Kế toán tài chính - Chương 17: Investments

C H A P T E R 17INVESTMENTSIntermediate Accounting13th EditionKieso, Weygandt, and Warfield Identify the three categories of debt securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Explain the equity method of accounting and compare it to the fair value method for equity securities.Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Discuss the accounting for impairments of debt and equity investments.Explain why companies report reclassification adjustments.Describe the accounting for transfer of investment securities between categories.Learning ObjectivesInvestments in Debt SecuritiesInvestments in Equity SecuritiesOther Reporting IssuesHeld-to-maturity securitiesAvailable-for-sale securitiesTrading securitiesHoldings of less than 20%Holdings between 20% and 50%Holdings of more than 50%Fair value optionImpairment of valueReclassification adjustmentsTransfers between categoriesFair value controversySummaryInvestmentsDifferent motivations for investing:To earn a high rate of return.To secure certain operating or financing arrangements with another company.Investment Accounting ApproachesCompanies account for investments based onthe type of security (debt or equity) and their intent with respect to the investment.Investment Accounting ApproachesIllustration 17-1LO 1 Identify the three categories of debt securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Debt securities (creditor relationship):Investments in Debt SecuritiesU.S. government securitiesMunicipal securities Corporate bondsConvertible debtCommercial paperTypeHeld-to-maturityTradingAvailable-for-saleAccounting CategoryLO 1 Identify the three categories of debt securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Investments in Debt SecuritiesAccounting for Debt Securities by CategoryIllustration 17-2Held-to-Maturity SecuritiesClassify a debt security as held-to-maturity only if it has both the positive intent and the ability to hold securities to maturity.Accounted for at amortized cost, not fair value.Amortize premium or discount using the effective-interest method unless the straight-line method yields a similar result.LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration: KC Company purchased $100,000 of 8 percent bonds of Evermaster Corporation on January 1, 2009, at a discount, paying $92,278. The bonds mature January 1, 2014 and yield 10%; interest is payable each July 1 and January 1. KC records the investment as follows:January 1, 2009 Held-to-Maturity Securities 92,278 Cash 92,278Held-to-Maturity SecuritiesLO 2Illustration 17-3Schedule of InterestRevenue and BondDiscount Amortization—Effective-Interest MethodHeld-to-Maturity SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration: KC Company records the receipt of the first semiannual interest payment on July 1, 2009, as follows:July 1, 2009Cash 4,000Held-to-Maturity Securities 614 Interest Revenue 4,614Held-to-Maturity SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration: KC is on a calendar-year basis, it accrues interest and amortizes the discount at December 31, 2009, as follows:December 31, 2009Interest Receivable 4,000Held-to-Maturity Securities 645 Interest Revenue 4,645Held-to-Maturity SecuritiesHeld-to-Maturity SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Reporting of Held-to-Maturity SecuritiesIllustration 17-4Held-to-Maturity SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration: Assume that KC Company sells its investment in Evermaster bonds on November 1, 2013, at 99.75 plus accrued interest. KC records this discount amortization as follows:November 1, 2013Held-to-Maturity Securities 635 Interest Revenue 635$952 x 4/6 = $635Held-to-Maturity SecuritiesLO 2Computation of the realized gain on sale.Cash 102,417 Interest Revenue (4/6 x $4,000) 2,667 Held-to-Maturity Securities 99,683 Gain on Sale of Securities 67Illustration 17-5Companies report available-for-sale securities at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as part of comprehensive income (equity).Any discount or premium is amortized.LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Single Security): Graff Corporation purchases $100,000, 10 percent, five-year bonds on January 1, 2009, with interest payable on July 1 and January 1. The bonds sell for $108,111, which results in a bond premium of $8,111 and an effective interest rate of 8 percent. Graff records the purchase of the bonds on January 1, 2009, as follows.Available-for-Sale Securities 108,111 Cash 108,111Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2Illustration 17-6Schedule of InterestRevenue and BondPremium Amortization—Effective-Interest MethodAvailable-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Single Security): The entry to record interest revenue on July 1, 2009, is as follows.Cash 5,000 Available-for-Sale Securities 676 Interest Revenue 4,324Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Single Security): At December 31, 2009, Graff makes the following entry to recognize interest revenue.Interest Receivable 5,000 Available-for-Sale Securities 703 Interest Revenue 4,297Graff reports revenue for 2009 of $8,621 ($4,324 + $4,297).Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Single Security): To apply the fair value method to these debt securities, assume that at year-end the fair value of the bonds is $105,000 and that the carrying amount of the investments is $106,732. Graff makes the following entry.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 1,732 Securities Fair Value Adjustment (AFS) 1,732Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Portfolio of Securities): Webb Corporation has two debt securities classified as available-for-sale. The following illustration identifies the amortized cost, fair value, and the amount of the unrealized gain or loss.Illustration 17-7Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Portfolio of Securities): Webb makes an adjusting entry to a valuation allowance on December 31, 2010 to record the decrease in value and to record the loss as follows.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 9,537 Securities Fair Value Adjustment (AFS) 9,537Webb reports the unrealized holding loss of $9,537 as other comprehensive income and a reduction of stockholders’ equity.Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesSale of Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.If company sells bonds before maturity date: Must make entry to remove the, Cost in Available-for-Sale Securities and Securities Fair Value Adjustment accounts.Any realized gain or loss on sale is reported in the “Other expenses and losses” section of the income statement.Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Sale of Available-for-Sale Securities): Webb Corporation sold the Watson bonds (from Illustration 17-7) on July 1, 2011, for $90,000, at which time it had an amortized cost of $94,214. Cash 90,000Loss on Sale of Securities 4,214 Available-for-Sale Securities 94,214Illustration 17-8Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Sale of Available-for-Sale Securities): Webb reports this realized loss in the “Other expenses and losses” section of the income statement. Assuming no other purchases and sales of bonds in 2011, Webb on December 31, 2011, prepares the information:Illustration 17-9Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration (Sale of Available-for-Sale Securities): Webb records the following at December 31, 2011.Securities Fair Value Adjustment (AFS) 4,537 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 4,537Illustration 17-9Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesLO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Financial Statement PresentationIllustration 17-10Available-for-Sale SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesTrading SecuritiesCompanies report trading securities at fair value, with unrealized holding gains and losses reported as part of net income.Any discount or premium is amortized.LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Debt SecuritiesIllustration: On December 31, 2010, Western Publishing Corporation determined its trading securities portfolio to be as follows:LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration 17-11Trading SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesIllustration: At December 31, Western Publishing makes an adjusting entry:LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Illustration 17-11Securities Fair Value Adjustment (Trading) 3,750 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 3,750Trading SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesBE17-4: (Trading Securities) Hendricks Corporation purchased trading investment bonds for $50,000 at par. At December 31, Hendricks received annual interest of $2,000, and the fair value of the bonds was $47,400. Instructions:Prepare the journal entry for the purchase of the investment. Prepare the journal entry for the interest received.Prepare the journal entry for the fair value adjustment.LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.Trading SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesBE17-4: Prepare the journal entries for (a) the purchase of the investment, (b) the interest received, and (c) the fair value adjustment.LO 2 Understand the procedures for discount and premium amortization on bond investments.(a) Trading securities 50,000 Cash 50,000(b) Cash 2,000 Interest revenue 2,000(c) Unrealized Holding Loss - Income 2,600 Securities Fair Value Adj.