Propagation handbook for wireless communication system design

Contents Chapter 1 Propagation phenomena affecting wireless systems 1.1 Types of systems 1.2 Design criteria 1.3 Antenna considerations 1.3.1 Transmission loss 1.3.2 Antenna beamwidth 1.4 Propagation effects 1.4.1 Path attenuation 1.4.1.1 Atmospheric gases 1.4.1.2 Clouds and fog 1.4.1.3 Rain 1.4.1.4 Water layer 1.4.1.5 Building material 1.4.1.6 Vegetation 1.4.1.7 Obstacles 1.4.2 Refraction 1.4.2.1 Ray tracing 1.4.2.2 Ducting 1.4.2.3 Effective Earth’s radius 1.4.2.4 Tropospheric scatter 1.4.2.5 Scintillation 1.4.3 Receiver noise 1.5 Propagation models 1.6 Model verification 1.7 Statistics and risk 1.7.1 Stationarity 1.7.2 Variability model distribution 1.7.2.1 Lognormal model 1.7.2.2 Normal distribution model 1.7.2.3 Gamma distribution model 1.7.2.4 Weibull distribution model 1.7.2.5 Model selection 1.7.3 Risk 1.8 List of symbols References ©2003 CRC Press LLC Chapter 2 Propagation fundamentals 2.1 Maxwell’s equations 2.2 Plane waves 2.3 Spherical waves 2.4 Reflection and refraction 2.5 Geometrical optics 2.6 Ray tracing 2.7 Scalar diffraction theory 2.8 Geometrical theory of diffraction 2.9 List of symbols References Chapter 3 Absorption 3.1 Molecular absorption 3.1.1 Complex index of refraction 3.1.1.1 Water vapor 3.1.1.2 Molecular oxygen 3.1.2 Approximate models 3.1.2.1 ITU-R model 3.1.2.2 Regression model 3.2 Absorption on a slant path 3.2.1 Attenuation 3.2.2 Brightness temperature 3.2.3 Approximate models 3.2.3.1 ITU-R model 3.2.3.2 Regression model 3.2.3.3 ACTS model 3.2.4 Specific attenuation profiles 3.2.4.1 June 4, 1996 3.2.4.2 June 5, 1996 3.2.4.3 June 6, 1996 3.3 ACTS statistics 3.3.1 Twice-daily sky brightness temperature 3.3.1.1 Norman, OK 3.3.1.2 Fairbanks, AK 3.3.1.3 Vancouver, British Columbia 3.3.1.4 Greeley, CO 3.3.1.5 Tampa, FL 3.3.1.6 White Sands, NM 3.3.1.7 Reston, VA 3.3.2 Gaseous absorption distributions 3.3.2.1 Norman, OK 3.3.2.2 Fairbanks, AK 3.3.2.3 Vancouver, British Columbia 3.3.2.4 Greeley, CO 3.3.2.5 Tampa, FL ©2003 CRC Press LLC 3.3.2.6 White Sands, NM 3.3.2.7 Reston, VA 3.4 List of symbols References Chapter 4 Refraction 4.1 Ray bending 4.1.1 Bending and focusing 4.1.2 Elevation angle error 4.1.3 Trapping or ducting 4.2 Path delay 4.2.1 Range error 4.2.2 Multipath 4.3 Scintillation 4.3.1 ACTS observations 4.3.2 Low elevation angle observations 4.3.3 Standard deviation prediction models 4.4 List of symbols References Chapter 5 Attenuation by clouds and rain 5.1 Rain 5.2 Rain attenuation 5.3 Seasonal rain attenuation statistics 5.3.1 Monthly statistics 5.3.2 Worst-month statistics 5.4 Fade duration 5.5 Fade rate 5.6 Rain attenuation models 5.6.1 Rain rate models 5.6.1.1 Crane local model 5.6.1.2 New ITU-R model 5.6.1.3 Comparison to ACTS observations 5.6.2 Two-component path attenuation model 5.6.3 Application of the models 5.7 List of symbols References Appendix 5.1 Appendix 5.2 References

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80 Houston, TX 1.250 0.2149 0.1979 Lubbock, TX 1.256 0.2718 0.2124 Midland, TX 1.261 0.3272 0.2656 Salt Lake City, UT 0.867 0.2315 0.2075 Norfolk, VA 1.152 0.1699 0.1366 Richmond, VA 1.151 0.1808 0.1372 Roanoke, VA 1.008 0.1668 0.1287 Wallops Is., VA 1.192 0.3051 0.2503 Washington, DC 1.128 0.1686 0.1220 Burlington, VT 1.011 0.1501 0.1341 Blaine, WA 0.767 0.1540 0.5020 Quillayute, WA 0.920 0.1769 0.1236 Seattle–Tacoma, WA 0.841 0.1581 0.1298 Spokane, WA 0.812 0.1696 0.1532 Walla Walla, WA 0.851 0.2388 0.2237 Madison, WI 1.077 0.1678 0.1703 Cheyenne, WY 1.120 0.2295 0.1956 Lander, WY 0.842 0.2150 0.1834 Sheridan, WY 0.903 0.2007 0.1447 0820_book Page 285 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC29.97 –95.35 1218.893 0.008 48.180 2.440 2.371 33.65 –101.83 495.410 0.021 29.727 1.027 1.363 31.95 –102.17 395.608 0.008 40.702 0.951 1.488 40.78 –112.00 399.869 0.003 29.654 2.279 1.281 36.90 –76.20 1140.193 0.028 33.420 2.791 1.710 37.52 –77.33 1109.201 0.030 33.751 2.721 1.599 37.32 –79.97 1018.469 0.012 41.507 3.157 1.834 37.93 –75.48 956.068 0.004 48.051 3.038 1.709 38.95 –77.45 1012.105 0.029 32.226 2.654 1.497 44.47 –73.15 880.878 0.022 27.703 4.009 1.148 49.00 –122.75 985.383 0.005 16.469 3.947 2.060 47.95 –124.50 2624.911 0.005 16.469 10.324 1.835 47.45 –122.33 922.931 0.003 10.745 5.360 1.390 47.63 –117.50 427.307 0.002 23.102 3.127 1.105 46.10 –118.33 416.938 0.001 34.853 2.844 1.160 43.13 –89.33 809.413 0.034 31.704 2.126 1.230 41.15 –104.83 373.086 0.008 31.269 2.108 0.905 42.82 –108.67 337.447 0.003 29.418 2.084 1.197 44.77 –107.00 374.565 0.003 33.151 2.651 1.017 286 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) January February March Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Fairbanks, AK 0.00024 1.976 0.7701 0.5920 0.00024 1.347 0.7907 0.6330 0.00024 1.482 1.0292 0.8000 Huntsville, AL 0.00598 3.766 0.4536 0.3282 0.00969 3.446 0.4839 0.3711 0.02212 4.490 0.4898 0.3609 Mobile, AL 0.01696 2.884 0.5144 0.3675 0.01065 3.125 0.4396 0.4001 0.01994 3.334 0.4393 0.3241 Montgomery, AL 0.01948 3.345 0.4543 0.3558 0.02619 3.590 0.4776 0.4005 0.04627 3.728 0.4392 0.3375 Little Rock, AR 0.02 67 0.4702 0.4271 Flagstaff, AZ 0.00 71 0.6755 0.6141 Tucson, AZ 0.00 43 0.7434 0.7118 Yuma, AZ 0.00 18 1.0241 0.9257 Bakersfield, CA 0.00 09 0.7257 0.6942 Eureka, CA 0.00 17 0.4333 0.3446 Fresno, CA 0.00 85 0.7204 0.6778 Los Angeles, CA 0.00 12 0.7904 0.7071 San Diego, CA 0.00 81 0.8214 0.7075 San Francisco, CA 0.00 12 0.6410 0.5600 Alamosa, CO 0.00 66 0.7469 0.5739 Denver, CO 0.00 55 0.6150 0.4335 Grand Junction, CO 0.00 47 0.6108 0.5162 Greeley, CO 0.00 16 0.8080 0.7410 Hartford, CT 0.00 92 0.3951 0.3288 Jacksonville, FL 0.00 41 0.6096 0.4740 Miami, FL 0.01 24 0.7462 0.6151 Tallahassee, FL 0.01 27 0.4908 0.4201 Tampa, FL 0.01 30 0.7560 0.6529 Atlanta, GA 0.01 16 0.3980 0.3289 Savannah, GA 0.01 33 0.5553 0.4855 Des Moines, IA 0.00 93 0.5547 0.4290 Boise, ID 0.00 37 0.6472 0.6523 Chicago, IL 0.00 49 0.4190 0.2809 Springfield, IL 0.00 17 0.4567 0.3146 0820_book Page 286 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC019 4.337 0.6195 0.4957 0.03141 3.670 0.5036 0.4401 0.02200 4.4 028 3.545 0.7740 0.6832 0.00418 3.278 0.8087 0.6574 0.00028 3.9 371 1.413 0.8283 0.6868 0.00303 1.056 0.7850 0.6789 0.00366 1.0 027 0.686 0.9052 0.8396 0.00027 0.436 1.0704 0.9395 0.00027 0.4 210 1.698 0.6376 0.5849 0.00223 1.654 0.8303 0.6999 0.00256 1.8 272 8.917 0.4840 0.4052 0.00347 7.042 0.4776 0.4128 