Ngân hàng, tín dụng - Chapter 3: Financial instruments, markets, and institutions

1Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Financial Instruments, Markets, and Institutions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-2 Learning Objectives • Envision the flow of funds between savers and borrowers in a modern macroeconomy • Describe the basic differences between debt and equity and how these tools facilitate the flow of funds between savers and borrowers • Identify how financial intermediaries assist the transfer of funds from lenders to borrowers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-3 Flow of Funds • Financial system provides a transmission mechanism between saver-lenders and borrower-spenders. – Savers benefit—earn interest – Investors benefit—access to money otherwise not available – Economy benefits—efficient means of bringing savers and borrowers together 2Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-4 Flow of Funds (Cont.) • Funds flow indirectly from ultimate lenders [households] through financial intermediaries [banks or insurance companies] or directly through financial markets [stock exchange/bond markets] to ultimate borrowers [business firms, government, or other households] (See Figure 3.1) • In order for financial system to function smoothly, must be adequate information about the markets and their operation Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-5 FIGURE 3.1 Flow of funds from lenders to borrowers. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-6 Financial Instruments and Markets • Primary Markets – Market for issuing a new security and distributing to saver- lenders. – Investment Banks—Information and marketing specialists for newly issued securities. • Secondary Markets – Market where existing securities can be exchanged • New York Stock Exchange • American Stock Exchange • Over-the-counter (OTC) markets 3Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-7 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • Bonds Represent Borrowing – Agreement by issuer to pay interest on specified dates and redeem the bond upon maturity. – Consols—Bond with no maturity date, pay interest forever – Coupon Securities—Attached to bond and sent in to collect interest [generally semi-annually] – Zero-coupon—Sold at price well below face value. Collect interest when the bond matures. – Tax Exempt—Interest earned is not taxed (issued by state, local, or municipal governments). Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-8 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • Stocks Represent Ownership – Stockholder owns part of the corporation and receives dividends from the issuer. – No government stock—individuals cannot “own” part of the government – Types of Corporate stocks • Preferred Stock—Fixed dividends, priority over common stock • Common Stock—Variable dividends, based on company’s profits. • Convertible—Convert preferred into common at a stated price Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-9 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • Stocks Represent Ownership (Cont.) – Like bonds, existing stock may be exchanged through secondary markets. – Capital Gains—Difference between price initially paid and amount received when stock is sold. – Measures of trends in overall common stock prices • Standard & Poor’s 500 Stock Index—based on prices of 500 individual stocks • NASDAQ Composite Index—based on all stocks listed in NASDAQ • Dow Jones Industrial Average—based on price of 30 “blue-chip” stocks 4Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-10 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • Both stocks and bonds [securities] represent a claim to a stream of payments [cash flows] in the future – Bonds—Interest payment and face value at maturity – Stocks—Dividends and sales price when sold Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-11 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • Mortgages Involve Real Estate – Debt incurred in order to buy land or building – Amortized—principal and interest is gradually repaid over the life of loan – Fixed Rate—Rate of interest is fixed – Variable-Rate—Rate of interest varies depending on financial environment – Cash flow for lender is uncertain • Interest payments may vary [variable rate mortgages] • Home owner may prepay • Refinance a fixed mortgage if interest rates decline Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-12 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • Mortgages Involve Real Estate (Cont.) – Securitization—Individual mortgages may be “pooled” and sold as a unit to reduce uncertainty. – Mortgages may be insured by government agencies—Federal Housing Authority (FHA) or Veterans Administration (VA) 5Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-13 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • Derivatives: Options and Futures Contracts – Contractual agreement between two parties to exchange a third asset in the future at a stated price – Often called derivative financial instruments because they derive value from underlying assets – Long—Buyer of the contract, receive commodity in the future – Short—Seller of the contract, provide commodity in the future – Speculators gamble on price fluctuations and hope to profit – Eliminate the risk of price fluctuations Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-14 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • The Capital Market – Exchange of long-term