Môn Sinh học - Chapter 20: Terms to know

CH. 20 WARM-UPShare 3 things you are grateful for.Use your textbook (Ch. 20) to answer the following review questions.What is recombinant DNA?What are plasmids?What are restriction enzymes (RE)?When DNA is cut using an RE, describe the ends of the DNA fragments.WARM-UPA bacterial plasmid is 100 kb in length. The plasmid DNA was digested to completion with 2 restriction enzymes in 3 separate treatments: EcoRI, HaeIII, and EcoRI + HaeIII (double-digest). The fragments were separated by gel electrophoresis below.Draw a circle to represent the plasmid. On the circle, construct a labeled diagram of the restriction map of the plasmid.WARM-UPDescribe how a plasmid can be genetically modified to include a piece of foreign DNA that alters the phenotype of bacterial cells transformed with the modified plasmid.How can a genetically modified organism provide a benefit for humans and at the same time pose a threat to a population or ecosystem?BIOTECHNOLOGYCHAPTER 20CHAPTER 20: TERMS TO KNOWGenetic engineeringBiotechnologyRecombinant DNAGene cloningPlasmidRestriction enzymesSticky endsDNA ligaseCloning vectorNucleic acid hybridizationPCRGel electrophoresisRFLPsGenomic librarycDNA libraryDNA microarray assaysSNPsStem cellsGene therapyTransgenic animalsGMO (genetically modified organism)WHAT YOU MUST KNOW:The terminology of biotechnology.How plasmids are used in bacterial transformation to clone genes.The key ideas that make PCR possible and applications of this technology.How gel electrophoresis can be used to separate DNA fragments or protein molecules.Information that can be determined from DNA gel results, such as fragment sizes and RFLP analysis.Genetic Engineering: process of manipulating genes and genomesBiotechnology: process of manipulating organisms or their components for the purpose of making useful products.Recombinant DNA: DNA that has been artificially made, using DNA from different sourceseg. Human gene inserted into E.coliGene cloning: process by which scientists can product multiple copies of specific segments of DNA that they can then work with in the labTOOLS OF GENETIC ENGINEERINGRestriction enzymes (restriction endonucleases): used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations (restriction sites)Restriction Fragments: have at least 1 sticky end (single-stranded end)DNA ligase: joins DNA fragmentsCloning vector: carries the DNA sequence to be cloned (eg. bacterial plasmid)USING A RESTRICTION ENZYME (RE) AND DNA LIGASE TO MAKE RECOMBINANT DNAGENE CLONINGAPPLICATIONS OF GENE CLONINGTECHNIQUES OF GENETIC ENGINEERINGTECHNIQUES OF GENETIC ENGINEERINGTransformation: bacteria takes up plasmid (w/gene of interest)PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction): amplify (copy) piece of DNA without use of cellsGel electrophoresis: used to separate DNA molecules on basis of size and charge using an electrical current (DNA  + pole)DNA microarray assays: study many genes at same timePCR (POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION): AMPLIFY (COPY) PIECE OF DNA WITHOUT USE OF CELLSGEL ELECTROPHORESIS: USED TO SEPARATE DNA MOLECULES ON BASIS OF SIZE AND CHARGE USING AN ELECTRICAL CURRENT (DNA  (+) POLE)GEL ELECTROPHORESISMICROARRAY ASSAY: USED TO STUDY GENE EXPRESSION OF MANY DIFFERENT GENESDNA MICROARRAY THAT REVEALS EXPRESSION LEVELS OF 2,400 HUMAN GENESCLONING ORGANISMSNuclear transplantation: nucleus of egg is removed and replaced with nucleus of body cellNUCLEAR TRANSPLANTATIONPROBLEMS WITH REPRODUCTIVE CLONINGCloned embryos exhibited various defectsDNA of fully differentiated cell have epigenetic changes STEM CELLSStem cells: can reproduce itself indefinitely and produce other specialized cellsZygote = totipotent (any type of cell)Embryonic stem cells = pluripotent (many cell types)Adult stem cells = multipotent (a few cell types) or induced pluripotent, iPS (forced to be pluripotent)Embryonic vs. Adult stem cellsUSING STEM CELLS FOR DISEASE TREATMENTINTERACTIVE: GO GO STEM CELLSGENETIC SCIENCE LEARNING CENTERAPPLICATIONS OF DNA TECHNOLOGYDiagnosis of disease – identify alleles, viral DNAGene therapy – alter afflicted genesProduction of pharmaceuticalsForensic applications – DNA profilingEnvironmental cleanup – use microorganismsAgricultural applications - GMOsGENE THERAPY USING A RETROVIRAL VECTOR“PHARM” ANIMAL: PRODUCE HUMAN PROTEIN SECRETED IN MILK FOR MEDICAL USEDNA FINGERPRINTINGRFLPS (“RIF-LIPS”)Restriction Fragment Length PolymorphismCut DNA with different restriction enzymesEach person has different #s of DNA fragments createdAnalyze DNA samples on a gel for disease diagnosisOutdated method of DNA profiling (required a quarter-sized sample of blood)RFLPS – DISEASE DIAGNOSISVIDEO: INTRODUCTION TO DNA FINGERPRINTING NAKED SCIENCE SCRAPBOOKVIDEO: DNA FINGERPRINTINGBOZEMAN BIOLOGYSTR ANALYSISSTR = Short Tandem RepeatsNon-coding DNA has regions with sequences (2-5 base length) that are repeatedEach person has different # of repeats at different locations (loci)Current method of DNA fingerprinting used – only need 20 cells for analysisSTR ANALYSISSTR ANALYSISGENETICALLY MODIFIED (GM) ORGANISMSOrganisms altered through recombinant DNA technologyInsert foreign DNA into genome or combine DNA from different genomesBIOTECHNOLOGY TECHNIQUESHow to make Recombinant DNAGel ElectrophoresisPCRSummarize: What is this technique?Draw and label a diagram to show this techniqueWhat are the main tools or materials involved?Applications: What is this being used for?