0.00255 7.2 155 2.966 0.6855 0.5336 0.00000 2.727 0.7515 0.6624 0.00436 2.5 417 2.873 0.7897 0.6822 0.00413 2.482 0.8475 0.7144 0.00436 1.9 822 2.631 0.7888 0.7015 0.00808 1.855 0.7912 0.7143 0.00948 2.3 362 5.461 0.6027 0.5167 0.00145 4.173 0.6717 0.5743 0.00138 3.8 016 0.575 0.7143 0.5959 0.00016 0.596 0.7973 0.5704 0.00016 0.8 014 1.060 0.6434 0.5254 0.00014 1.233 0.5949 0.5153 0.00014 2.6 023 1.448 0.6337 0.6069 0.00023 1.204 0.6421 0.6026 0.00023 1.9 014 0.384 0.7120 0.724 0.00014 0.337 0.5930 0.6290 0.00014 0.9 282 3.944 0.5774 0.4183 0.00270 3.784 0.4119 0.3131 0.00016 4.6 952 2.073 0.6180 0.4838 0.01173 2.208 0.5024 0.4693 0.01638 2.2 425 0.843 0.7796 0.661 0.01161 0.954 0.6870 0.5401 0.02068 0.8 222 2.810 0.6035 0.3830 0.01620 2.757 0.4489 0.4127 0.02588 2.9 774 1.452 0.6395 0.5424 0.05040 1.120 0.5665 0.5203 0.03219 2.5 877 4.380 0.4208 0.3258 0.02213 4.228 0.4639 0.3482 0.05806 3.6 485 3.521 0.6145 0.4807 0.01659 3.010 0.4951 0.4115 0.02730 3.5 012 1.403 0.6809 0.4734 0.00012 1.534 0.5864 0.4688 0.00621 2.5 038 1.034 0.5700 0.5379 0.00623 0.852 0.6573 0.6562 0.00939 0.9 014 2.249 0.5955 0.3977 0.00014 1.877 0.5442 0.3979 0.00771 3.4 533 3.283 0.6651 0.4736 0.01142 3.084 0.5080 0.4081 0.03381 4.1 A ppendix 5.1 287 Ft. Wayne, IN 0.00328 3.417 0.6734 0.3833 0.00320 2.975 0.5548 0.3826 0.00407 4.171 0.3900 0.2479 Indianapolis, IN 0.00013 3.197 0.6924 0.4105 0.00286 2.911 0.4639 0.3773 0.00424 4.194 0.4887 0.2672 Goodland, KS 0.00011 0.616 0.7473 0.5878 0.00011 0.667 0.8340 0.7267 0.00011 1.719 0.7099 0.5976 Wichita, KS 0.00010 0.694 0.6972 0.6097 0.00010 0.854 0.7718 0.6827 0.00547 1.923 0.7620 0.6352 Louisville, KY 0.00238 3.730 0.5626 0.4501 0.00234 3.770 0.5487 0.3560 0.01239 4.389 0.5129 0.3021 New Orleans, LA 0.00712 2.881 0.6334 0.4807 0.00830 3.058 0.5031 0.4453 0.01137 2.386 0.4726 0.3358 Shreveport, LA 0.02408 4.044 0.5915 0.462 0.03716 3.200 0.4409 0.4185 0.05582 2.027 0.4208 0.3937 Boston, MA 0.003 8 0.4817 0.3134 Caribou, ME 0.000 1 0.4334 0.3401 Portland, ME 0.000 1 0.4763 0.3303 Detroit–Metro, MI 0.000 4 0.3973 0.2728 Grand Rapids, MI 0.000 1 0.3833 0.2899 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 0.000 1 0.4766 0.3455 Duluth, MN 0.000 6 0.6130 0.4601 International Falls, MN 0.000 8 0.5724 0.4446 Minneapolis, MN 0.000 8 0.5061 0.4361 Kansas City, MO 0.000 3 0.3618 0.3923 St. Louis, MO 0.002 7 0.395 0.3565 Jackson, MS 0.050 9 0.4981 0.3854 Glasgow, MT 0.000 9 0.5710 0.5304 Missoula, MT 0.000 5 0.4123 0.3818 Charlotte, NC 0.005 9 0.4052 0.3259 Raleigh, NC 0.006 4 0.3955 0.3381 Bismarck, ND 0.000 9 0.7533 0.5654 Fargo, ND 0.000 6 0.5642 0.4897 Grand Island, NE 0.000 4 0.7423 0.5544 No. Platte, NE 0.000 9 0.6878 0.4735 Scottsbluff, NE 0.000 7 0.6198 0.4996 Concord, NH 0.003 7 0.4542 0.3316 Albuquerque, NM 0.000 8 0.7407 0.5967 Jornada, NM 0.003 2 0.7720 1.019 Roswell, NM 0.000 7 0.9412 0.8362 Elko, NV 0.000 7 0.6069 0.6355 Ely, NV 0.000 9 0.5746 0.5546 0820_book Page 287 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC05 4.588 0.5454 0.3925 0.00274 4.506 0.4103 0.3291 0.00316 5.00 26 4.697 0.3879 0.2577 0.00026 4.034 0.3828 0.3417 0.00026 4.65 13 4.761 0.5657 0.4365 0.00219 4.296 0.4540 0.3301 0.00241 5.04 14 3.014 0.5017 0.3309 0.00014 2.752 0.5894 0.4069 0.00262 3.86 11 2.866 0.4914 0.2926 0.00011 2.094 0.5346 0.3972 0.00246 3.89 22 5.631 0.3883 0.2995 0.00022 3.862 0.4952 0.3807 0.00326 4.94 14 1.961 0.7194 0.5211 0.00014 1.393 0.6342 0.4477 0.00014 2.94 21 1.800 0.6222 0.4778 0.00021 1.448 0.5586 0.4779 0.00021 2.30 11 1.369 0.7189 0.5165 0.00011 1.328 0.6214 0.5145 0.00011 2.98 14 1.201 0.5676 0.5075 0.00237 1.138 0.5010 0.4479 0.00733 2.52 92 2.088 0.696 0.4712 0.00272 2.443 0.5183 0.4098 0.01142 3.32 10 3.236 0.5897 0.4091 0.04919 3.048 0.4720 0.4322 0.07327 2.75 14 0.877 0.6700 0.5866 0.00014 0.663 0.5911 0.6186 0.00014 0.99 22 3.169 0.5473 0.492 0.00022 2.081 0.5248 0.4428 0.00022 2.43 92 3.314 0.4299 0.3349 0.00186 3.564 0.4506 0.3887 0.00851 4.01 37 3.264 0.4468 0.3089 0.00523 3.331 0.4072 0.3303 0.01001 3.31 27 1.198 0.5525 0.4942 0.00027 1.084 0.6619 0.5469 0.00027 1.91 14 1.234 0.6705 0.558 0.00014 0.836 0.7125 0.5218 0.00014 1.81 14 0.709 0.7034 0.5913 0.00014 1.016 0.7579 0.5622 0.00246 2.26 11 0.626 0.7725 0.6050 0.00011 0.801 0.7898 0.7285 0.00011 1.76 09 0.844 0.6420 0.5922 0.00009 0.891 0.8148 0.6846 0.00009 1.90 52 3.928 0.5672 0.4189 0.00347 3.588 0.4969 0.3822 0.00419 4.11 39 0.891 0.7210 0.6728 0.00039 0.913 0.7069 0.6390 0.00394 0.88 21 0.343 0.8110 0.8830 0.00027 0.294 0.7250 0.7970 0.00316 0.14 00 0.360 0.5804 0.7511 0.00000 0.371 0.7679 0.8869 0.00000 0.25 00 2.204 0.7165 0.6811 0.00000 1.398 0.6581 0.6576 0.00000 1.87 10 1.687 0.6296 0.5451 0.00010 1.473 0.6855 0.6554 0.0001.0 2.22 288 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) January February March Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Las Vegas, NV 0.00018 0.884 0.8994 0.8829 0.00192 0.746 1.0234 0.8946 0.00185 0.803 1.1205 0.9265 Reno, NV 0.00031 2.301 0.6936 0.5844 0.00031 2.065 0.8436 0.7030 0.00031 1.562 0.6896 0.6526 Albany, NY 0.00013 3.532 0.5263 0.4097 0.00013 3.515 0.4201 0.3420 0.00013 4.455 0.3964 0.3219 Buffalo, NY 0.00543 6.403 0.4588 0.3686 0.00395 5.536 0.4554 0.3136 0.00581 6.521 0.3900 0.2089 NY/Kennedy, NY 0.00622 3.520 48 0.5096 0.4053 Syracuse, NY 0.00015 4.745 08 0.3700 0.2729 Cleveland, OH 0.00296 4.352 69 0.4033 0.2213 Columbus, OH 0.00275 4.058 36 0.4772 0.2605 Oklahoma City, OK 0.00200 1.003 67 0.6421 0.5548 Burns, OR 0.00041 2.103 65 0.6522 0.4916 Eugene, OR 0.00357 10.365 40 0.4776 0.3653 Medford, OR 0.00031 5.446 09 0.5882 0.4543 Portland, OR 0.00018 10.567 28 0.3834 0.3401 Philadelphia, PA 0.00289 3.582 80 0.4107 0.3155 Pittsburgh, PA 0.00352 4.726 73 0.3754 0.2367 Columbia, SC 0.00993 4.008 28 0.4782 0.4072 Rapid City, SD 0.00012 0.772 19 0.5902 0.4379 Sioux Falls, SD 0.00035 1.073 02 0.5079 0.4438 Memphis, TN 0.01336 3.596 44 0.4060 0.3705 Nashville, TN 0.00236 3.882 84 0.4553 0.3152 Abilene, TX 0.00013 1.055 23 0.7508 0.6402 Amarillo, TX 0.00011 0.621 89 0.8602 0.7570 Austin, TX 0.00443 1.856 39 0.6410 0.4959 0820_book Page 288 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC0.5899 0.4297 0.00661 2.697 0.5052 0.3923 0.00029 3.9 0.3924 0.3169 0.00015 4.706 0.4506 0.3314 0.00015 5.7 0.4913 0.3248 0.00021 4.115 0.4510 0.3036 0.00379 5.2 0.6143 0.3757 0.00270 3.241 0.4909 0.3509 0.00313 4.5 0.7952 0.6130 0.00236 1.212 0.6694 0.5674 0.01528 1.4 0.6836 0.6464 