Kế toán tài chính - Chương 13: Current liabilities and contingencies

C H A P T E R 13CURRENT LIABILITIES AND CONTINGENCIESIntermediate Accounting13th EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose gain and loss contingencies.Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.Learning ObjectivesCurrent LiabilitiesContingenciesPresentation and AnalysisWhat is a liability?What is a current liability?Gain contingenciesLoss contingenciesPresentation of current liabilitiesPresentation of contingenciesAnalysis of current liabilitiesCurrent Liabilities and ContingenciesWhat is a Liability?FASB, defines liabilities as: “Probable Future Sacrifices of Economic Benefits arising from present obligations of a particular entity to transfer assets or provide services to other entities in the future as a result of past transactions or events.”What is a Current Liability?Current liabilities are “obligations whose liquidation is reasonably expected to require use of existing resources properly classified as current assets, or the creation of other current liabilities.”Typical Current Liabilities:Accounts payable.Notes payable.Current maturities of long-term debt.Short-term obligations expected to be refinanced.Dividends payable.Customer advances and deposits.Unearned revenues.Sales taxes payable.Income taxes payable.Employee-related liabilities.LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Balances owed to others for goods, supplies, or services purchased on open account.Accounts Payable (trade accounts payable)What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Arise because of time lag between receipt of goods or services and the payment for them. The terms of the sale (e.g., 2/10, n/30) state period of extended credit.Written promises to pay a certain sum of money on a specified future date.Notes PayableWhat is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Arise from purchases, financing, or other transactions.Notes classified as short-term or long-term.Notes may be interest-bearing or zero-interest-bearing.Illustration (Interest-Bearing Note): Castle National Bank agrees to lend $100,000 on March 1, 2010, to Landscape Co. if Landscape signs a $100,000, 6 percent, four-month note. Landscape records the cash received on March 1 as follows:What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Cash 100,000 Notes Payable 100,000Illustration (Interest-Bearing Note): If Landscape prepares financial statements semiannually, it makes the following adjusting entry to recognize interest expense and interest payable at June 30:What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Interest expense 2,000 Interest payable 2,000($100,000 x 6% x 4/12) = $2,000Interest calculation =Illustration (Interest-Bearing Note): At maturity (July 1), Landscape records payment of the note and accrued interest as follows.What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Notes payable 100,000Interest payable 2,000 Cash 102,000Illustration (Zero-Interest-Bearing Note): On March 1, Landscape issues a $102,000, four-month, zero-interest-bearing note to Castle National Bank. The present value of the note is $100,000. Landscaperecords this transaction as follows.What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Cash 100,000Discount on notes payable 2,000 Notes payable 102,000Illustration (Zero-Interest-Bearing Note): The Discount on Notes Payable is a contra account to Notes Payable.What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Illustration 13-1Landscape charges the discount to interest expense over the life of the note.E13-2: (Accounts and Notes Payable) The following are selected 2010 transactions of KC Corporation.What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Sept. 1 - Purchased inventory from Orion Company on account for $50,000. KC records purchases gross and uses a periodic inventory system.Oct. 1 - Issued a $50,000, 12-month, 8% note to Orion in payment of account.Oct. 1 - Borrowed $75,000 from the Shore Bank by signing a 12-month, zero-interest-bearing $81,000 note.Sept. 1 - Purchased inventory from Orion Company on account for $50,000. KC records purchases gross and uses a periodic inventory system.What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Sept. 1 Purchases 50,000 Accounts payable 50,000Oct. 1 - Issued a $50,000, 12-month, 8% note to Orion in payment of account.What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Oct. 1 Accounts payable 50,000 Notes payable 50,000Dec. 31 Interest expense 1,000 Interest payable 1,000($50,000 x 8% x 3/12) = $1,000Interest calculation =Oct. 1 - Borrowed $75,000 from the Shore Bank by signing a 12-month, zero-interest-bearing $81,000 note.What is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.Oct. 1 Cash 75,000 Discount on notes payable 6,000 Notes payable 81,000($6,000 x 3/12) = $1,500Interest calculation =Dec. 31 Interest expense 1,500 Discount on notes payable 1,500Exclude long-term debts maturing currently as current liabilities if they are to be:Current Maturities of Long-Term DebtWhat is a Current Liability?LO 1 Describe the nature, type, and valuation of current liabilities.1. Retired by assets accumulated that have not been shown as current assets,2. Refinanced, or retired from the proceeds of a new debt issue, or3. Converted into capital stock.Exclude from current liabilities if both of the following conditions are met:Short-Term Obligations Expected to Be RefinancedWhat is a Current Liability?LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.1. Must intend to refinance the obligation on a long-term basis.2. Must demonstrate an ability to refinance:Actual refinancingEnter into a financing agreementShort-Term Obligations Expected to be RefinancedMgmt. Intends of RefinanceDemonstrates Ability to RefinanceActual Refinancing after balance sheet date but before issue dateFinancing Agreement Noncancellable with Capable LenderorYESYESClassify as Current LiabilityNONOExclude Short-Term Obligations from Current Liabilities and Reclassify as LT DebtWhat is a Current Liability?LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.What is a Current Liability?E13-3 (Refinancing of Short-Term Debt): On December 31, 2010, Alexander Company had $1,200,000 of short-term debt in the form of notes payable due February 2, 2011. On January 21, 2011, the company issued 25,000 shares of its common stock for $36 per share, receiving $900,000 proceeds after brokerage fees and other costs of issuance. On February 2, 2011, the proceeds from the stock sale, supplemented by an additional $300,000 cash, are used to liquidate the $1,200,000 debt. The December 31, 2010, balance sheet is issued on February 23, 2011.InstructionsShow how the $1,200,000 of short-term debt should be presented on the December 31, 2010, balance sheet, including note disclosurePartial Balance SheetCurrent liabilities: Notes payable Long-term debt: Notes payable refinanced Total liabilities LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.What is a Current Liability? $ 300,000 900,000 $1,200,000Amount owed by a corporation to its stockholders as a result of board of directors’ authorization.Dividends PayableWhat is a Current Liability?Generally paid within three months.Undeclared dividends on cumulative preferred stock not recognized as a liability.Dividends payable in the form of shares of stock are not recognized as a liability. Reported in equity.LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Include returnable cash deposits received from customers and employees.Customer Advances and DepositsWhat is a Current Liability?May be classified as current or long-term.LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Payment received before delivering goods or rendering services?Unearned RevenuesWhat is a Current Liability?Unearned and Earned Revenue AccountsLO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Illustration 13-3BE13-5: Sports Pro Magazine sold 12,000 annual subscriptions on August 1, 2010, for $18 each. Prepare Sports Pro’s August 1, 2010, journal entry and the December 31, 2010, annual adjusting entry.What is a Current Liability?LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Aug. 1 Cash 216,000 Unearned revenue 216,000 (12,000 x $18) Dec. 31 Unearned revenue 90,000 Subscription revenue 90,000 ($216,000 x 5/12 = $90,000) Retailers must collect sales taxes from customers on transfers of tangible personal property and on certain services and then remit to the proper governmental authority.Sales Taxes PayableWhat is a Current Liability?LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.BE13-6: Dillons Corporation made credit sales of $30,000 which are subject to 6% sales tax. The corporation also made cash sales which totaled $20,670 including the 6% sales tax. (a) prepare the entry to record Dillons’ credit sales. (b) Prepare the entry to record Dillons’ cash sales.What is a Current Liability?LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced. Accounts receivable 31,800 Sales 30,000 Sales tax payable 1,800 ($30,000 x 6% = $1,800) Cash 20,670 Sales 19,500 Sales tax payable 1,170 ($20,670  1.06 = $19,500) Businesses must prepare an income tax return and compute the income tax payable resulting from the operations of the current period.Income Tax PayableWhat is a Current Liability?Taxes payable are a current