- Trading 2,600Trading SecuritiesDebt SecuritiesInvestments in Equity SecuritiesRepresent ownership of capital stock. Cost includes: price of the security, plus broker’s commissions and fees related to purchase.The degree to which one corporation (investor) acquires an interest in the common stock of another corporation (investee) generally determines the accounting treatment for the investment subsequent to acquisition.LO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.0 --------------20% ------------ 50% -------------- 100%SFAS 115APBO 18, SFAS 142SFAS 141, SFAS 142No significant influence usually existsSignificant influence usually existsControl usually existsInvestment valued using Fair Value MethodInvestment valued using Equity MethodInvestment valued on parent’s books using Cost Method or Equity Method (investment eliminated in Consolidation)Ownership PercentagesInvestments in Equity SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Investments in Equity SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Illustration 17-13Accounting and Reporting for Equity Securities by CategoryHoldings of Less Than 20%Accounting Subsequent to AcquisitionLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Market Price AvailableValue and report the investment using the fair value method.Market Price UnavailableValue and report the investment using the cost method.** Securities are reported at cost. Dividends are recognized when received and gains or losses only recognized on sale of securities.Holdings of Less Than 20%Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Upon acquisition, companies record available-for-sale securities at cost. Illustration: On November 3, 2010 Republic Corporation purchased common stock of three companies, each investment representing less than a 20 percent interest.Holdings of Less Than 20%Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Illustration: Republic records these investments on November 3, 2010, as follows.Available-for-Sale Securities 718,550 Cash 718,550On December 6, 2010, Republic receives a cash dividend of $4,200 from Campbell Soup Co.Cash 4,200 Dividend revenue 4,200Holdings of Less Than 20%Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Illustration: Republic’s available-for-sale equity security portfolio on December 31, 2010:Illustration 17-14Holdings of Less Than 20%Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Illustration: On December 31, 2010, Republic records the net unrealized gains and losses related to changes in the fair value of available-for-Sale equity securities in an Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity account.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 35,550 Securities Fair Value Adjustment (AFS) 35,550Holdings of Less Than 20%Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Illustration: On January 23, 2011, Republic sold all of its Northwest Industries, Inc. common stock receiving net proceeds of $287,220.Cash 287,220 Available-for-Sale Securities 259,700 Gain on Sale of Stock 27,520Illustration 17-15Holdings of Less Than 20%Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Illustration: On February 10, 2011, Republic purchased 20,000 shares of Continental Trucking at a price of $12.75 per share plus brokerage commissions of $1,850 (total cost, $256,850).Illustration 17-16Holdings of Less Than 20%Available-for-Sale SecuritiesLO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Illustration:Illustration 17-16Securities Fair Value Adjustment (AFS) 99,800 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 99,800P17-6: McElroy Company has the following portfolio of securities at September 30, 2010, its last reporting date.Holdings of Less Than 20%LO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.On Oct. 10, 2010, the Horton shares were sold at a price of $54 per share. In addition, 3,000 shares of Patriot common stock were acquired at $54.50 per share on Nov. 2, 2010. The Dec. 31, 2010, fair values were: Monty $106,000, Patriot $132,000, and the Oakwood common $193,000. P17-6: Prepare the journal entries to record the sale, purchase, and adjusting entries related to the trading securities in the last quarter of 2010.Holdings of Less Than 20%LO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Portfolio at September 30, 2010P17-6: Prepare the journal entries to record the sale, purchase, and adjusting entries related to the trading securities in the last quarter of 2010.Holdings of Less Than 20%LO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Cash (5,000 x $54) 270,000 Trading securities 215,000October 10, 2010 (Horton): Gain on sale 55,000Trading securities (3,000 x $54.50) 163,500 Cash 163,500November 2, 2010 (Monty):P17-6: Portfolio at December 31, 2010Holdings of Less Than 20%LO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.Unrealized holding loss - Income 36,500 Securities fair value adj. - Trading 36,500December 31, 2010:P17-6: How would the entries change if the securities were classified as available-for-sale?Holdings of Less Than 20%LO 3 Identify the categories of equity securities and describe the accounting and reporting treatment for each category.The entries would be the same except that the Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity account is used instead of Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income. The unrealized holding loss would be deducted