0.00041 2.765 0.7641 0.6509 0.00041 3.0 0.4838 0.3950 0.00339 7.271 0.5196 0.3923 0.00389 7.2 0.5638 0.4821 0.00031 4.061 0.5856 0.4648 0.00031 3.4 0.5111 0.4065 0.00018 7.362 0.4167 0.3434 0.00305 6.7 0.4497 0.3336 0.00213 3.245 0.3931 0.3134 0.00313 3.9 0.4581 0.3403 0.00364 4.246 0.4619 0.2971 0.00442 6.1 0.4454 0.3717 0.01283 3.392 0.4653 0.3963 0.02642 3.7 0.648 0.6029 0.00012 1.142 0.6863 0.5529 0.00012 2.1 0.7169 0.6034 0.00035 1.560 0.8649 0.5963 0.00464 3.2 0.6391 0.4704 0.01970 3.390 0.5033 0.3970 0.03806 3.4 0.5915 0.4259 0.00575 3.701 0.4631 0.3205 0.00897 4.2 0.8486 0.7490 0.00270 1.015 0.7214 0.6351 0.00806 0.8 0.8207 0.7379 0.00011 0.659 0.7286 0.7009 0.00255 0.7 0.8052 0.6013 0.00916 2.140 0.5703 0.4689 0.01807 1.1 A ppendix 5.1 289 Brownsville, TX 0.00098 1.217 0.7683 0.6091 0.00258 1.126 0.9388 0.5957 0.00057 0.477 0.9110 0.7467 Dallas/Ft Worth, TX 0.01006 1.006 0.6317 0.6355 0.00380 1.648 0.5662 0.4978 0.01494 1.971 0.4778 0.4441 Del Rio, TX 0.00009 0.465 0.7530 0.7535 0.00488 0.541 0.7302 0.7374 0.00624 0.296 0.8571 0.7790 El Paso, TX 0.00321 0.630 0.7666 0.7377 0.00027 0.712 0.7940 0.7449 0.00316 0.359 0.9621 0.8099 Houston, TX 0.00526 2.416 0.6097 0.5103 0.00240 1.874 0.4933 0.4717 0.00764 2.204 0.5217 0.4226 Lubbock, TX 0.00020 0.611 0.9243 0.7392 0.00261 0.740 0.7860 0.5855 0.00768 0.831 0.8376 0.7498 Midland, TX 0.00011 0.546 0.8601 0.7592 0.00217 0.589 0.8360 0.7282 0.00218 0.423 0.9516 0.8924 Salt Lake City, UT 0.000 73 0.4886 0.4440 Norfolk, VA 0.003 86 0.4111 0.3424 Richmond, VA 0.009 37 0.4514 0.3261 Roanoke, VA 0.000 86 0.4500 0.3744 Wallops Is., VA 0.000 10 0.4640 0.3719 Washington, DC 0.003 17 0.4119 0.3206 Burlington, VT 0.000 53 0.3332 0.2741 Blaine, WA 0.003 10 0.3930 0.6210 Quillayute, WA 0.003 98 0.3299 0.2618 Seattle–Tacoma, WA 0.002 26 0.4249 0.3611 Spokane, WA 0.000 24 0.4392 0.4025 Walla Walla, WA 0.000 71 0.4944 0.4386 Madison, WI 0.000 47 0.4754 0.3651 Cheyenne, WY 0.000 86 0.6547 0.4986 Lander, WY 0.000 05 0.5859 0.4761 Sheridan, WY 0.000 84 0.5562 0.4255 0820_book Page 289 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC18 2.507 0.5056 0.4719 0.00018 2.307 0.4821 0.4426 0.00018 3.3 05 4.076 0.3997 0.2848 0.00358 3.493 0.3743 0.3772 0.00485 3.9 19 3.258 0.4902 0.3141 0.00347 3.454 0.3956 0.3796 0.01376 3.6 12 3.157 0.4867 0.3712 0.00012 3.693 0.4580 0.3489 0.00370 4.0 00 3.585 0.4596 0.3282 0.00000 2.953 0.4823 0.4221 0.00000 3.6 36 3.440 0.4658 0.3355 0.00275 3.235 0.4678 0.3862 0.00978 3.9 22 3.543 0.5138 0.4309 0.00022 3.446 0.5224 0.3683 0.00022 4.1 36 6.494 0.4550 0.6240 0.00310 5.116 0.4960 0.598 0.00857 4.0 36 16.518 0.4270 0.3518 0.00310 14.709 0.4168 0.3032 0.00857 13.5 02 9.506 0.4039 0.3321 0.00179 6.869 0.4295 0.3513 0.00218 6.4 14 5.233 0.5061 0.4132 0.00014 3.563 0.4639 0.4295 0.00178 3.4 00 4.339 0.5990 0.5118 0.00000 3.514 0.4678 0.4391 0.00000 3.5 21 1.908 0.5280 0.3969 0.00021 1.872 0.5950 0.4530 0.00405 3.4 21 1.069 0.9376 0.6306 0.00021 0.945 0.8090 0.6572 0.00021 2.4 30 1.032 0.6438 0.6435 0.00030 1.248 0.7068 0.6076 0.00030 2.4 19 1.693 0.5474 0.5203 0.00019 1.671 0.6178 0.4721 0.00019 2.5 290 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) April May June Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Fairbanks, AK 0.00024 1.074 0.7359 0.7291 0.00499 1.825 0.6215 0.5668 0.00782 4.362 0.4738 0.4269 Huntsville, AL 0.02073 3.088 0.5495 0.4292 0.05064 2.225 0.4374 0.3562 0.03640 1.950 0.6082 0.4862 Mobile, AL 0.01744 2.393 0.7097 0.5199 0.02615 2.777 0.5763 0.5174 0.02221 2.506 0.5345 0.4456 Montgomery, AL 0.04938 2.289 0.6350 0.4540 0.05956 1.478 0.5693 0.4222 0.08788 0.270 0.5922 0.4786 Little Rock, AR 0.1237 0.6666 0.5358 Flagstaff, AZ 0.0038 0.9803 0.8490 Tucson, AZ 0.0026 1.0332 0.8473 Yuma, AZ 0.0002 1.7010 1.5377 Bakersfield, CA 0.0019 1.3912 1.2909 Eureka, CA 0.0021 0.8376 0.6579 Fresno, CA 0.0014 1.3862 1.0105 Los Angeles, CA 0.0001 1.4912 1.2538 San Diego, CA 0.0058 1.3153 1.0421 San Francisco, CA 0.0012 1.1642 1.0540 Alamosa, CO 0.0001 0.7793 0.6624 Denver, CO 0.0001 0.6219 0.4507 Grand Junction, CO 0.003 0.9239 0.7158 Greeley, CO 0.0001 0.7060 0.6510 Hartford, CT 0.0039 0.6331 0.4890 Jacksonville, FL 0.0121 0.5017 0.3691 Miami, FL 0.0205 0.4958 0.4516 Tallahassee, FL 0.0244 0.4597 0.3968 Tampa, FL 0.0207 0.4353 0.4098 Atlanta, GA 0.0609 0.5572 0.5236 Savannah, GA 0.0491 0.5025 0.4310 Des Moines, IA 0.0122 0.4519 0.3386 Boise, ID 0.0076 0.8012 0.7587 Chicago, IL 0.0135 0.5124 0.3779 Springfield, IL 0.0852 0.5708 0.4366 0820_book Page 290 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC3 0.46 0.6341 0.4706 0.12650 0.552 0.6202 0.5047 0.08901 0.331 4 1.981 0.7319 0.7016 0.00378 0.999 0.8684 0.7796 0.00396 0.714 2 0.338 0.9987 0.9622 0.00299 0.149 1.0433 0.9766 0.00323 0.207 7 0.180 1.2795 1.1889 0.00027 0.043 1.3608 1.1788 0.00020 0.001 4 0.981 0.8195 0.8000 0.00017 0.335 1.2789 1.0098 0.00017 0.142 6 3.943 0.6405 0.5024 0.00216 2.329 0.7151 0.6192 0.00159 0.828 7 1.455 0.8419 0.7840 0.00011 0.485 1.0193 0.9608 0.00011 0.156 6 0.905 0.9439 0.8978 0.00016 0.134 1.5330 1.2965 0.00016 0.039 8 0.845 0.9255 0.8446 0.00199 0.192 1.2127 0.9859 0.00020 0.096 1 1.669 0.9010 0.7839 0.00000 0.389 1.2634 1.0020 0.00000 0.146 6 1.088 0.7011 0.5695 0.00490 1.221 0.6639 0.6439 0.00586 0.873 4 3.473 0.5074 0.4367 0.00833 4.196 0.6081 0.4593 0.01205 2.356 2 1.392 0.5848 0.5259 0.00374 1.671 0.6030 0.5660 0.00307 0.730 4 1.599 0.5800 0.5140 0.00833 2.748 0.5500 0.5560 0.01205 1.103 7 4.692 0.3991 0.3291 0.01121 3.915 0.6130 0.4092 0.04477 2.270 3 1.734 0.7140 0.4866 0.02504 1.890 0.6887 0.5287 0.04898 2.098 6 1.414 0.8520 0.6410 0.03551 2.715 0.6859 0.5497 0.07904 3.076 8 1.459 0.7224 0.5418 0.03968 1.638 0.5891 0.4909 0.05237 2.523 8 0.863 0.7283 0.6409 0.07099 0.287 0.8626 0.6170 0.12984 0.525 8 1.925 0.4969 0.4206 0.08807 0.361 0.4833 0.3722 0.08095 0.332 1 1.632 0.5580 0.3854 0.10430 0.415 0.5449 0.5002 0.13709 0.546 4 3.468 0.4898 0.4054 0.02298 3.678 0.4329 0.3677 0.04472 2.588 7 1.044 0.5691 0.5334 0.02109 0.780 0.6784 0.6706 0.00895 0.534 1 4.408 0.4044 0.3141 0.02289 3.235 0.4890 0.4017 0.06204 1.470 9 2.431 0.5140 0.3771 0.10709 0.572 0.5028 0.4128 0.11873 0.634 A ppendix 5.1 291 Ft. Wayne, IN 0.02342 4.072 0.3919 0.3489 0.04318 3.199 0.3953 0.3370 0.07727 1.751 0.4405 0.3782 Indianapolis, IN 0.00502 4.181 0.4205 0.3336 0.01966 3.570 0.5184 0.4052 0.03124 2.676 0.4401 0.4196 Goodland, KS 0.00256 1.646 0.6333 0.5669 0.01321 3.755 0.4874 0.3643 