence of the inventory, Kurzweil employees moved the goods from warehouse to warehouse. To cover the fraudulently recorded sales transactions as auditors closed in, the employees brought back the still-hidden goods, under the pretense that the goods were returned by customers. When auditors uncovered the fraud, the bottom dropped out of Kurzweil’s shares.Source: Adapted from “Anatomy of a Fraud,” Business Week (September 16, 1996), pp. 90–94.LO 3Effect of Inventory ErrorsEnding Inventory MisstatedThe effect of an error on net income in one year will be counterbalanced in the next, however the income statement will be misstated for both years.GOODS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYLO 3ILLUSTRATION 8-7Financial StatementEffects of MisstatedEnding InventoryLO 3Illustration: Yei Chen Corp. understates its ending inventory by HK$10,000 in 2015; all other items are correctly stated.Ending Inventory MisstatedILLUSTRATION 8-8Effect of Ending InventoryError on Two PeriodsEffect of Inventory ErrorsPurchases and Inventory MisstatedThe understatement does not affect cost of goods sold and net income because the errors offset one another.GOODS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYLO 3ILLUSTRATION 8-9Financial StatementEffects of MisstatedPurchases and InventoryUnderstand the items to include as inventory cost.Describe and compare the methods used to price inventories.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approach8LEARNING OBJECTIVESIdentify major classifications of inventory.Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.Determine the goods included in inventory and the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.Costs directly connected with bringing the goods to the buyer’s place of business and converting such goods to a salable condition.Cost of purchase includes all of:The purchase price.Import duties and other taxes.Transportation costs.Handling costs directly related to the acquisition of the goods.COSTS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYProduct CostsLO 4Costs that are indirectly related to the acquisition or production of goods. Period costs such as selling expenses and, general and administrative expenses are not included as part of inventory cost.COSTS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYLO 4Period CostsPurchase or trade discounts are reductions in the selling prices granted to customers.IASB requires these discounts to be recorded as a reduction from the cost of inventories.COSTS INCLUDED IN INVENTORYLO 4Treatment of Purchase Discounts**** $4,000 x 2% = $80** $10,000 x 98% = $9,800Treatment of Purchase DiscountsLO 4ILLUSTRATION 8-11Entries under Gross andNet MethodsUnderstand the items to include as inventory cost.Describe and compare the methods used to price inventories.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approach8LEARNING OBJECTIVESIdentify major classifications of inventory.Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.Determine the goods included in inventory and the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.Cost Flow MethodsSpecific Identification orTwo cost flow assumptionsFirst-in, First-out (FIFO) or Average CostWHICH COST FLOW ASSUMPTIONS TO ADOPT?LO 5LO 5To illustrate the cost flow methods, assume that Call-Mart Inc. had the following transactions in its first month of operations.Beginning inventory (2,000 x €4) € 8,000Purchases: 6,000 x €4.40 26,400 2,000 x €4.75 9,500Goods available for sale €43,900 Calculate Goods Available for SaleCost Flow MethodsIASB requires in cases where inventories are not ordinarily interchangeable or for goods and services produced or segregated for specific projects.Cost of goods sold includes costs of the specific items sold.Used when handling a relatively small number of costly, easily distinguishable items.Matches actual costs against actual revenue.Cost flow matches the physical flow of the goods.May allow a company to manipulate net income.Specific IdentificationLO 5Cost Flow MethodsLO 5Illustration: Call-Mart Inc.’s 6,000 units of inventory consists of 1,000 units from the March 2 purchase, 3,000 from the March 15 purchase, and 2,000 from the March 30 purchase. Compute the amount of ending inventory and cost of goods sold.ILLUSTRATION 8-12Specific IdentificationPrices items in the inventory on the basis of the average cost of all similar goods available during the period.Not as subject to income manipulation.Measuring a specific physical flow of inventory is often impossible.Average-CostCost Flow AssumptionsLO 5Weighted-Average MethodAverage-CostLO 5ILLUSTRATION 8-13Weighted-AverageMethod—Periodic InventoryIn this method, Call-Mart computes a new average unit cost each time it makes a purchase.Moving-Average MethodAverage-CostLO 5ILLUSTRATION 8-14Moving-Average Method—Perpetual InventoryAssumes goods are used in the order in which they are purchased.Approximates the physical flow of goods.Ending inventory is close to current cost.Fails to match current costs against current revenues on the income statement.First-In, First-Out (FIFO)LO 5Cost Flow AssumptionsPeriodic Inventory SystemDetermine cost of ending inventory by taking the cost of the most recent purchase and working back until it accounts for all units in the inventory.First-In, First-Out (FIFO)LO 5ILLUSTRATION 8-15FIFO Method—PeriodicInventoryIn all cases where FIFO is used, the inventory and cost of goods sold would be the same at the end of the month whether a perpetual or periodic system is used.First-In, First-Out (FIFO)Perpetual Inventory SystemLO 5ILLUSTRATION 8-16FIFO Method—Perpetual InventoryComparison assumes periodic inventory procedures and the following selected data.LO 5Inventory Valuation Methods—SummaryLO 5Inventory Valuation Methods—SummaryILLUSTRATION 8-17Comparative Results ofAverage-Cost and FIFOMethodsLO 5Inventory Valuation Methods—SummaryILLUSTRATION 8-18Balances of Selected Items under Alternative Inventory Valuation MethodsWhen prices are rising, average-cost results in the higher cash balance at year-end (because taxes are lower).Understand the items to include as inventory cost.Describe and compare the methods used to price inventories.APPENDIX 8ADescribe the LIFO cost flow assumption.After studying this chapter, you should be able to:Valuation of Inventories: A Cost-Basis Approach8LEARNING OBJECTIVESIdentify major classifications of inventory.Distinguish between perpetual and periodic inventory systems.Determine the goods included in inventory and the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.LAST-IN, FIRST-OUT (LIFO)LO 6Recall that Call-Mart Inc. had the following transactions in its first month of operations.The cost of the total quantity sold or issued during the month comes from the most recent purchases.LAST-IN, FIRST-OUT (LIFO)Periodic Inventory SystemLO 6ILLUSTRATION 8A-1LIFO Method—Periodic InventoryLIFO results in different ending inventory and cost of goods sold amounts than the amounts calculated under the periodic method.Perpetual Inventory SystemLO 6LAST-IN, FIRST-OUT (LIFO)ILLUSTRATION 8A-2LIFO Method—Perpetual InventoryComparison assumes periodic inventory procedures and the following selected data.LO 6Inventory Valuation Methods—SummaryNotice that gross profit and net income are lowest under LIFO, highest under FIFO, and somewhere in the middle under average-cost.Inventory Valuation Methods—SummaryILLUSTRATION 8A-3Comparative Results ofAverage-Cost and FIFO and LIFO MethodsLO 6LIFO results in the highest cash balance at year-end (because taxes are lower). This example assumes that prices are rising. The opposite result occurs if prices are declining.Inventory Valuation Methods—SummaryILLUSTRATION 8A-4Balances of Selected Items under Alternative Inventory Valuation MethodsLO 6Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.COPYRIGHT