Quản trị kinh doanh - Chapter 16: Information and operations

Chapter 16Information and OperationsExplain how managers use controls to operate organizational performanceDescribe the different forms and types of information technologies that managers applyIllustrate how managers use information and technology systems to create efficiencies and make more effective decisionsIdentify the types of controls and the processes used by managers to measure and adapt organizational performanceDescribe how managers effectively apply controls to influence performance, with both people and resultsLearning ObjectivesControlTool that helps managers use information to influence behavior and affect operational performance through greater efficiencies and effective decision makingPermits managers to oversee and direct employees toward achieving organizational goalsRegulates behavior and results around specific areas within the organizationShould not be too rigidLack of control can lead to demise of the organization How Controls Make a Difference (p. 400)Types of controls (p. 401)Standards – models and examples of how items or tasks are expected to be executedPreliminary control (planning control) – control used as a preventative measure to clarify potential deficiencies before they occurCorrective action taken before problems ariseScreening control (real-time control) – control used to take corrective measures based on feedback during a process should barriers arisePost-action control – control used to assess results after a process is complete in order to provide information for future planning (p. 402)How Controls Make a Difference (cont.)Information technologyDevelopment, maintenance, and use of computer systems, software, and networks for the processing and distribution of dataTypes of information (p. 403)Knowledge – information gained by an individual or team that is internalizedKnowledge worker – employees who are known for the specific skills they possess, such as technology Information, Technology, and Systems (p. 402)Organizing information using technology and systems (p. 403)Firewall – software program designed to protect against unauthorized entry into a particular information system or personal computerExtranet – system that is similar to the internet but used primarily within a company for its employees or vendors Information, Technology, and Systems (cont.)Management information system (MIS)Tool that aids organizations to run more efficiently by incorporating people, technology, and information systematicallyEnterprise resource planning (ERP)System that provides a flow of information to include accounting, manufacturing, customer relationship management, sales, and serviceEveryone able to see how one action carried out in one area can affect another part of the organizationManagement Information Systems (p. 404)Executive support system (ESS; p. 405)Management information system that uses internal and external data to aid the executive staff with their decision-making process with regard to organizational performanceExecutives can view data instantly rather than waiting for monthly reportsDecision support system (DSS)Computer-based information system that helps organizations with their decision-making processArtificial intelligenceSoftware system that gives computers the ability to seemingly possess human intelligence and act accordingly to process informationManagement Information Systems (cont.)Types of controlsController – chief accounting officer within an organization that helps control financesFinancial statement – summary that lists the revenue and liabilities for a company during a particular time frame (p. 407)Balance sheet – financial statement that lists revenue, assets, and liabilities for a company during a particular time frameInformation and Controls for Operations (p. 406)Types of controls (cont.)Income statement – summary of revenue gained during a specific time period, usually listed by month (p. 407)Ratio analysis – quantitative study of a company’s financial statements within a particular collection of dataAudit – formal examination of a company, department, or individual’s accounts or financial standing (p. 408)Budget – document used to predict revenues and expenditures during a certain period for financial forecasting Information and Controls for Operations (cont.)