0.02333 2.599 0.6531 0.4896 Wichita, KS 0.00506 1.924 0.5847 0.4914 0.01747 3.202 0.5446 0.4605 0.0356 2.389 0.5331 0.4330 Louisville, KY 0.02113 3.287 0.5288 0.4003 0.02425 3.637 0.4418 0.3160 0.03081 2.464 0.5121 0.4291 New Orleans, LA 0.01173 2.299 0.7209 0.4804 0.01311 2.373 0.6221 0.5521 0.01970 2.623 0.5529 0.5086 Shreveport, LA 0.08488 1.118 0.7681 0.4636 0.12651 0.495 0.5421 0.4405 0.11359 0.445 0.7668 0.6511 Boston, MA 0.0035 .860 0.6793 0.5422 Caribou, ME 0.0002 .782 0.4023 0.3627 Portland, ME 0.0026 .298 0.4105 0.4240 Detroit–Metro, MI 0.0076 .426 0.3924 0.3091 Grand Rapids, MI 0.0089 .246 0.4735 0.4055 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 0.0040 .379 0.4655 0.3713 Duluth, MN 0.0029 .984 0.4000 0.3505 International Falls, MN 0.0038 .813 0.4266 0.3238 Minneapolis, MN 0.0084 .539 0.5121 0.3631 Kansas City, MO 0.0102 .991 0.3606 0.3401 St. Louis, MO 0.0160 .398 0.5452 0.4885 Jackson, MS 0.1315 .269 0.5748 0.4828 Glasgow, MT 0.0001 .181 0.5257 0.3770 Missoula, MT 0.0002 .387 0.4740 0.4148 Charlotte, NC 0.0080 .374 0.4924 0.4495 Raleigh, NC 0.0079 .082 0.5413 0.4368 Bismarck, ND 0.0040 .337 0.4656 0.4180 Fargo, ND 0.0028 .840 0.5155 0.3677 Grand Island, NE 0.0076 .864 0.5500 0.3866 No. Platte, NE 0.0028 .891 0.5157 0.3942 Scottsbluff, NE 0.0000 .883 0.5289 0.3810 Concord, NH 0.0042 .292 0.4280 0.4664 Albuquerque, NM 0.0042 .170 0.8307 0.7640 Jornada, NM 0.0029 .247 0.9310 0.8800 0820_book Page 291 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC6 4.677 0.4494 0.3501 0.00403 3.981 0.6393 0.3967 0.02412 2 6 4.985 0.3725 0.2678 0.01508 4.532 0.4150 0.3566 0.02181 4 1 5.081 0.4241 0.2986 0.00303 4.282 0.5418 0.4864 0.01510 3 6 4.258 0.3427 0.3251 0.02291 3.005 0.4140 0.3574 0.04917 2 3 4.812 0.3280 0.2407 0.01300 3.825 0.5213 0.3866 0.03409 3 0 5.604 0.3951 0.3098 0.01806 5.172 0.4904 0.3707 0.01756 6 0 3.788 0.4841 0.3900 0.00976 4.804 0.4820 0.3756 0.02404 4 4 3.075 0.5103 0.4219 0.01244 4.550 0.5509 0.4018 0.04590 4 4 2.899 0.5262 0.3586 0.01400 4.064 0.4636 0.3266 0.03513 3 1 2.885 0.5081 0.4537 0.02489 4.261 0.4551 0.3929 0.02511 2 9 3.288 0.4935 0.3824 0.03282 2.858 0.5138 0.3795 0.04182 2 6 0.522 0.6818 0.5108 0.09268 1.893 0.5415 0.4364 0.07256 0 4 1.693 0.6058 0.5575 0.00320 3.554 0.5709 0.5214 0.01672 3 2 2.594 0.5225 0.3899 0.00377 4.383 0.6204 0.4252 0.00540 4 2 2.513 0.4686 0.3954 0.01614 2.670 0.4956 0.3598 0.01894 2 7 2.475 0.5040 0.4265 0.02978 2.424 0.3976 0.3354 0.03176 2 3 3.263 0.7204 0.6392 0.02620 3.458 0.5266 0.4475 0.06957 1 4 2.981 0.6790 0.5448 0.00482 4.061 0.5614 0.4244 0.02024 3 7 2.873 0.5804 0.4554 0.02097 4.065 0.4594 0.3976 0.03861 2 3 2.456 0.5633 0.4643 0.01052 4.246 0.4463 0.4148 0.02579 2 9 2.781 0.5118 0.4361 0.00787 4.255 0.5379 0.5050 0.01584 3 2 4.402 0.3476 0.2727 0.01591 3.820 0.5555 0.4367 0.02827 3 9 0.730 0.9003 0.759 0.01142 0.527 0.7879 0.6304 0.01757 0 8 0.120 0.9550 0.8840 0.00417 0.239 1.1540 1.0490 0.01022 0 292 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) April May June Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Roswell, NM 0.00000 0.502 0.8674 0.7301 0.00000 1.194 0.7555 0.6297 0.00000 1.604 0.8493 0.7623 Elko, NV 0.00000 1.640 0.6252 0.7161 0.00000 1.997 0.7606 0.7450 0.00000 1.577 0.7292 0.8090 Ely, NV 0.00010 1.983 0.7173 0.6052 0.00166 2.361 0.6656 0.6307 0.00151 1.630 0.9011 0.7831 Las Vegas, NV 0.00175 0.284 1.2451 1.1098 0.00192 0.255 1.0139 0.9708 0.00018 0.181 1.2225 1.0532 Reno, NV 0.00031 0.956 0.8485 0.7611 Albany, NY 0.00013 4.583 0.4524 0.4130 Buffalo, NY 0.00598 6.853 0.5379 0.4182 NY/Kennedy, NY 0.00789 4.066 0.5523 0.4521 Syracuse, NY 0.00318 5.924 0.5475 0.4149 Cleveland, OH 0.01133 5.423 0.4647 0.3554 Columbus, OH 0.0139 4.081 0.4854 0.3989 Oklahoma City, OK 0.02244 1.552 0.6033 0.4885 Burns, OR 0.00621 1.776 0.9207 0.7244 Eugene, OR 0.00351 4.272 0.6614 0.5249 Medford, OR 0.00031 1.942 0.7610 0.6873 Portland, OR 0.00326 4.502 0.5564 0.5215 Philadelphia, PA 0.00891 3.592 0.4961 0.3997 Pittsburgh, PA 0.01549 4.925 0.4436 0.3639 Columbia, SC 0.02479 2.332 0.6026 0.4640 Rapid City, SD 0.00012 3.784 0.5164 0.4304 Sioux Falls, SD 0.00769 4.488 0.4483 0.3801 Memphis, TN 0.05913 2.987 0.5342 0.5107 Nashville, TN 0.01032 3.375 0.5431 0.4779 Abilene, TX 0.01848 1.179 0.7086 0.5937 0820_book Page 292 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC0.8516 0.7004 0.00375 1.138 0.8929 0.7041 0.00363 0.697 0.3884 0.3077 0.01341 4.274 0.4895 0.4155 0.03170 2.693 0.3366 0.2311 0.04828 4.316 0.4296 0.4152 0.11334 0.583 0.4603 0.3359 0.01497 3.900 0.5282 0.4006 0.04640 1.725 0.4254 0.2882 0.01385 4.923 0.4272 0.3945 0.01865 5.006 0.3550 0.2813 0.03924 3.862 0.4402 0.4253 0.08874 1.013 0.4021 0.3171 0.02126 4.373 0.4004 0.4032 0.07905 0.473 0.5413 0.4554 0.06254 2.620 0.4995 0.4198 0.05830 1.456 0.7325 0.6619 0.01488 2.191 0.5002 0.4707 0.00651 1.761 0.5560 0.4521 0.00354 2.965 0.5948 0.4983 0.00305 1.950 0.5665 0.4975 0.00475 1.927 0.6611 0.5549 0.00462 1.031 0.4253 0.3928 0.00789 3.396 0.447 0.4243 0.00709 2.571 0.4147 0.3248 0.01851 3.165 0.5185 0.4113 0.02822 2.879 0.4076 0.3236 0.03089 4.740 0.4166 0.4191 0.09148 0.545 0.4811 0.4578 0.04014 1.997 0.5000 0.4311 0.09364 0.341 0.6102 0.4670 0.00851 4.671 0.5499 0.4134 0.02649 3.177 0.5502 0.4614 0.06644 2.525 0.5688 0.3872 0.09553 1.534 0.5335 0.4300 0.07922 1.753 0.4539 0.4125 0.07068 0.824 0.4707 0.3810 0.02081 3.417 0.4473 0.3605 0.02498 2.486 0.6616 0.5610 0.03860 1.551 0.6245 0.4569 0.03900 1.108 Appendix 5.1 293 Amarillo, TX 0.00339 1.086 0.6686 0.6312 0.01435 2.068 0.6269 0.4874 0.03278 1.900 0.6186 0.4153 Austin, TX 0.03122 1.519 0.6597 0.5306 0.07913 0.622 0.5499 0.4477 0.03623 1.795 0.7372 0.6376 Brownsville, TX 0.00635 1.225 0.9518 0.6700 0.01648 1.738 0.7556 0.6297 0.01457 1.714 0.7101 0.6856 Dallas/Ft Worth, TX 0.01715 1.649 0.5278 0.5083 0.03746 2.845 0.5417 0.4349 0.01765 2.120 0.5523 0.5503 Del Rio, TX 0.02144 0.498 0.7427 0.6064 0.01930 0.93 0.5835 0.4978 0.01087 1.247 0.7850 0.8379 El Paso, TX 0.00298 0.173 1.1175 1.1186 0.00417 0.369 1.2191 0.9805 0.01022 0.557 0.9793 0.8919 Houston, TX 0.00814 2.205 0.6822 0.4891 0.01201 3.296 0.5371 0.4274 0.00957 3.460 0.6755 0.6301 Lubbock, TX 0.0095 0.5717 0.5068 Midland, TX 0.0074 0.5629 0.5008 Salt Lake City, UT 0.0028 0.7409 0.6566 Norfolk, VA 0.0098 0.5114 0.4202 Richmond, VA 0.0114 0.5154 0.4243 Roanoke, VA 0.0040 0.5156 0.4395 Wallops Is., VA 0.0017 0.6115 0.4951 Washington, DC 0.0111 0.5849 0.4433 Burlington, VT 