liabilityCorporations must make periodic tax payments throughout the year.Differences between taxable income and accounting income sometimes occur (Chapter 19).LO 2 Explain the classification issues of short-term debt expected to be refinanced.Amounts owed to employees for salaries or wages are reported as a current liability.Employee-Related LiabilitiesWhat is a Current Liability?In addition, current liabilities may include:Payroll deductions.Compensated absences.Bonuses.LO 3 Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Payroll DeductionsWhat is a Current Liability?Taxes:Social Security TaxesUnemployment TaxesIncome Tax WithholdingLO 3 Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Illustration: Assume a weekly payroll of $10,000 entirely subject to F.I.C.A. and Medicare (7.65%), federal (0.8%) and state (4%) unemployment taxes, with income tax withholding of $1,320 and union dues of $88 deducted. The company records the salaries and wages paid and the employee payroll deductions as follows:Journal entry to record salaries and wages paid:What is a Current Liability? Salaries and wages expense 10,000 Withholding taxes payable 1,320 F.I.C.A taxes payable 765 Union dues payable 88 Cash 7,827LO 3 Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Illustration: Assume a weekly payroll of $10,000 entirely subject to F.I.C.A. and Medicare (7.65%), federal (0.8%) and state (4%) unemployment taxes, with income tax withholding of $1,320 and union dues of $88 deducted. The company records the salaries and wages paid and the employee payroll deductions as follows:Journal entry to record employer payroll taxes:What is a Current Liability? Payroll tax expense 1,245 F.I.C.A taxes payable 765 Federal unemployment tax payable 80 State unemployment tax payable 400LO 3 Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Compensated AbsencesWhat is a Current Liability?LO 3 Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Paid absences for vacation, illness, and holidays.Accrue a liability if all the following conditions exist.The employer’s obligation is attributable to employees’ services already rendered.The obligation relates to rights that vest or accumulate.Payment of the compensation is probable.The amount can be reasonably estimated.Bonus AgreementsWhat is a Current Liability?LO 3 Identify types of employee-related liabilities.Result in payments to certain or all employees in addition to their regular salaries or wages.Bonuses paid are an operating expense.Unpaid bonuses should be reported as a current liability. “An existing condition, situation, or set of circumstances involving uncertainty as to possible gain (gain contingency) or loss (loss contingency) to an enterprise that will ultimately be resolved when one or more future events occur or fail to occur.”*Contingencies*“Accounting for Contingencies,” Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 5 (Stamford, Conn.: FASB, 1975), par. 1LO 4 Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose gain and loss contingencies.Gain ContingenciesTypical Gain Contingencies are:Possible receipts of monies from gifts, donations, and bonuses.Possible refunds from the government in tax disputes.Pending court cases with a probable favorable outcome.Tax loss carryforwards (Chapter 19).LO 4 Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose gain and loss contingencies.Gain contingencies are not recorded.Disclosed only if probability of receipt is high.Loss ContingenciesLO 4 Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose gain and loss contingencies.The likelihood that the future event will confirm the incurrence of a liability can range from probable to remote.Contingent LiabilityFASB uses three areas of probability:Probable.Reasonably possible.Remote.AccountingProbabilityAccrueFootnoteIgnoreProbableReasonablyPossibleRemoteLoss ContingenciesLO 4 Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose gain and loss contingencies.BE13-10: Scorcese Inc. is involved in a lawsuit at December 31, 2010. (a) Prepare the December 31 entry assuming it is probable that Scorcese will be liable for $900,000 as a result of this suit. (b) Prepare the December 31 entry, if any, assuming it is not probable that Scorcese will be liable for any payment as a result of this suit.(a) Lawsuit loss 900,000 Lawsuit liability 900,000Loss ContingenciesLO 4 Identify the criteria used to account for and disclose gain and loss contingencies.