securities—in excess of one year – Generally used to secure long-term financing for capital investment (Table 3.1) • Stock market—Largest part of capital market and held by private and institutional investors • Residential and commercial mortgages—Held by commercial banks and life insurance companies • Corporate bond market—Held by insurance companies, pension and retirement funds • Local and state government bonds—Primarily held for tax-exempt feature • Government securities—Held by commercial banks, the Fed, individual Americans/foreigners, and dealers Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-15 Financial Instruments and Markets (Cont.) • The Money Market – Exchange of short-term instruments—less than one year – Highly liquid, minimal risk – Use of a temporary surplus of funds by banks or businesses (Table 3.2) • Commercial paper—short-term liabilities of prime business firms and finance companies • Bank Certificates of Deposits—liabilities of issuing bank, interest bearing to corporations that hold them • U.S. Treasury bills—short-term debts of US government 6Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-16 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile • Role Financial Intermediaries – Act as agents in transferring funds from savers-lenders to borrowers-spenders. – Acquire funds by issuing their liabilities to public and use money to purchase financial assets • Earn profits on difference between interest paid and earned • Diversify portfolios and minimize risk • Lower transaction costs • Competition lowers interest rates—beneficial to economic growth Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-17 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile • Financial Institutions in Profile—focus on composition of liabilities and assets – Commercial Banks • Most prominent • Range in size from huge (BankAmerica) to small (local banks) • Major source of funds used to be demand deposits of public, but now rely more on “other liabilities” • Also accept savings and time deposits—interest earning Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-18 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile (Cont.) • Financial Institutions in Profile (Cont.) – Commercial Banks (Cont.) • Purchase wide variety of assets – short-term government securities – long-term business loans – home mortgages 7Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-19 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile (Cont.) • Financial Institutions in Profile (Cont.) – Life Insurance Companies • Insure against death • Receive funds in form of premiums • Use of funds is based on mortality statistics—predict when funds will be needed • Invest in long-term securities—high yield – Long-term corporate bonds – Long-term commercial mortgages Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-20 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile (Cont.) • Financial Institutions in Profile (Cont.) – Pension and Retirement Funds • Concerned with long run • Receive funds from working individuals building “nest-egg” • Accurate prediction of future use of funds • Invest mainly in long-term corporate bonds and high-grade stock – Mutual Funds • Stock or bond market related institutions • Pool funds from many people • Invest in wide variety of securities—minimize risk Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-21 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile (Cont.) • Financial Institutions in Profile (Cont.) – Money Market Mutual Funds • Individuals purchase shares in the fund • Fund invests in highly liquid short-term money market instruments – large-size negotiable CD’s – Treasury bills – high-grade commercial paper 8Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-22 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile (Cont.) • Financial Institutions in Profile (Cont.) – Savings and Loan Associations [S&L’s] • Traditionally acquired funds through savings deposits • Used funds to make home mortgage loans • Now perform same functions as commercial banks – issue checking accounts – make consumer and business loans – Commercial and Consumer Finance Companies • Acquire funds primarily by selling short term loans (commercial paper) • Lend money for consumer purchases or business firms to finance inventories Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-23 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile (Cont.) • Financial Institutions in Profile (Cont.) – Property and Casualty Insurance Companies • Insure homeowners and businesses against losses • Receive premiums • Need to be fairly liquid due to uncertainty of claims • Purchase a variety of securities – high-grade stocks and bonds – short-term money market instruments for liquidity Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-24 Financial Intermediaries: Purposes and Profile (Cont.) • Financial Institutions in Profile (Cont.) – Credit Unions • Organized as cooperatives for people with common interest • Members buy shares [deposits] and can borrow • Changes in the law in early 1980’s broadened their powers – checking [share] accounts – make long-term mortgage loans 9Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-25 TABLE 3.1 The Capital Market: Securities Outstanding (2007) Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-26 TABLE 3.2 The Money Market: Securities Outstanding 2007 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved. 3-27 TABLE 3.3 Financial Institutions, Ranked by Asset Size (2007)