0.0037 0.3884 0.3802 Blaine, WA 0.0030 0.5720 0.6510 Quillayute, WA 0.0030 0.5051 0.4008 Seattle–Tacoma, WA 0.0043 0.5420 0.4217 Spokane, WA 0.0001 0.5392 0.4028 Walla Walla, WA 0.0000 0.6945 0.5841 Madison, WI 0.0150 0.5176 0.3518 Cheyenne, WY 0.0002 0.4848 0.4399 Lander, WY 0.0003 0.7639 0.6669 Sheridan, WY 0.0001 0.5586 0.4763 0820_book Page 293 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC4 0.821 0.6893 0.5930 0.04267 1.239 0.7284 0.5924 0.06730 0.632 0.443 0.7588 0.7203 0.02255 1.138 0.6604 0.5642 0.02098 0.627 3 3.703 0.5091 0.4470 0.00358 3.211 0.5550 0.4901 0.00274 1.506 9 2.919 0.4840 0.3264 0.02707 2.718 0.4874 0.3821 0.04002 1.994 6 2.899 0.4611 0.3281 0.03099 2.750 0.4263 0.3715 0.05209 1.554 4 3.640 0.5478 0.3994 0.01560 3.495 0.4410 0.3461 0.02712 2.092 1 2.447 0.4530 0.3940 0.00886 2.962 0.5988 0.5192 0.00000 3.018 8 3.201 0.4487 0.3898 0.02621 3.413 0.4682 0.3895 0.05839 1.103 8 5.136 0.3268 0.3064 0.01343 4.993 0.4167 0.4006 0.05512 2.864 2 3.293 0.4130 0.6020 0.00548 2.438 0.4940 0.6490 0.00249 2.210 2 9.792 0.3985 0.2992 0.00548 6.880 0.5451 0.3296 0.00249 3.906 0 4.600 0.4661 0.3382 0.00359 2.934 0.5011 0.4137 0.00191 2.651 4 2.609 0.5514 0.4796 0.00553 2.834 0.5258 0.4575 0.00602 2.561 0 2.771 0.5657 0.4939 0.01200 1.849 0.6008 0.4135 0.00000 2.149 3 4.069 0.3923 0.3499 0.03762 2.756 0.4366 0.4263 0.08189 0.845 1 3.215 0.5847 0.4541 0.01182 4.760 0.4821 0.4684 0.02010 3.200 0 4.247 0.5122 0.4513 0.00514 5.054 0.5446 0.5372 0.00690 2.594 9 4.408 0.5739 0.4119 0.01020 4.737 0.5390 0.4006 0.01524 3.791 294 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) July August September Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Fairbanks, AK 0.02614 3.862 0.4980 0.4368 0.00715 5.775 0.5959 0.404 0.00024 3.197 0.7211 0.6520 Huntsville, AL 0.04854 1.873 0.5141 0.4025 0.03313 1.640 0.5202 0.4121 0.02636 2.263 0.5387 0.4657 Mobile, AL 0.04019 3.046 0.3978 0.3305 0.03609 3.032 0.4128 0.3478 0.02027 2.704 0.5614 0.4787 Montgomery, AL 0.1165 0.5693 0.5418 Little Rock, AR 0.0910 0.5860 0.5509 Flagstaff, AZ 0.0598 0.8303 0.7623 Tucson, AZ 0.0365 0.7446 0.6819 Yuma, AZ 0.0042 1.3631 1.2042 Bakersfield, CA 0.0001 1.2170 1.1881 Eureka, CA 0.0001 0.8352 0.7618 Fresno, CA 0.0000 1.1858 1.1484 Los Angeles, CA 0.0001 1.3005 1.1491 San Diego, CA 0.0002 1.2425 1.1842 San Francisco, CA 0.0000 1.2628 1.0917 Alamosa, CO 0.0090 0.6305 0.5607 Denver, CO 0.0309 0.7449 0.6773 Grand Junction, CO 0.0116 0.7778 0.7183 Greeley, CO 0.0206 0.7720 0.7500 Hartford, CT 0.0335 0.5221 0.4608 Jacksonville, FL 0.0563 0.5397 0.4667 Miami, FL 0.0474 0.4698 0.3596 Tallahassee, FL 0.0667 0.5715 0.5189 Tampa, FL 0.1621 0.4796 0.4601 Atlanta, GA 0.1133 0.5899 0.5373 Savannah, GA 0.1640 0.6241 0.5101 Des Moines, IA 0.0306 0.6243 0.4799 Boise, ID 0.0148 1.0509 0.9908 Chicago, IL 0.0372 0.5702 0.4681 Springfield, IL 0.1203 0.6168 0.4878 0820_book Page 294 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC8 0.359 0.3745 0.4115 0.08023 0.247 0.5385 0.4148 0.06620 1.437 9 0.339 0.4744 0.3509 0.07909 0.294 0.8055 0.5524 0.07281 1.564 3 0.895 0.4887 0.3981 0.05699 1.642 0.5093 0.3748 0.02556 1.629 5 1.779 0.5600 0.3832 0.06091 0.314 0.5977 0.4170 0.03637 0.188 0 0.105 1.3172 1.0223 0.01069 0.076 1.0565 0.8557 0.00439 0.031 7 0.010 1.7237 1.5299 0.00017 0.093 1.6906 1.5451 0.00017 0.249 5 0.203 1.1406 0.8714 0.00135 0.514 1.1625 0.9947 0.00351 0.999 0 0.016 1.5745 1.3282 0.00011 0.019 1.4531 1.4143 0.00011 0.300 6 0.015 1.4315 1.2831 0.00016 0.108 1.6574 1.5178 0.00016 0.207 0 0.02 1.3953 1.2161 0.00020 0.118 1.6639 1.4540 0.00190 0.196 7 0.025 1.4838 1.2769 0.00007 0.057 1.3850 1.3310 0.00007 0.272 1 1.849 0.6012 0.5238 0.00917 2.176 0.6526 0.5004 0.00594 1.345 7 0.766 0.5754 0.4137 0.01228 1.893 0.6829 0.4241 0.00740 1.610 0 0.428 0.7064 0.5563 0.01144 1.194 0.6500 0.6066 0.01068 1.033 3 0.147 0.7290 0.6480 0.01228 0.249 0.6580 0.6310 0.00740 1.028 2 2.397 0.4628 0.3884 0.04647 2.663 0.7387 0.4466 0.01911 3.896 4 2.647 0.4595 0.2567 0.06468 2.842 0.4745 0.3887 0.04276 3.898 1 2.394 0.3684 0.2908 0.06870 2.482 0.4203 0.3638 0.06512 3.114 9 2.947 0.4917 0.3623 0.06659 2.199 0.3655 0.3375 0.03610 2.059 7 0.656 0.4669 0.3420 0.18575 0.751 0.3484 0.2917 0.14821 0.599 4 0.464 0.4650 0.4649 0.08077 0.331 0.5261 0.4996 0.03451 2.492 8 0.653 0.5460 0.4368 0.17602 0.700 0.4555 0.4428 0.08237 2.769 2 2.894 0.5992 0.4943 0.02561 3.736 0.6440 0.4717 0.01879 2.909 8 0.171 0.7707 0.7118 0.01527 0.016 0.9277 0.8807 0.01488 0.297 7 2.656 0.4056 0.3543 0.04605 3.223 0.6754 0.5057 0.02818 3.342 5 0.642 0.5108 0.4211 0.09954 0.531 0.5569 0.4077 0.08529 1.135 A ppendix 5.1 295 Ft. Wayne, IN 0.07555 1.344 0.4744 0.3403 0.06786 1.453 0.4757 0.4000 0.03026 2.540 0.5071 0.4079 Indianapolis, IN 0.03785 3.034 0.4987 0.4142 0.04026 1.640 0.5500 0.3466 0.01504 2.576 0.5794 0.5048 Goodland, KS 0.02923 1.699 0.5811 0.3650 0.01689 1.918 0.6674 0.5150 0.00778 1.362 0.8044 0.6896 Wichita, KS 0.01933 2.509 0.5992 0.4737 0.01845 2.050 0.6541 0.5571 0.01557 2.575 0.6216 0.4857 Louisville, KY 0.04973 2.073 0.4811 0.3833 0.03415 1.957 0.4799 0.4034 0.01915 2.396 0.5522 0.4108 New Orleans, LA 0.01711 3.132 0.4363 0.3623 0.01597 2.984 0.5171 0.4521 0.01367 2.719 0.558 0.4913 Shreveport, LA 0.09179 0.360 0.5995 0.4978 0.06610 0.259 0.6157 0.4359 0.05190 1.772 0.5859 0.4150 Boston, MA 0.0315 3.658 0.5983 0.4351 Caribou, ME 0.0421 6.014 0.4381 0.3034 Portland, ME 0.0212 3.698 0.4933 0.3542 Detroit–Metro, MI 0.040 3.597 0.5304 0.3495 Grand Rapids, MI 0.0360 5.092 0.5467 0.4172 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 0.0453 7.206 0.3925 0.3583 Duluth, MN 0.0456 5.160 0.4996 0.4125 International Falls, MN 0.0683 4.962 0.5186 0.4153 Minneapolis, MN 0.0340 3.509 0.5681 0.4679 Kansas City, MO 0.0263 4.264 0.6463 0.4939 St. Louis, MO 0.0543 2.612 0.648 0.5070 Jackson, MS 0.1024 0.318 0.4953 0.4011 Glasgow, MT 0.0161 2.254 0.8433 0.6319 Missoula, MT 0.0114 2.550 0.7007 0.6273 Charlotte, NC 0.0295 2.587 0.6413 0.6025 Raleigh, NC 0.0330 2.377 0.5244 0.5314 Bismarck, ND 0.0625 2.267 0.7600 0.5540 Fargo, ND 0.0320 2.176 0.6723 0.5098 Grand Island, NE 0.0381 2.432 0.7425 0.6635 No. Platte, NE 0.0253 1.842 0.7699 0.6220 Scottsbluff, NE 0.0154 1.968 0.7981 0.6394 Concord, NH 0.0639 3.842 0.4811 0.4114 Albuquerque, NM 0.0450 0.602 0.5803 0.5697 0820_book Page 295 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC7 2.235 0.5517 0.3992 0.04144 2.809 0.6822 0.4381 0.01306 2 4.716 0.3435 