from the stockholders’ equity section rather than charged to the income statement.Holdings Between 20% and 50%An investment (direct or indirect) of 20 percent or more of the voting stock of an investee should lead to a presumption that in the absence of evidence to the contrary, an investor has the ability to exercise significant influence over an investee.In instances of “significant influence,” the investor must account for the investment using the equity method.LO 4 Explain the equity method of accounting and compare it to the fair value method for equity securities.Holdings Between 20% and 50%Equity MethodLO 4 Explain the equity method of accounting and compare it to the fair value method for equity securities.Record the investment at cost and subsequently adjust the amount each period for the investor’s proportionate share of the earnings (losses) anddividends received by the investor.If investor’s share of investee’s losses exceeds the carrying amount of the investment, the investor ordinarily should discontinue applying the equity method.E17-17: (Equity Method) On January 1, 2010, Meredith Corporation purchased 25% of the common shares of Pirates Company for $200,000. During the year, Pirates earned net income of $80,000 and paid dividends of $20,000.Instructions: Prepare the entries for Meredith to record the purchase and any additional entries related to this investment in Pirates Company in 2010.Holdings Between 20% and 50%LO 4 Explain the equity method of accounting and compare it to the fair value method for equity securities.E17-17: Prepare the entries for Meredith to record the purchase and any additional entries related to this investment in Pirates Company in 2010. Investment in Stock 200,000 Cash 200,000 Cash 5,000 Investment in Stock 5,000 Investment in Stock 20,000 Investment Revenue 20,000Holdings Between 20% and 50%LO 4 Explain the equity method of accounting and compare it to the fair value method for equity securities.($20,000 x 25%) ($80,000 x 25%) Holdings of More Than 50%Controlling Interest - When one corporation acquires a voting interest of more than 50 percent in another corporationInvestor is referred to as the parent. Investee is referred to as the subsidiary.Investment in the subsidiary is reported on the parent’s books as a long-term investment.Parent generally prepares consolidated financial statements.LO 4 Explain the equity method of accounting and compare it to the fair value method for equity securities.Fair Value OptionCompanies have the option to report most financial instruments at fair value, with all gains and losses related to changes in fair value reported in the income statement. Applied on an instrument-by-instrument basis. Fair value option is generally available only at the time a company first purchases the financial asset or incurs a financial liability. Company must measure this instrument at fair value until the company no longer has ownership.LO 5 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Fair Value OptionIllustration: Hardy Company purchases stock in Fielder Company during 2010 that it classifies as available-for-sale. At December 31, 2010, the cost of this security is $100,000; its fair value at December 31, 2010, is $125,000. If Hardy chooses the fair value option to account for the Fielder Company stock, it makes the following entry at December 31, 2010.LO 5 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Available-for-Sale SecuritiesInvestment in Fielder Stock 25,000 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 25,000Fair Value OptionIllustration: Durham Company holds a 28 percent stake in Suppan Inc. Durham purchased the investment in 2010 for $930,000. At December 31, 2010, the fair value of the investment is $900,000. Durham elects to report the investment in Suppan using the fair value option. The entry to record this investment is as follows.LO 5 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Equity MethodUnrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 30,000 Investment in Suppan Stock 30,000Fair Value OptionIllustration: Edmonds Company has issued $500,000 of 6% bonds at face value on May 1, 2010. Edmonds chooses the fair value option for these bonds. At December 31, 2010, the value of the bonds is now $480,000 because interest rates in the market have increased to 8 percent. The value of the debt securities falls because the bond is paying less than market rate for similar securities. Under the fair value option, Edmonds makes the following entry.LO 5 Describe the accounting for the fair value option.Financial LiabilitiesBond payable 20,000 Unrealized holding gain or loss-Income 20,000Impairments of debt and equity securities are losses in value that are determined to be other than temporary, based on a fair value test, and are charged to income.LO 6 Discuss the accounting for impairments of debt and equity investments.Impairment of ValueOther Reporting IssuesOther Reporting IssuesReclassification AdjustmentsLO 