Môi trường - Integrated coastal zone management (iczm)

INTEGRATED COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT (ICZM)ICZMICZM is a management strategy directed at reducing the many conflicts that are bound to rise during the use of the coastal zone area. COASTAL ZONEA coastal zone includes lands and waters adjacent to the coast that exert an influence on the uses of the sea and its ecology, or whose uses and ecology are affected by the sea.There are several approaches and the need for these approaches depends on the nature and severity of the conflicts within and between sectors. The integrated approaches are usually directed at multiple uses of an area. This may include shipping, fishing, recreation, ocean mining and waste disposal among other things.ObjectiveThe main objective of coastal zone management is to minimize the conflicts and ensure sustainability.The integrated coastal zone management strategy seeks to ensure:1. Rational utilization of natural resources2. Fighting pollution and improving living conditions3. Institutional and legal framework INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION RELATING TO INTERVENTION ON THE HIGH SEAS IN CASES OF OIL POLLUTION CASUALTIES, 1969The Convention affirms the right of a coastal State to take such measures on the high seas as may be necessary to prevent, mitigate or eliminate danger to its coastline or related interests from pollution by oil or the threat thereof, following upon a maritime casualty. The 1973 Protocol extended the Convention to cover substances other than oil.The coastal State is, however, empowered to take only such action as is necessary, and after due consultations with appropriate interests including, in particular, the flag State or States of the ship or ships involved, the owners of the ships or cargoes in question and, where circumstances permit, independent experts appointed for this purpose.A coastal State which takes measures beyond those permitted under the Convention is liable to pay compensation for any damage caused by such measures. Provision is made for the settlement of disputes arising in connection with the application of the Convention.Application The Convention applies to all seagoing vessels except warships or other vessels owned or operated by a State and used on Government non-commercial service.1973 protocolThe 1969 Intervention Convention applied to casualties involving pollution by oil. In view of the increasing quantity of other substances, mainly chemical, carried by ships, some of which would, if released, cause serious hazard to the marine environment, the 1969 Brussels Conference recognized the need to extend the Convention to cover substances other than oil. akpe na mi!