0.3051 0.04022 5.438 0.4825 0.3637 0.00669 2 2.601 0.5016 0.4115 0.01933 2.900 0.6421 0.3094 0.00854 3 2.153 0.4569 0.3330 0.03396 2.933 0.5561 0.5048 0.01443 4 2.647 0.5006 0.3701 0.02909 3.700 0.4900 0.4946 0.01971 5 3.271 0.4693 0.3615 0.05656 3.310 0.4257 0.3086 0.02537 7 2.983 0.4162 0.3660 0.02910 4.432 0.4938 0.4336 0.01686 9 2.620 0.4685 0.3610 0.04847 2.773 0.4541 0.3778 0.02029 3 3.726 0.6013 0.3582 0.02667 3.840 0.4463 0.3458 0.01021 2 3.510 0.7573 0.6892 0.02785 2.634 0.5601 0.4015 0.01746 8 1.730 0.5428 0.4493 0.03253 1.556 0.5201 0.4760 0.01674 9 0.380 0.5486 0.3205 0.09043 0.335 0.5052 0.4040 0.08496 3 2.446 0.7035 0.6495 0.01081 2.029 0.7918 0.5888 0.00014 8 1.439 0.6347 0.5684 0.01036 1.890 0.6161 0.6285 0.00344 2 2.296 0.4810 0.4570 0.01060 3.251 0.5123 0.4879 0.01355 0 2.936 0.4876 0.4299 0.03216 2.941 0.5423 0.4270 0.01714 6 0.465 0.7864 0.5474 0.04047 1.201 0.6418 0.4517 0.01412 7 2.634 0.5923 0.4680 0.02018 2.601 0.5785 0.4625 0.01208 0 1.818 0.6530 0.4774 0.03468 1.564 0.5594 0.4014 0.01476 2 2.328 0.5099 0.3851 0.01308 2.034 0.6278 0.5112 0.00360 1 2.181 0.5937 0.4327 0.00605 1.307 0.6406 0.4930 0.00219 3 1.606 0.4358 0.3607 0.03458 3.424 0.4041 0.3068 0.01812 6 0.224 0.5174 0.4198 0.05578 0.277 0.5406 0.3945 0.02297 296 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) July August September Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Jornada, NM 0.03006 0.692 0.5710 0.6280 0.03157 0.894 0.5560 0.4540 0.01977 0.595 0.6810 0.7920 Roswell, NM 0.00000 1.758 0.8510 0.7720 0.00000 2.265 0.6378 0.6830 0.00000 1.983 0.7572 0.9187 Elko, NV 0.00000 0.739 0.9185 0.7485 0.01200 0.418 1.1032 0.8811 0.00000 1.116 1.0105 0.8687 Ely, NV 0.00195 1.342 0.9170 0.7903 Las Vegas, NV 0.00550 0.475 1.0703 0.9687 Reno, NV 0.00387 0.317 0.9543 0.9366 Albany, NY 0.03802 2.164 0.4835 0.4032 Buffalo, NY 0.10926 0.562 0.4470 0.3403 NY/Kennedy, NY 0.05971 1.397 0.5656 0.4363 Syracuse, NY 0.05215 2.653 0.4377 0.4019 Cleveland, OH 0.09911 0.512 0.4218 0.3624 Columbus, OH 0.05588 2.931 0.4914 0.4074 Oklahoma City, OK 0.02510 1.546 0.6422 0.5517 Burns, OR 0.00736 0.650 1.1336 1.0392 Eugene, OR 0.00252 0.545 0.6591 0.6670 Medford, OR 0.00466 0.272 0.8789 0.8085 Portland, OR 0.00583 0.741 0.6534 0.5975 Philadelphia, PA 0.04852 2.378 0.5269 0.4446 Pittsburgh, PA 0.10254 0.611 0.5629 0.4272 Columbia, SC 0.10324 1.263 0.5473 0.5568 Rapid City, SD 0.02019 2.012 0.7360 0.6177 Sioux Falls, SD 0.08678 0.485 0.5817 0.5599 Memphis, TN 0.08982 0.284 0.5403 0.4951 Nashville, TN 0.03660 1.949 0.6145 0.5068 0820_book Page 296 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC0.7483 0.6041 0.00441 1.349 0.7255 0.7323 0.00176 1.829 1.0573 0.8256 0.00513 0.658 0.9395 0.8045 0.00195 0.385 0.8941 0.7601 0.00416 0.302 1.0536 0.9843 0.00317 0.603 0.4762 0.3492 0.02572 3.299 0.4365 0.3551 0.01171 3.913 0.5148 0.3913 0.14100 0.725 0.4407 0.3052 0.08643 2.809 0.5001 0.4608 0.03501 2.238 0.5850 0.4427 0.02684 2.443 0.5290 0.4698 0.04169 3.364 0.3998 0.3031 0.02002 5.077 0.3839 0.3549 0.07210 1.845 0.4656 0.4071 0.03175 4.028 0.4544 0.3356 0.04708 1.789 0.4929 0.4385 0.02312 2.524 0.6952 0.5550 0.01194 1.904 0.5163 0.4094 0.03190 2.146 0.7859 0.8398 0.00657 0.868 0.6914 0.6517 0.00041 1.252 0.9831 0.8820 0.00667 0.964 0.9863 0.8856 0.00662 1.676 1.0638 1.0204 0.00376 0.584 1.0239 1.0478 0.00403 1.165 0.8810 0.7584 0.00822 1.342 0.8468 0.8104 0.00346 2.771 0.4771 0.3950 0.03798 3.226 0.5070 0.4675 0.02096 2.870 0.3836 0.3183 0.08266 0.492 0.4902 0.3835 0.03769 2.855 0.6208 0.4940 0.11032 1.218 0.5426 0.4561 0.04737 1.767 0.6091 0.4563 0.01331 1.845 0.5273 0.4516 0.00266 2.120 0.5582 0.4589 0.08782 0.491 0.5792 0.4153 0.04721 3.139 0.4553 0.4627 0.08056 0.254 0.5345 0.4919 0.04776 1.294 0.4701 0.4345 0.02100 2.153 0.4879 0.4080 0.02040 2.300 A ppendix 5.1 297 Abilene, TX 0.02970 0.860 0.6980 0.6470 0.03008 0.838 0.7795 0.6365 0.02908 1.442 0.7161 0.6511 Amarillo, TX 0.01029 2.618 0.6008 0.5708 0.02232 2.088 0.5090 0.4397 0.01300 1.358 0.6428 0.5248 Austin, TX 0.01316 1.112 0.8613 0.6526 0.02807 0.671 0.8221 0.7377 0.02377 2.281 0.5373 0.5038 Brownsville, TX 0.00859 1.085 0.9266 0.8187 0.01647 1.710 0.7329 0.6727 0.02992 3.630 0.6543 0.5426 Dallas/Ft Worth, TX 0.02244 0.753 0.5108 0.5117 0.01369 0.923 0.6690 0.6394 0.01393 1.685 0.6706 0.5517 Del Rio, TX 0.00945 1.261 1.2044 1.1485 0.00992 1.120 0.8895 0.8635 0.01182 1.705 0.8890 0.6708 El Paso, TX 0.03006 1.043 0.6534 0.5356 0.03157 0.899 0.7033 0.5696 0.01977 1.297 0.8930 0.7993 Houston, TX 0.0127 0.6230 0.4883 Lubbock, TX 0.0401 0.6870 0.6680 Midland, TX 0.0089 0.7644 0.7350 Salt Lake City, UT 0.0101 0.9436 0.7793 Norfolk, VA 0.1062 0.7290 0.4964 Richmond, VA 0.1058 0.5983 0.4824 Roanoke, VA 0.0367 0.6537 0.5343 Wallops Is., VA 0.0106 0.5806 0.5213 Washington, DC 0.0850 0.6462 0.5008 Burlington, VT 0.0913 0.3705 0.3366 Blaine, WA 0.0018 0.5830 0.8020 Quillayute, WA 0.0018 0.5938 0.5514 Seattle–Tacoma, WA 0.0016 0.7272 0.6603 Spokane, WA 0.0044 0.6968 0.6493 Walla Walla, WA 0.0000 0.6787 0.6784 Madison, WI 0.0926 0.6432 0.4707 Cheyenne, WY 0.0371 0.7175 0.5971 Lander, WY 0.0156 0.8772 0.7618 Sheridan, WY 0.0046 0.5919 0.5783 0820_book Page 297 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC1 1.823 0.5277 0.5022 0.00878 2.103 0.5732 0.4788 0.00969 2.589 0 1.192 0.6209 0.6097 0.03355 1.175 0.7333 0.6144 0.03003 1.802 7 1.635 0.9084 0.7370 0.01482 1.092 0.6600 0.5839 0.00819 2.103 1 0.641 0.7181 0.6284 0.01011 0.887 0.7932 0.6503 0.00283 1.869 5 0.439 0.5092 0.4533 0.07878 1.890 0.5671 0.4681 0.01295 4.089 9 0.476 0.5639 0.4354 0.07156 2.142 0.5500 0.4433 0.02998 2.348 5 1.897 0.4756 0.3561 0.03175 2.499 0.4913 0.3935 0.01786 2.727 5 2.802 0.5856 0.4559 0.00966 3.951 0.6732 0.5692 0.00510 3.071 6 0.401 0.4653 0.3758 0.08070 0.933 0.5748 0.4558 0.03120 2.582 7 0.553 0.3322 0.3015 0.05794 3.729 0.4321 0.2789 0.02293 4.973 5 1.354 0.6940 0.7630 0.00229 1.828 0.8180 0.8760 0.00620 2.455 5 3.178 0.8574 0.4488 0.00229 3.402 0.9592 0.6068 0.00620 5.224 2 1.305 0.6567 0.6250 0.00368 1.911 0.9095 0.7573 0.00393 3.130 1 1.219 0.8206 0.7089 0.00209 1.501 0.7247 0.6492 0.00170 1.528 0 0.809 0.9482 0.8882 0.00000 1.295 0.9488 0.8078 0.00000 1.837 2 0.561 0.4528 0.3315 0.08708 0.528 0.4637 0.4232 0.04383 2.345 3 1.194 0.5017 0.4121 0.02066 1.975 0.5632 0.4217 0.00481 2.380 7 0.381 0.6759 0.5883 0.00590 0.577 0.7736 0.6338 0.00030 2.118 8 1.990 0.8254 0.6795 0.00438 1.610 0.6528 0.5283 0.00019 3.115 298 