7 Explain why companies report reclassification adjustments.The reporting of changes in unrealized gains or losses in comprehensive income is straightforward unless a company sells securities during the year. In that case, double counting results when the company reports realized gains or losses as part of net income but also shows the amounts as part of other comprehensive income in the currentperiod or in previous periods. To ensure that gains and losses are not counted twice when a sale occurs, a reclassification adjustment is necessary.Other Reporting IssuesReclassification AdjustmentsLO 7 Explain why companies report reclassification adjustments.Illustration: Open Company has the following two available-for-sale securities in its portfolio at the end of 2009 (its first year of operations).Illustration 17-19Other Reporting IssuesReclassification AdjustmentsLO 7 Explain why companies report reclassification adjustments.Illustration: If Open Company reports net income in 2009 of $350,000, it presents a statement of comprehensive income as follows.Illustration 17-20Other Reporting IssuesReclassification AdjustmentsLO 7 Explain why companies report reclassification adjustments.Illustration: During 2010, Open Company sold the Lehman Inc. common stock for $105,000 and realized a gain on the sale of $25,000 ($105,000 – $80,000). At the end of 2010, the fair value of the Woods Co. common stock increased an additional $20,000, to $155,000.Illustration 17-21Other Reporting IssuesReclassification AdjustmentsLO 7 Explain why companies report reclassification adjustments.Illustration: In addition, Open realized a gain of $25,000 on the sale of the Lehman common stock. Comprehensive income includes both realized and unrealized components. Therefore, Open recognizes a total holding gain (loss) in 2010 of $20,000, computed as follows.Illustration 17-22Other Reporting IssuesReclassification AdjustmentsLO 7 Explain why companies report reclassification adjustments.Illustration: Open reports net income of $720,000 in 2010, which includes the realized gain on sale of the Lehman securities.Illustration 17-23LO 8 Describe the accounting for transfer of investment securities between categories.Transfers Between CategoriesOther Reporting IssuesIllustration 17-30* Assumes that adjusting entries to report changes in fair value for the current period are not yet recorded.LO 8 Describe the accounting for transfer of investment securities between categories.Transfers Between CategoriesOther Reporting IssuesIllustration 17-30**According to GAAP, these types of transfers should be rare.Measurement Based on IntentGains TradingLiabilities Not Fairly ValuedSubjectivity of Fair ValuesFair Value ControversyOther Reporting IssuesLO 8 Describe the accounting for transfer of investment securities between categories.The accounting for trading, available-for-sale, and held-to-maturity securities is essentially the same between iGAAP and U.S. GAAP. Gains and losses related to available-for-sale securities are reported in other comprehensive income under U.S. GAAP. Under iGAAP, these gains and losses are reported directly in equity. Both iGAAP and U.S. GAAP use the same test to determine whether the equity method of accounting should be used. Reclassification in and out of trading securities is prohibited under iGAAP. It is not prohibited under U.S. GAAP, but this type of reclassification should be rare.Under iGAAP, both the investor and an associate company should follow the same accounting policies. The basis for consolidation under iGAAP is control. Under both systems, for consolidation to occur, the investor company must generally own 50 percent of another company.iGAAP and U.S. GAAP are similar in the accounting for the fair value option.U.S. GAAP does not permit the reversal of an impairment charge related to available-for-sale debt and equity investments. iGAAP permits reversal for available-for-sale debt securities and held-to-maturity securities.Defining DerivativesFinancial instruments that derive their value from values of other assets (e.g., stocks, bonds, or commodities). Three different types of derivatives:Financial forwards or financial futures.Options.Swaps.Who Uses Derivatives, and Why?LO 9 Explain who uses derivative and why.Producers and ConsumersSpeculators and ArbitrageursBasic Principles in Accounting for DerivativesLO 10 Understand the basic guidelines for accounting for derivatives.Recognize derivatives in the financial statements as assets and liabilities.Report derivatives at fair value.Recognize gains and losses resulting from speculation in derivatives immediately in income.Report gains and losses resulting from hedge transactions differently, depending on the type of hedge.LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Example of Derivative Financial Instrument-SpeculationIllustration: Assume that a company purchases a call option contract from Baird Investment Co.,on January 2, 2010, when Laredo shares are trading