Kĩ thuật lập trình - Introduction to classes and objects

3Introduction to Classes and Objects1You will see something new. Two things. And I call them Thing One and Thing Two.Dr. Theodor Seuss GeiselNothing can have value without being an object of utility. Karl MarxYour public servants serve you right. Adlai E. StevensonKnowing how to answer one who speaks, To reply to one who sends a message.Amenemope2OBJECTIVESIn this chapter you will learn: What classes, objects, methods and instance variables are.How to declare a class and use it to create an object. How to declare methods in a class to implement the class’s behaviors.How to declare instance variables in a class to implement the class’s attributes.How to call an object’s method to make that method perform its task.The differences between instance variables of a class and local variables of a method.How to use a constructor to ensure that an object’s data is initialized when the object is created.The differences between primitive and reference types.33.1 Introduction 3.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and Instance Variables 3.3 Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an Object of a Class 3.4 Declaring a Method with a Parameter 3.5 Instance Variables, set Methods and get Methods 3.6 Primitive Types vs. Reference Types 3.7 Initializing Objects with Constructors 3.8 Floating-Point Numbers and Type double 3.9 (Optional) GUI and Graphics Case Study: Using Dialog Boxes 3.10 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying the Classes in a Requirements Document3.11 Wrap-Up43.1 IntroductionClassesFloating-Point numbers53.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and Instance VariablesClass provides one or more methodsMethod represents task in a programDescribes the mechanisms that actually perform its tasksHides from its user the complex tasks that it performsMethod call tells method to perform its task63.2 Classes, Objects, Methods and Instance Variables (Cont.)Classes contain one or more attributesSpecified by instance variablesCarried with the object as it is used73.3 Declaring a Class with a Method and Instantiating an Object of a ClassEach class declaration that begins with keyword public must be stored in a file that has the same name as the class and ends with the .java file-name extension. 8Class GradeBookkeyword public is an access modifier Class declarations include:Access modifierKeyword classPair of left and right braces9Class GradeBookMethod declarationsKeyword public indicates method is available to publicKeyword void indicates no return typeAccess modifier, return type, name of method and parentheses comprise method header10Common Programming Error 3.1Declaring more than one public class in the same file is a compilation error.11OutlineGradeBook.javaPrint line of text to output12Class GradeBookTestJava is extensibleProgrammers can create new classesClass instance creation expressionKeyword newThen name of class to create and parenthesesCalling a methodObject name, then dot separator (.)Then method name and parentheses13OutlineGradeBookTest.javaUse class instance creation expression to create object of class GradeBookCall method displayMessage using GradeBook object14Compiling an Application with Multiple ClassesCompiling multiple classesList each .java file in the compilation command and separate them with spacesCompile with *.java to compile all .java files in that directory15UML Class Diagram for Class GradeBookUML class diagramsTop compartment contains name of the classMiddle compartment contains class’s attributes or instance variablesBottom compartment contains class’s operations or methodsPlus sign indicates public methods16Fig. 3.3 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a public displayMessage operation. 173.4 Declaring a Method with a ParameterMethod parametersAdditional information passed to a methodSupplied in the method call with arguments183.4 Declaring a Method with a ParameterScanner methodsnextLine reads next line of inputnext reads next word of input19OutlineGradeBook.javaCall printf method with courseName argument20OutlineGradeBookTest.javaCall nextLine method to read a line of inputCall displayMessage with an argument21Software Engineering Observation 3.1Normally, objects are created with new. One exception is a string literal that is contained in quotes, such as "hello". String literals are references to String objects that are implicitly created by Java.22More on Arguments and ParametersParameters specified in method’s parameter listPart of method headerUses a comma-separated list23Common Programming Error 3.2A compilation error occurs if the number of arguments in a method call does not match the number of parameters in the method declaration. 24Common Programming Error 3.3A compilation error occurs if the types of the arguments in a method call are not consistent with the types of the corresponding parameters in the method declaration.25Updated UML Class Diagram for Class GradeBookUML class diagramParameters specified by parameter name followed by a colon and parameter type26Fig. 3.6 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a displayMessage operation with a courseName parameter of UML type String. 27Notes on Import Declarationsjava.lang is implicitly imported into every programDefault packageContains classes compiled in the same directoryImplicitly imported into source code of other files in directoryImports unnecessary if fully-qualified names are used28Software Engineering Observation 3.2The Java compiler does not require import declarations in a Java source code file if the fully qualified class name is specified every time a class name is used in the source code. But most Java programmers consider using fully qualified names to be cumbersome, and instead prefer to use import declarations.293.5 Instance Variables, set Methods and get MethodsVariables declared in the body of methodCalled local variablesCan only be used within that methodVariables declared in a class declarationCalled fields or instance variablesEach object of the class has a separate instance of the variable30OutlineGradeBook.javaInstance variable courseNameset method for courseNameget method for courseNameCall get method 31Access Modifiers public and privateprivate keywordUsed for most instance variablesprivate variables and methods are accessible only to methods of the class in which they are declaredDeclaring instance variables private is known as data hidingReturn typeIndicates item returned by methodDeclared in method header32Software Engineering Observation 3.3Precede every field and method declaration with an access modifier. As a rule of thumb, instance variables should be declared private and methods should be declared public. (We will see that it is appropriate to declare certain methods private, if they will be accessed only by other methods of the class.)33Good Programming Practice 3.1We prefer to list the fields of a class first, so that, as you read the code, you see the names and types of the variables before you see them used in the methods of the class. It is possible to list the class’s fields anywhere in the class outside its method declarations, but scattering them tends to lead to hard-to-read code.34Good Programming Practice 3.2Place a blank line between method declarations to separate the methods and enhance program readability. 