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) October November December Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Fairbanks, AK 0.00024 3.092 0.5358 0.4329 0.00024 2.873 0.7118 0.5279 0.00024 2.878 0.8423 0.6973 Huntsville, AL 0.00913 2.266 0.6048 0.4596 0.01452 3.203 0.4359 0.3402 0.01078 4.325 0.5805 0.3677 Mobile, AL 0.00998 1.615 0.7964 0.7219 0.01649 2.060 0.7053 0.5439 0.01565 2.645 0.3983 0.2961 Montgomery, AL 0.02560 1.345 0.7297 0.6951 0.03192 2.288 0.5787 0.4728 0.02093 3.761 0.4484 0.3578 Little Rock, AR 0.05725 0.4363 0.3425 Flagstaff, AZ 0.00508 0.7892 0.639 Tucson, AZ 0.01267 0.9194 0.8178 Yuma, AZ 0.00027 1.0203 0.9162 Bakersfield, CA 0.00017 0.7215 0.6323 Eureka, CA 0.00475 0.4833 0.4667 Fresno, CA 0.00134 0.7045 0.6202 Los Angeles, CA 0.00292 0.8068 0.7288 San Diego, CA 0.00242 0.7972 0.6735 San Francisco, CA 0.00133 0.6247 0.5766 Alamosa, CO 0.00016 0.8101 0.7542 Denver, CO 0.00014 0.7893 0.5479 Grand Junction, CO 0.00310 0.6653 0.5757 Greeley, CO 0.00014 0.7760 0.7740 Hartford, CT 0.00910 0.4884 0.3409 Jacksonville, FL 0.01788 0.6489 0.5412 Miami, FL 0.04156 0.7893 0.7032 Tallahassee, FL 0.02109 0.4986 0.4100 Tampa, FL 0.02596 0.6763 0.6225 Atlanta, GA 0.02205 0.5003 0.3589 Savannah, GA 0.02878 0.4651 0.4197 Des Moines, IA 0.00390 0.5665 0.4349 Boise, ID 0.00636 0.8584 0.8627 0820_book Page 298 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC1.012 0.7373 0.6773 0.04120 2.763 0.5771 0.4454 0.01492 4.237 2.360 0.8817 0.7769 0.00393 2.950 0.7358 0.6261 0.00028 3.543 0.824 0.9385 0.8343 0.00347 0.797 0.7514 0.6500 0.00327 1.463 0.442 1.2740 1.1558 0.00027 0.356 1.1824 0.9786 0.00027 0.641 0.514 1.0711 0.9437 0.00199 1.105 0.7793 0.6509 0.00017 1.169 3.472 0.6342 0.5217 0.00565 7.791 0.6056 0.5230 0.00593 8.819 0.674 0.9055 0.8524 0.00143 1.776 0.6710 0.6908 0.00140 2.219 0.171 1.1129 0.9220 0.00325 1.438 0.9104 0.8464 0.00421 1.500 0.405 1.0156 0.9353 0.01202 1.189 0.8546 0.7300 0.00940 1.626 1.284 1.0051 0.7801 0.00129 2.966 0.7215 0.6542 0.00151 4.399 1.498 0.8101 0.7823 0.00016 0.968 0.8001 0.7183 0.00016 0.833 1.980 0.8114 0.7313 0.00014 1.891 0.5696 0.5364 0.00014 1.187 1.895 0.7220 0.7058 0.00023 1.596 0.5821 0.5062 0.00023 1.307 0.967 0.8390 0.7530 0.00014 0.599 0.8170 0.7630 0.00014 0.431 4.181 0.5415 0.4113 0.00334 4.882 0.3698 0.2956 0.00283 4.604 2.292 0.6684 0.5641 0.00904 1.142 0.6523 0.5791 0.00952 1.448 2.875 0.6526 0.4030 0.01762 1.406 0.7876 0.5305 0.00993 0.818 1.232 0.7945 0.7153 0.01469 1.739 0.6157 0.5142 0.00793 2.469 1.178 0.7154 0.6407 0.01572 1.240 0.7760 0.6147 0.01561 1.780 2.195 0.6417 0.5704 0.02368 2.969 0.5120 0.4608 0.00897 4.309 1.749 0.8187 0.6336 0.01044 2.168 0.6302 0.4991 0.01510 2.593 2.693 0.6101 0.5671 0.00257 2.334 0.6922 0.6311 0.00012 1.597 0.497 0.7609 0.7569 0.00038 1.175 0.6985 0.6930 0.00038 0.876 A ppendix 5.1 299 Chicago, IL 0.01051 2.965 0.6047 0.4553 0.00880 3.815 0.5633 0.3901 0.00275 3.384 0.5733 0.3084 Springfield, IL 0.03436 3.479 0.6039 0.4815 0.03045 3.220 0.5612 0.4434 0.00614 4.605 0.6322 0.3819 Ft. Wayne, IN 0.01163 3.622 0.6312 0.4314 0.00482 4.224 0.4706 0.3610 0.00346 3.850 0.5129 0.3055 Indianapolis, IN 0.01043 2.728 0.5398 0.4135 0.01042 3.635 0.4993 0.3725 0.00285 3.688 0.4937 0.3507 Goodland, KS 0.00246 1.206 0.8625 0.8158 0.00011 1.019 0.7428 0.6099 0.00011 0.621 0.7929 0.6410 Wichita, KS 0.00694 2.062 0.6463 0.5391 0.00606 1.232 0.7396 0.6696 0.00185 1.023 0.7018 0.5204 Louisville, KY 0.00914 2.467 0.5213 0.4417 0.00793 3.650 0.4806 0.3607 0.00259 3.907 0.4806 0.3597 New Orleans, LA 0.00770 2.639 0.4316 0.3472 Shreveport, LA 0.06984 3.913 0.4942 0.4598 Boston, MA 0.01002 5.138 0.4923 0.3572 Caribou, ME 0.00452 6.047 0.4393 0.3225 Portland, ME 0.00334 5.499 0.4951 0.3247 Detroit–Metro, MI 0.00330 4.121 0.4812 0.2877 Grand Rapids, MI 0.00680 4.258 0.4719 0.2558 Sault Ste. Marie, MI 0.00476 6.639 0.3199 0.2405 Duluth, MN 0.00298 2.129 0.5547 0.4515 International Falls, MN 0.00359 1.904 0.4253 0.3410 Minneapolis, MN 0.00294 1.637 0.6516 0.5225 Kansas City, MO 0.00893 1.661 0.7090 0.4316 St. Louis, MO 0.01322 2.882 0.6448 0.4235 Jackson, MS 0.03713 4.620 0.5192 0.3148 Glasgow, MT 0.00014 0.860 0.6061 0.5558 Missoula, MT 0.00022 2.992 0.5404 0.4697 Charlotte, NC 0.00819 3.199 0.4595 0.3807 Raleigh, NC 0.00865 3.000 0.4390 0.3899 Bismarck, ND 0.00027 1.190 0.4854 0.4728 Fargo, ND 0.00306 1.698 1.2254 0.5088 Grand Island, NE 0.00803 0.886 0.7420 0.5462 No. Platte, NE 0.00233 0.627 0.6500 0.5268 Scottsbluff, NE 0.00009 0.933 0.6468 0.5875 0820_book Page 299 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC1.467 0.7117 0.6520 0.00857 2.245 0.7785 0.5287 0.00965 1.681 0.6924 0.6595 0.09680 0.738 0.5243 0.433 0.02986 3.824 0.4582 0.3700 0.00420 5.377 0.4434 0.3242 0.00305 5.735 0.4994 0.3302 0.00026 6.590 0.4288 0.2905 0.00026 4.626 0.5127 0.3281 0.00353 6.239 0.4449 0.3024 0.00257 3.307 0.5104 0.3743 0.00291 4.104 0.4437 0.3736 0.00246 4.147 0.4112 0.3229 0.00350 5.250 0.4459 0.3197 0.00215 7.780 0.5766 0.4004 0.00443 7.899 0.3512 0.2709 0.00022 3.657 0.644 0.5073 0.00014 3.363 0.5580 0.4084 0.00014 3.864 0.6425 0.4501 0.00021 2.775 0.4741 0.3791 0.00021 2.842 0.6733 0.5629 0.00011 2.493 0.7195 0.5385 0.00011 3.058 0.6012 0.4838 0.00306 2.132 0.5467 0.5398 0.00233 2.468 0.5444 0.4902 0.01259 3.063 0.5922 0.4764 0.00276 1.939 0.6956 0.6552 0.07439 1.881 0.5105 0.3896 0.03398 1.458 0.6884 0.5912 0.00014 0.830 0.6653 0.6548 0.00014 2.142 0.6857 0.5818 0.00022 2.353 0.5189 0.4716 0.00022 2.683 0.7364 0.5787 0.00885 2.450 0.5330 0.4631 0.00190 2.500 0.5420 0.5184 0.00710 2.601 0.5810 0.4398 0.00283 2.114 0.8859 0.6883 0.00027 1.414 0.7649 0.7111 0.00027 2.481 0.8736 0.6831 0.00014 1.685 0.7786 0.5564 0.00014 1.133 0.7069 0.6467 0.00229 1.115 0.8529 0.7704 0.00014 1.312 0.6528 0.6621 0.00011 0.919 0.7693 0.6423 0.00011 1.508 0.6832 0.6829 0.00009 1.168 0.7311 0.6254 0.00009 300 P ropagation H andbook for W ireless C om m unication System D esign Parameters for the Local Rain Rate Prediction Model (continued) October November December Location Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Pc Pd sR sP Concord, NH 0.01305 4.170 0.4776 0.3513 0.01075 5.145 0.3812 0.3111 0.00399 4.639 0.4721 0.3429 Albuquerque, NM 0.01040 1.258 0.8444 0.8041 0.00433 0.727 0.7807 0.6858 0.00039 1.075 0.7766 0.7017 Jornada, NM 0.00768 0.549 0.8170 0.6990 0.00328 0.285 1.0820 1.0270 0.00363 0.608 0.9360 0.8440 Roswell, NM 0.00000 0.971 1.0315 0.9283 Elko, NV 0.00000 