at $100 per share. The contract gives it the option to purchase 1,000 shares (referred to as the notional amount) of Laredo stock at an option price of $100 per share. The option expires on April 30, 2010. The company purchases the call option for $400 and makes the following entry on January 2, 2010.Call Option 400 Cash 400Option PremiumExample of Derivative Financial Instrument-SpeculationThe option premium consists of two amounts.Illustration 17A-1Intrinsic value is the difference between the market price and the preset strike price at any point in time. It represents the amount realized by the option holder, if exercising the option immediately. On January 2, 2010, the intrinsic value is zero because the market price equals the preset strike price.LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Example of Derivative Financial Instrument-SpeculationThe option premium consists of two amounts.Illustration 17A-1Time value refers to the option’s value over and above its intrinsic value. Time value reflects the possibility that the option has a fair value greater than zero. How? Because there is some expectation that the price of Laredo shares will increase above the strike price during the option term. As indicated, the time value for the option is $400.LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Additional data available with respect to the call option:On March 31, 2010, the price of Laredo shares increases to $120 per share. The intrinsic value of the call option contract is now $20,000. That is, the company can exercise the call option and purchase 1,000 shares from Baird Investment for $100 per share. It can then sell the shares in the market for $120 per share. This gives the company a gain on the option contract of ____________.$20,000($120,000 - $100,000)LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.On March 31, 2010, it records the increase in the intrinsic value of the option as follows.Call Option 20,000 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 20,000A market appraisal indicates that the time value of the option at March 31, 2010, is $100. The company records this change in value of the option as follows.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 300 Call Option ($400 - $100) 300LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.At March 31, 2010, the company reports the call option in its balance sheet at fair value of $20,100. unrealized holding gain which increases net income.loss on the time value of the option which decreases net income.LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.On April 16, 2010, the company settles the option before it expires. To properly record the settlement, it updates the value of the option for the decrease in the intrinsicvalue of $5,000 ([$20 - $15]) x 1,000) as follows.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 5,000 Call option 5,000The decrease in the time value of the option of $40 ($100 - $60) is recorded as follows.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 40 Call Option 40LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.At the time of the settlement, the call option’s carrying value is as follows.Settlement of the option contract is recorded as follows.Cash 15,000Loss on Settlement of Call Option 60 Call Option 15,060LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Summary effects of the call option contract on net income.Illustration 17A-2Because the call option meets the definition of an asset, the company records it in the balance sheet on March 31, 2010. It also reports the call option at fair value, with any gains or losses reported in income.LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Differences between Traditional and Derivative Financial InstrumentsA derivative financial instrument has the following three basic characteristics. The instrument has (1) one or more underlyings and (2) an identified payment provision.The instrument requires little or no investment at the inception of the contract. The instrument requires or permits net settlement.LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Features of Traditional and Derivative Financial InstrumentsLO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Illustration 17A-3Derivatives Used for HedgingHedging: The use of derivatives to offset the negative impacts of changes in interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates. FASB allows special accounting for two types of hedges—fair value and cash flow hedges.LO 11 Describe the accounting for derivative financial instruments.Fair Value HedgeA company uses a derivative to hedge (offset) the exposure to changes in the fair value of a recognized asset or liability or of an unrecognized commitment.Companies commonly use several types of fair value hedges. Interest rate swaps put optionsLO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Illustration: On April 1, 2010, Hayward Co. purchases 100 shares of Sonoma stock at a market price