Marketing bán hàng - Chapter 3: Trade distortions and marketing barriers

Chapter 3Trade Distortions and Marketing BarriersChapter OutlineProtection of Local IndustriesGovernment: A Contribution to ProtectionismMarketing Barriers: TariffsMarketing Barriers: Nontariff BarriersPrivate BarriersWorld Trade Organization (WTO)Preferential Systems Protection of Local Industry Keeping Money at HomeReducing UnemploymentEqualizing Cost and PriceEnhancing National SecurityProtecting Infant IndustryMarketing Barriers: TariffsDirection: Import and Export TariffsPurpose: Protective and Revenue TariffsLengths: Tariff Surcharge versus Countervailing DutyRates: Specific, Ad Valorem, and CombinedDistribution Point: Distribution and Consumption TaxesMarketing Barriers: Nontariff Barriers Government Participation in Trade- Administrative Guidance- Government Procurement and State Trading- SubsidiesMarketing Barriers: Nontariff BarriersCustoms and Entry Procedures- Classification- Valuation- Documentation- License or Permit- Inspection- Health and Safety RegulationsMarketing Barriers: Nontariff BarriersProduct Requirements- Product Standards- Packaging, Labeling, and Marking- Product Testing- Product SpecificationsMarketing Barriers: Nontariff BarriersQuotas- Absolute Quotas- Tariff Quotas- Voluntary QuotasMarketing Barriers: Nontariff BarriersFinancial Control- Exchange Control- Multiple Exchange Rates- Prior Import Deposits and Credit Restrictions- Profit Remittance RestrictionsPrivate BarriersAffiliated firms' business practices Cooperative business groups- keiretsu- chaebolThe World Trade Organization (WTO)Goal: broad, multilateral, and free worldwide system of tradingMost Favored Nation (MFN) PrincipleNormal Trade Relations (NTR) PrincipleGSPGeneralized System of Preferences (GSP)Preferential systemAiding economic development of developing countriesAllowing duty-free entry of products