1.183 0.8157 0.7785 Ely, NV 0.00010 1.748 0.6826 0.6070 Las Vegas, NV 0.00171 0.308 0.9508 0.8595 Reno, NV 0.00356 0.672 0.8192 0.6585 Albany, NY 0.00811 3.889 0.4656 0.3571 Buffalo, NY 0.01767 6.119 0.3972 0.2561 NY/Kennedy, NY 0.01047 2.823 0.5458 0.4252 Syracuse, NY 0.00291 5.744 0.3216 0.2141 Cleveland, OH 0.01441 3.776 0.4245 0.2396 Columbus, OH 0.00381 2.920 0.4461 0.2861 Oklahoma City, OK 0.01960 2.097 0.8370 0.6229 Burns, OR 0.00560 1.966 0.6940 0.7057 Eugene, OR 0.00389 4.381 0.5477 0.4235 Medford, OR 0.00031 3.188 0.6473 0.5154 Portland, OR 0.00293 5.345 0.4170 0.3204 Philadelphia, PA 0.00320 3.035 0.4682 0.3587 Pittsburgh, PA 0.01568 3.716 0.4904 0.3120 Columbia, SC 0.02394 2.118 0.5432 0.3927 Rapid City, SD 0.00012 1.978 0.5980 0.5290 Sioux Falls, SD 0.01585 2.307 0.7103 0.5739 Memphis, TN 0.01945 1.956 0.5457 0.4189 0820_book Page 300 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC0.9209 0.8563 0.00000 0.471 0.9247 0.9952 0.00000 0.413 0.7625 0.7400 0.00000 1.898 0.6434 0.6267 0.00000 2.067 0.7236 0.6444 0.00010 1.452 0.6693 0.5663 0.00010 1.537 1.0079 0.8637 0.00174 0.678 0.9791 0.8370 0.00018 0.655 0.9224 0.7886 0.00031 1.618 0.7883 0.7032 0.00031 2.228 0.5413 0.3907 0.00269 4.597 0.4305 0.375 0.00013 4.398 0.5715 0.4337 0.01433 8.046 0.3598 0.3134 0.00492 8.082 0.4896 0.4332 0.00722 3.517 0.6078 0.4737 0.00638 3.553 0.5152 0.3708 0.00295 6.348 0.3480 0.2676 0.00015 5.881 0.5647 0.3884 0.00405 5.613 0.4955 0.3720 0.00304 5.083 0.5229 0.4246 0.00383 4.321 0.5528 0.4222 0.00309 3.920 0.7604 0.5978 0.01017 1.165 0.6936 0.6112 0.00236 1.304 0.5900 0.6823 0.00545 3.393 0.6560 0.5844 0.00579 3.670 0.5877 0.4889 0.01052 9.602 0.5287 0.4570 0.00884 11.122 0.7711 0.5884 0.00031 5.347 0.6017 0.5132 0.00031 6.369 0.5307 0.4825 0.00300 9.564 0.4437 0.3723 0.00289 10.937 0.4989 0.4419 0.00306 3.402 0.5541 0.4244 0.00248 3.783 0.5320 0.4052 0.00534 4.586 0.5314 0.3614 0.00024 5.204 0.8215 0.6520 0.01795 1.974 0.5986 0.4996 0.00376 3.107 0.7141 0.5760 0.00012 1.160 0.6426 0.6034 0.00012 0.874 0.7719 0.6621 0.00427 2.016 0.6745 0.5959 0.00035 1.386 0.5859 0.5759 0.03626 2.830 0.5543 0.4099 0.02022 4.179 A ppendix 5.1 301 Nashville, TN 0.00740 2.178 0.5288 0.4688 0.00421 3.521 0.4370 0.3612 0.00521 4.193 0.5476 0.3734 Abilene, TX 0.02170 1.563 0.7335 0.6500 0.00798 0.891 0.7483 0.7391 0.00250 1.050 0.9011 0.7361 Amarillo, TX 0.00887 1.111 0.7788 0.6884 0.00011 0.711 0.8481 0.7421 0.00011 0.712 1.0251 0.7248 Austin, TX 0.03291 1.737 0.7532 0.6613 0.01454 1.621 0.7267 0.6353 0.00931 1.957 0.8386 0.6388 Brownsville, TX 0.01732 2.181 0.7576 0.6362 0.00449 1.186 0.8508 0.6714 0.00168 0.953 0.7697 0.6969 Dallas/Ft Worth, TX 0.01955 2.385 0.7090 0.6427 0.00500 1.503 0.5262 0.4598 0.00433 1.716 0.7551 0.5629 Del Rio, TX 0.00984 1.753 0.9431 0.7676 0.00237 0.937 0.8266 0.7861 0.00178 0.523 0.9104 0.6773 El Paso, TX 0.00768 0.9279 0.7777 Houston, TX 0.00793 0.5753 0.5126 Lubbock, TX 0.01264 0.7497 0.6907 Midland, TX 0.00630 0.9589 0.8336 Salt Lake City, UT 0.00291 0.6560 0.5824 Norfolk, VA 0.00832 0.3760 0.3734 Richmond, VA 0.01429 0.4685 0.3959 Roanoke, VA 0.00334 0.4649 0.3630 Wallops Is., VA 0.00701 0.5924 0.4585 Washington, DC 0.01304 0.5002 0.3837 Burlington, VT 0.00440 0.5018 0.3407 Blaine, WA 0.01172 0.3160 0.5360 Quillayute, WA 0.01172 0.3577 0.2493 Seattle–Tacoma, WA 0.00223 0.3891 0.3151 Spokane, WA 0.00175 0.4548 0.3623 Walla Walla, WA 0.00000 0.4862 0.4390 Madison, WI 0.01242 0.5325 0.3827 Cheyenne, WY 0.00021 0.7215 0.5547 Lander, WY 0.00030 0.6778 0.5171 Sheridan, WY 0.00019 0.5509 0.4770 0820_book Page 301 Friday, M ay 2, 2003 10:34 A M ©2003 CRC Press LLC0.970 0.8765 0.7952 0.00328 0.461 0.9475 0.8508 0.00363 0.867 2.826 0.7048 0.6355 0.00638 2.447 0.5156 0.4656 0.00550 2.041 1.865 0.9825 0.7563 0.00313 0.748 0.8162 0.7054 0.00256 0.667 1.540 0.8610 0.7326 0.00221 0.576 0.9096 0.8308 0.00011 0.696 2.363 0.6473 0.6216 0.00018 2.514 0.4472 0.4554 0.00018 2.468 3.355 0.5749 0.5617 0.00465 2.790 0.5124 0.4479 0.00275 3.347 3.418 0.5843 0.4519 0.01191 3.164 0.5644 0.4440 0.00376 3.636 3.855 0.6417 0.5454 0.00347 3.256 0.6164 0.4753 0.00012 3.492 2.541 0.5604 0.5296 0.00502 2.405 0.5639 0.5368 0.00000 3.114 3.166 0.5105 0.4397 0.00858 3.412 0.5330 0.4355 0.00315 3.837 5.482 0.4232 0.3699 0.00389 5.512 0.3891 0.3193 0.00022 4.444 4.618 0.5270 0.6740 0.00803 6.478 0.4000 0.5220 0.00389 7.075 11.051 0.5792 0.4498 0.00803 17.778 0.4014 0.2861 0.00389 17.85 5.332 0.5731 0.4979 0.00629 9.353 0.4106 0.3439 0.00244 10.306 2.517 0.7302 0.6861 0.00014 4.991 0.5358 0.4560 0.00014 5.550 3.135 0.6341 0.5433 0.00000 4.289 0.4853 0.4983 0.00000 4.566 3.017 0.5795 0.4983 0.00424 3.299 0.5449 0.4868 0.00021 2.855 1.739 0.6745 0.6657 0.00021 1.426 0.7711 0.5948 0.00021 0.907 2.383 0.6853 0.6665 0.00030 1.845 0.7011 0.5764 0.00030 1.120 2.756 0.6062 0.5656 0.00019 1.949 0.4860 0.4106 0.00019 1.504 Appendi To calculate κ and References 1. Maggiori, D cy range for za , L5,262, 1 2. Nowland, W between rain Regression Coeffic Frequency (GHz) 1 2 4 6 7 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 46 45 50 60 70 80 90 100 Source: Maggiori, D range for spherical a κ α = = 0820_book Page 303 Friday, May 2, 2003 10:34 AM ©2003 CRC Press LLCx 5.2 α for any polarization and local elevation angle, use:2 ., Computed transmission through rain in the 1–400 Ghz frequen- ients for Estimating Specific Attenuation1 κH κV αH σV 0.0000387 0.0000352 0.912 0.880 0.000154 0.000138 0.963 0.923 0.00065 0.000591 1.121 1.075 0.00175 0.00155 1.308 1.265 0.00301 0.00265 1.332 1.012 0.00454 0.00395 1.327 1.310 0.0101 0.00887 1.276 1.264 0.0188 0.0168 1.217 1.200 0.0367 0.0335 1.154 1.128 0.0751 0.0691 1.099 1.065 0.124 0.113 1.061 1.030 0.187 0.167 1.021 1.000 0.263 0.233 0.979 0.963 0.350 0.310 0.939 0.929 0.442 0.393 0.903 0.897 0.536 0.479 0.873 0.868 0.707 0.642 0.826 0.824 0.851 0.785 0.793 0.793 0.975 0.906 0.769 0.769 1.06 0.999 0.753 0.754 1.12 1.06 0.743 0.744 ., Computed transmission through rain in the 1–400 GHz frequency nd elliptical drops and any polarization, Alta Frequenza, L5,262, 1981. κ κ κ κ θ τ α κ α κ α κ α κ θ τ κ + + − + + − H V H V H H V V H H V V ( )cos cos( ) ( )cos cos( ) 2 2 2 2 2 2 spherical and elliptical drops and any polarization, Alta Frequen- 981. .L., Olsen, R.L., and Shkarofsky, I.P., Theoretical relationship depolarization and attenuation, Electron. Lett., 13, 676, 1977.

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