of $100 per share. Hayward does not intend to actively trade this investment. It consequently classifies the Sonoma investment as available-for-sale. Hayward records this available-for-sale investment as follows.LO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Available-for-Sale Securities 10,000 Cash 10,000Illustration: Fortunately for Hayward, the value of the Sonoma shares increases to $125 per share during 2010. On December 31, 2010, Hayward records the gain on this investment as follows.LO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Security Fair Value Adjustment (AFS) 2,500 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 2,500Hayward reports the Sonoma investment in its balance sheet.LO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Illustration 17A-4Hayward is exposed to the risk that the price of the Sonoma stock will decline. To hedge this risk, Hayward locks in its gain on the Sonoma investment by purchasing a put option on 100 shares of Sonoma stock.Illustration: Hayward enters into the put option contract on January 2, 2011, and designates the option as a fair value hedge of the Sonoma investment. This put option (which expires in two years) gives Hayward the option to sell Sonoma shares at a price of $125. Since the exercise price equals the current market price, no entry is necessary at inception of the put option.LO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Illustration: At December 31, 2011, the price of the Sonoma shares has declined to $120 per share. Hayward records the following entry for the Sonoma investment.LO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 500 Security Fair Value Adjustment (AFS) 500Illustration: The following journal entry records the increase in value of the put option on Sonoma shares on December 31, 2011.LO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Put Option 500 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Income 500Balance Sheet Presentation of Fair Value HedgeLO 12 Explain how to account for a fair value hedge.Illustration 17A-5Income Statement Presentation of Fair Value HedgeIllustration 17A-6Cash Flow HedgeUsed to hedge exposures to cash flow risk, which results from the variability in cash flows.Reporting:Fair value on the balance sheetGains or losses in equity, as part of other comprehensive income.LO 13 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge.Illustration: In September 2010 Allied Can Co. anticipates purchasing 1,000 metric tons of aluminum in January 2011. As a result, Allied enters into an aluminum futures contract. In this case, the aluminum futures contract gives Allied the right and the obligation to purchase 1,000 metric tons of aluminum for $1,550 per ton. This contract price is good until the contract expires in January 2011. The underlying for this derivative is the price of aluminum. Allied enters into the futures contract on September 1, 2010. Assume that the price to be paid today for inventory to be delivered in January—the spot price—equals the contract price. With the two prices equal, the futures contract has no value. Therefore no entry is necessary.LO 13 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge.Illustration: At December 31, 2010, the price for January delivery of aluminum increases to $1,575 per metric ton. Allied makes the following entry to record the increase in the value of the futures contract.LO 13 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge.Futures Contract 25,000 Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 25,000([$1,575 - $1,550] x 1,000 tons)Allied reports the futures contract in the balance sheet as a current asset and the gain as part of other comprehensive income.Illustration: In January 2011, Allied purchases 1,000 metric tons of aluminum for $1,575 and makes the following entry.LO 13 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge.Aluminum Inventory 1,575,000 Cash ($1,575 x 1,000 tons) 1,575,000At the same time, Allied makes final settlement on the futures contract. It records the following entry.Cash 25,000 Futures Contract ($1,575,000 - $1,550,000) 25,000Effect of Hedge on Cash FlowsLO 13 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge.Illustration 17A-7There are no income effects at this point. Allied accumulates in equity the gain on the futures contract as part of other comprehensive income until the period when it sells the inventory.Illustration: Assume that Allied processes the aluminum into finished goods (cans). The total cost of the cans (including the aluminum purchases in January 2011) is $1,700,000. Allied sells the cans in July 2011 for $2,000,000, and records this sale as follows.LO 13 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge.Cash 2,000,000 Sales Revenue 2,000,000Cost of Goods Sold 1,700,000 Inventory (Cans) 1,700,000Illustration: Since the effect of the anticipated transaction has now affected earnings, Allied makes the following entry related to the hedging transaction.LO 13 Explain how to account for a cash flow hedge.Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity 25,000 Cost of Goods Sold 25,000The gain on the futures contract, which Allied reported as part of other comprehensive income, now reduces cost of goods sold. As a result, the cost of aluminum included in the overall cost of goods sold is $1,550,000.Other Reporting IssuesLO 14 Identify special reporting issues related to derivative financial instruments that cause unique accounting problems.Embedded DerivativesConvertible bond is a hybrid instrument. Two parts: a debt security, referred to as the host security, andan option to convert the bond to shares of common stock, the embedded derivative.To account for an embedded derivative, a company should separate it from the host security and then account for it using the accounting for derivatives. This separation process is referred to as bifurcation.LO 14 Identify special reporting issues related to derivative financial instruments that cause unique accounting problems.Qualifying Hedge CriteriaCriteria that hedging transactions must meet before requiring the special accounting for hedges.Documentation, risk management, and designation.Effectiveness of the hedging relationship.Effect on reported earnings of changes in fair values or cash flows.LO 14 Identify special reporting issues related to derivative financial instruments that cause unique accounting problems.Summary of Derivative Accounting under GAAPIllustration 17A-8LO 15 Describe the accounting for the variable-interest entitles.What About GAAP?Two models for consolidation:Voting-interest model—If a company owns more than 50 percent of another company, then consolidate in most cases.Risk-and-reward model—If a company is involved substantially in the economics of another company, then consolidate.LO 15 Describe the accounting for the variable-interest entitles.Consolidation of Variable-Interest EntitiesA variable-interest entity (VIE) is an entity that has one of the following characteristics:Insufficient equity investment at risk. Stockholders lack decision-making rights. Stockholders do not absorb the losses or receive the benefits of a normal stockholder.LO 15 Describe the accounting for the variable-interest entitles.VIE Consolidation ModelIllustration 17B-1LO 15 Describe the accounting for the variable-interest entitles.What Is Happening in Practice?One study of 509 companies with total market values over $500 million found that just 17 percent of the companies reviewed have a material impact.FASB believes that fair value information is relevant for making effective business decisions. Others express concern about fair value measurements for two reasons: the lack of reliability related to the fair value measurement in certain cases, and the ability to manipulate fair value measurements.Disclosure of Fair Value Information: Financial Instruments—No Fair Value OptionBoth the cost and the fair value of all financial instruments are to be reported in the notes to the financial statements.FASB also decided that companies should disclose information that enables users to determine the extent of usage of fair value and the inputs used to implement fair value measurement.Disclosure of Fair Value Information: Financial Instruments—No Fair Value OptionTwo reasons for additional disclosure beyond the simple itemization of fair values are:Differing levels of reliability exist in the measurement of fair value information.Changes in the fair value of financial instruments are reported differently in the financial statements, depending upon the type of financial instrument involved and whether the fair value option is employed.Levels of reliability fair value hierarchy. Level 1 is the most reliable measurement because fair value is based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities. Level 2 is less reliable; it is not based on quoted market prices for identical assets and liabilities but instead may be based on similar assets or liabilities.Level 3 is least reliable; it uses unobservable inputs that reflect the company’s assumption as to the value of the financial instrument.Example of Fair Value HierarchyIllustration 17C-1Reconciliation of Level 3 InputsIllustration 17C-2Disclosure of Fair Value Information: Financial Instruments—Fair Value OptionIllustration 17C-3Disclosure of Fair Value OptionDisclosure of Fair Values: Impaired Assets or LiabilitiesIllustration 17C-4Disclosure of Fair Value with ImpairmentCopyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act without the express written permission of the copyright owner is unlawful. Request for further information should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. The purchaser may make back-up copies for his/her own use only and not for distribution or resale. The Publisher assumes no responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused by the use of these programs or from the use of the information contained herein.Copyright