(b) No entry is necessary. The loss is not accrued because it is not probable that a liability has been incurred at 12/31/10.Loss ContingenciesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Illustration 13-10Loss ContingenciesCommon loss contingencies:Litigation, claims, and assessments. Guarantee and warranty costs.Premiums and coupons.Environmental liabilities.LO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Loss ContingenciesCompanies must consider the following factors, in determining whether to record a liability with respect to pending or threatened litigation and actual or possible claims and assessments.Litigation, Claims, and AssessmentsTime period in which the action occurred.Probability of an unfavorable outcome.Ability to make a reasonable estimate of the loss.LO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Loss ContingenciesPromise made by a seller to a buyer to make good on a deficiency of quantity, quality, or performance in a product.Guarantee and Warranty CostsIf it is probable that customers will make warranty claims and a company can reasonably estimate the costs involved, the company must record an expense.LO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Loss ContingenciesGuarantee and Warranty CostsLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Two basic methods of accounting for warranty costs:Cash-Basis methodExpense warranty costs as incurred, becauseit is not probable that a liability has been incurred, orit cannot reasonably estimate the amount of the liability.Loss ContingenciesGuarantee and Warranty CostsLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Two basic methods of accounting for warranty costs:Accrual-Basis methodCharge warranty costs to operating expense in the year of sale. Method is the generally accepted method.Referred to as the expense warranty approach.Loss ContingenciesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.BE13-13: Streep Factory provides a 2-year warranty with one of its products which was first sold in 2010. In that year, Streep spent $70,000 servicing warranty claims. At year-end, Streep estimates that an additional $400,000 will be spent in the future to service warranty claims related to 2010 sales. Prepare Streep’sjournal entry to record the $70,000 expenditure, and the December 31 adjusting entry.2010 Warranty expense 70,000 Cash 70,00012/31/10 Warranty expense 400,000 Warranty liability 400,000Loss ContingenciesCompanies should charge the costs of premiums and coupons to expense in the period of the sale that benefits from the plan.Premiums and CouponsAccounting:Company estimates the number of outstanding premium offers that customers will present for redemption. Company charges the cost of premium offers to Premium Expense and credits Estimated Liability for Premiums.LO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Loss ContingenciesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Illustration: Fluffy Cakemix Company offered its customers a large nonbreakable mixing bowl in exchange for 25 cents and 10 boxtops. The mixing bowl costs Fluffy Cakemix Company 75 cents, and the company estimates that customers will redeem 60 percent of the boxtops. The premium offer began in June 2010 and resulted in the transactions journalized below. Fluffy Cakemix Company records purchase of 20,000 mixing bowls as follows.Inventory of Premium Mixing Bowls 15,000 Cash 15,000$20,000 x .75 = $15,000Loss ContingenciesLO 5Illustration: The entry to record sales of 300,000 boxes of cake mix would be:Cash 240,000 Sales 240,000300,000 x .80 = $240,000Fluffy records the actual redemption of 60,000 boxtops, the receipt of 25 cents per 10 boxtops, and the delivery of the mixing bowls as follows.Cash [(60,000 / 10) x $0.25] 1,500Premium Expense 3,000 Inventory of Premium Mixing Bowls 4,500Computation: (60,000 / 10) x $0.75 = $4,500Loss ContingenciesIllustration: Finally, Fluffy makes an end-of-period adjusting entry for estimated liability for outstanding premium offers (boxtops) as follows.Premium expense 6,000 Liability for premiums 6,000LO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Loss ContingenciesA company must recognize an asset retirement obligation (ARO) when it has an existing legal obligation associated with the retirement of a long-lived asset and when it can reasonably estimate the amount of the liability.Environmental LiabilitiesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.NOTE: The SEC argues that if the liability is within a range, and no amount within the range is the best estimate, then management should recognize the minimum amount of the range.Loss ContingenciesEnvironmental LiabilitiesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Obligating Events. Examples of existing legal obligations, which require recognition of a liability include, but are not limited to:decommissioning nuclear