35GradeBookTest Class That Demonstrates Class GradeBookDefault initial valueProvided for all fields not initializedEqual to null for Strings36set and get methodsprivate instance variablesCannot be accessed directly by clients of the objectUse set methods to alter the valueUse get methods to retrieve the value37OutlineGradeBookTest.java(1 of 2)Call get method for courseName38OutlineGradeBookTest.java(2 of 2)Call set method for courseNameCall displayMessage39GradeBook’s UML Class Diagram with an Instance Variable and set and get MethodsAttributesListed in middle compartmentAttribute name followed by colon followed by attribute typeReturn type of a methodIndicated with a colon and return type after the parentheses after the operation name40Fig. 3.9 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a courseName attribute of UML type String and three operations—setCourseName (with a name parameter of UML type String), getCourseName (returns UML type String) and displayMessage. 41Primitive Types vs. Reference TypesTypes in JavaPrimitiveboolean, byte, char, short, int, long, float, doubleReference (sometimes called nonprimitive types)ObjectsDefault value of nullUsed to invoke an object’s methods42Software Engineering Observation 3.4A variable’s declared type (e.g., int, double or GradeBook) indicates whether the variable is of a primitive or a reference type. If a variable’s type is not one of the eight primitive types, then it is a reference type. For example, Account account1 indicates that account1 is a reference to an Account object).433.7 Initializing Objects with ConstructorsConstructorsInitialize an object of a classJava requires a constructor for every classJava will provide a default no-argument constructor if none is providedCalled when keyword new is followed by the class name and parentheses44OutlineGradeBook.java(1 of 2)Constructor to initialize courseName variable45OutlineGradeBook.java(2 of 2)46OutlineGradeBookTest.javaCall constructor to create first grade book objectCreate second grade book object47Error-Prevention Tip 3.1Unless default initialization of your class’s instance variables is acceptable, provide a constructor to ensure that your class’s instance variables are properly initialized with meaningful values when each new object of your class is created. 48Adding the Constructor to Class GradeBookTest’s UML Class DiagramUML class diagramConstructors go in third compartmentPlace “>” before constructor nameBy convention, place constructors first in their compartment49Fig. 3.12 | UML class diagram indicating that class GradeBook has a constructor that has a name parameter of UML type String.503.8 Floating-Point Numbers and Type doubleFloating-point numbersfloatdoubleStores numbers with greater magnitude and precision than float51Floating-Point Number Precision and Memory RequirementsfloatSingle-precision floating-point numbersSeven significant digitsdoubleDouble-precision floating-point numbersFifteen significant digits52Common Programming Error 3.4Using floating-point numbers in a manner that assumes they are represented precisely can lead to logic errors.53OutlineAccount.javadouble variable balance54AccountTest Class to use Class AccountFormat specifier %fUsed to output floating-point numbersPlace a decimal and a number between the percent sign and the f to specify a precision55OutlineAccountTest.java(1 of 3)56OutlineAccountTest.javaAccountTest.java(2 of 3)Input a double valueInput a double value57OutlineAccountTest.javaAccountTest.java(3 of 3)Output a double value58Fig. 3.15 | UML class diagram indicating that class Account has a private balance attribute of UML type Double, a constructor (with a parameter of UML type Double) and two public operations—credit (with an amount parameter of UML type Double) and getBalance (returns UML type Double).59Fig. 3.16 | Summary of the GUI and Graphics Case Study in each chapter. 60Displaying Text in a Dialog BoxWindows and dialog boxesMany Java applications use these to display outputJOptionPane provides prepackaged dialog boxes called message dialogs61OutlineDialog1.javaShow a message dialog with textImport class JOptionPane62Displaying Text in a Dialog BoxPackage javax.swingContains classes to help create graphical user interfaces (GUIs)Contains class JOptionPaneDeclares static method showMessageDialog for displaying a message dialog63Entering Text in a Dialog BoxInput dialogAllows user to input informationCreated using method showInputDialog from class JOptionPane64OutlineNameDialog.javaShow input dialogFormat a String to output to user653.10 (Optional) Software Engineering Case Study: Identifying the Classes in a Requirements DocumentBegin designing the ATM systemAnalyze the nouns and noun phrasesIntroduce UML class diagrams66Identifying the Classes in a SystemKey nouns and noun phrases in requirements documentSome are attributes of other classesSome do not correspond to parts of the systemSome are classesTo be represented by UML class diagrams67Fig. 3.19 | Nouns and noun phrases in the requirements document. 68Modeling ClassesUML class diagramsTop compartment contains name of the classMiddle compartment contains class’s attributes or instance variablesBottom compartment contains class’s operations or methods69Fig. 3.20 | Representing a class in the UML using a class diagram. 70Modeling ClassesUML class diagramsAllows suppression of class attributes and operationsCalled an elided diagramSolid line that connects two classes represents an associationnumbers near end of each line are multiplicity values71Fig. 3.21 | Class diagram showing an association among classes.72Fig. 3.22 | Multiplicity types. 73Modeling ClassesUML class diagramsSolid diamonds attached to association lines indicate a composition relationshipHollow diamonds indicate aggregation – a weaker form of composition74Fig. 3.23 | Class diagram showing composition relationships.75Fig. 3.24 | Class diagram for the ATM system model. 76Fig. 3.25 | Class diagram showing composition relationships of a class Car. 77Fig. 3.26 | Class diagram for the ATM system model including class Deposit. 78