facilities,dismantling, restoring, and reclamation of oil and gas properties,certain closure, reclamation, and removal costs of mining facilities,closure and post-closure costs of landfills.Loss ContingenciesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Illustration: On January 1, 2010, Wildcat Oil Company erected an oil platform in the Gulf of Mexico. Wildcat is legally required to dismantle and remove the platform at the end of its useful life, estimated to be five years. Wildcat estimates that dismantling and removal will cost $1,000,000. Based on a 10 percent discount rate, the fair value of the asset retirement obligation is estimated to be $620,920 ($1,000,000 x .62092). Wildcat records this ARO as follows.Drilling platform 620,920 Asset retirement obligation 620,920Loss ContingenciesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Illustration: During the life of the asset, Wildcat allocates the asset retirement cost to expense. Using the straight-line method, Wildcat makes the following entries to record this expense.Depreciation expense ($620,920 / 5) 124,184 Accumulated depreciation 124,184December 31, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014Loss ContingenciesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Illustration: In addition, Wildcat must accrue interest expense each period. Wildcat records interest expense and the related increase in the asset retirement obligation on December 31, 2010, as follows.Interest expense ($620,092 x 10%) 62,092 Asset retirement obligation 62,092December 31, 2010Loss ContingenciesLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Illustration: On January 10, 2015, Wildcat contracts with Rig Reclaimers, Inc. to dismantle the platform at a contract price of $995,000. Wildcat makes the following journal entry torecord settlement of the ARO.Asset retirement obligation 1,000,000 Gain on settlement of ARO 5,000 Cash 995,000January 10, 2015Loss ContingenciesSelf-insurance is not insurance, but risk assumption.There is little theoretical justification for the establishment of a liability based on a hypothetical charge to insurance expense.Self-InsuranceLO 5 Explain the accounting for different types of loss contingencies.Illustration 13-12Presentation and AnalysisPresentation of Current LiabilitiesUsually reported at their full maturity value.Difference between present value and the maturity value is considered immaterial.LO 6 Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.Presentation and AnalysisPresentation of Current LiabilitiesLO 6 Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.Illustration 13-13Presentation and AnalysisPresentation of Current LiabilitiesLO 6 Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.If a company excludes a short-term obligation from current liabilities because of refinancing, it should include the following in the note to the financial statements:A general description of the financing agreement.The terms of any new obligation incurred or to be incurred.The terms of any equity security issued or to be issued.Presentation and AnalysisPresentation of Current LiabilitiesLO 6 Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.Illustration 13-14Actual Refinancing of Short-Term DebtCompanies should disclose certain other contingent liabilities.Guarantees of indebtedness of others.Obligations of commercial banks under “stand-by letters of credit.”Guarantees to repurchase receivables (or any related property) that have been sold or assigned.Presentation and AnalysisPresentation of ContingenciesDisclosure should include:Nature of the contingency.An estimate of the possible loss or range of loss. Presentation and AnalysisLO 6 Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.Disclosure of LossContingency throughLitigationIllustration 13-15Presentation and AnalysisAnalysis of Current LiabilitiesLO 6 Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.Liquidity regarding a liability is the expected time to elapse before its payment. Two ratios to help assess liquidity are:Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities Current Ratio =Cash + Marketable Securities + Net ReceivablesCurrent Liabilities Acid-Test Ratio =E13-17: (Ratio Computations and Discussion) Costner Company has been operating for several years, and on December 31, 2010, presented the following balance sheet.Presentation and AnalysisCompute the current ratio:$210,00070,000 =3.0 to 1Compute the acid-test ratio:$115,00070,000 =1.64 to 1LO 6 Indicate how to present and analyze liabilities and contingencies.Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. 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