Quản trị kinh doanh - Group circumstances and structure

Group Circumstances and StructureGroup Circumstances and StructureGlossaryCase StudyPhysical EnvironmentGroup Size and StructureType of GroupsThe Systems ApproachGlossaryCasual and Social Groups—include neighborhood groups, fraternities, and even classmates. The impact of these relationships on behavior is often quite profound.Communication Networks—the five patterns of communicating between group members.Education Groups—groups that interact for the sole purpose of study or instruction.Primary Groups—groups that usually include one’s family and closest friends.Problem-Solving Groups—groups that form in order to solve one or more problems.GlossarySeating Patterns—often affect the type and volume of interaction in a group.Territoriality—the word was coined by Edward Hall and is defined as “the tendency for humans and other animals to lay claim to and defend a particular area or territory.”Work Groups—the formations of people on the job.Case StudyChempure Pharmaceutical Company (A)1. What are your impressions of the processes used to develop new medicines?2. What do you think of the testing of chemicals on animals?3. Are there any ways you could suggest to improve the use of teams in the drug development process?Case StudyChempure Pharmaceutical Company (B)1. How would you resolve the problem now facing the physician leading the project?2. What future problems do you anticipate? How would you address them?3. What practical lessons from this case apply to your life?Case StudyChempure Pharmaceutical Company (C)1. What do you think about how conflicts at Chempure are resolved?2. What, if anything, would you recommend that Chempure do differently?3. What other implications or lessons does this case present that apply to your life?4. How does this case illustrate the Tubbs Model of Small Group Interaction?Physical EnvironmentAn environment that is conducive to more communication, such as the less traditional “open office,” is often more conducive to the success of group tasks.TerritorialityIn addition to identifying certain places as our territory, we also move about in a portable space bubble of about 18 inches in each direction that we let only certain people violate.This is referred to as our personal space.Physical EnvironmentTerritoriality (continued)Intimate distance extends from touching to about 18 inches.Personal distance ranges from 18 inches to about 4 feet.Social distance refers to the distance between 4 to 12 feet.Public distance refers to 12 feet and beyond.Physical EnvironmentSeating PatternsResearch has shown that even the seating patterns around rectangular tables have a major impact on interaction.Physical EnvironmentSeating PatternPhysical EnvironmentSeating Patterns at Rectangular Tables: (a) Corner-to-Corner, (b) Face-to-Face, (c) Distant-Opposite, (d) Corner to End, (e) Side-by-Side, and (f) End-to-End.Physical EnvironmentSeating Preferences at Round Tables: (a) Side-by-Side, (b) Distance-Opposite, and (c) Side-to-End.Group Size and StructureCommunication NetworksCentralized networks, such as the chain and the wheel, are better for solving simple problems.When the problem is complex, the decentralized networks, such as the circle and the all-channel are faster and more accurate and result in higher member satisfaction.Group Size and StructureCommunications Networks: (a) Wheel, (b) Chain, (c) Y, (d) Circle, and (e) All-Channel.Group Size and StructureGroup SizeAs the group’s size increases arithmetically (linearly), the potential number of interactions increases geometrically (exponentially).Social loafing, the decreased effort of each individual member in the group, occurs more as the number of people in a group increases.Group Size and StructureGroup SizeForsyth (1999) suggest the following guidelines to minimize social loafing:1. Increase personal involvement.2. Minimize free riding.3. Clarify group goals.4. Set high standards.5. Increase collective efficacy.6. Increase unity.Types of GroupsPrimary GroupsCasual and Social GroupsEducational GroupsWork GroupsProblem-Solving GroupsTypes of GroupsWork GroupsThe level of productivity is set by group norms, not by physiologic capacities.Noneconomic rewards and sanctions significantly affect the behavior of the workers and largely limit the effect of economic incentive plans.Often workers do not act or react as individuals but as members of groups.A recent innovation in work groups is the self-directed work team (SDWT).Types of GroupsProblem-Solving GroupsThe terms task-oriented, problem-solving, and decision-making groups have been used interchangeably to stress the emphasis on the cognitive end products of group discussion.One recent innovation is the use of tiger teams—small groups of high-performing people who are challenged by a company’s executive team to take problems and find workable solutions.Types of GroupsProblem-Solving GroupsTypes of Discussion QuestionsAn effective problem-solving discussion begins with an effectively structured discussion question.A topic should be limited to one issue.Questions of factQuestions of definitionQuestions of valueQuestions of policyTypes of GroupsProblem-Solving GroupsDiscussion Group FormatsDialogue—a discussion or conversation between two people.Panel—usually involves a small number of people conducting an informal discussion on a topic that they have all thought about and possibly researched beforehand.Symposium—includes several participants, each of whom gives a short formal presentation on a prepared topic.Types of GroupsProblem-Solving GroupsDiscussion Group Formats . . . (continued)Forum—a question-and-answer period designed to allow audience members to interact with the discussion group.Colloquy—involves questioning of experts by the other experts on the panel, laypersons on a second panel, or laypersons in the audience.Types of GroupsDiscussion Group TechniquesPhillips 66A specific technique developed by J. D. Phillips, it allows all members of an audience to form groups of about six people to discuss a specific topic for about six minutes and then report the group’s conclusion through a spokesperson.Case discussionAn educational discussion centered on a real or hypothetical event.Types of GroupsDiscussion Group Techniques (continued)Role playingAllows participants to adopt a new “role” or set of behaviors. FishbowlOne small group attempts to solve a problem for a specified period of time (e.g., 30 minutes), while a second group, seated around the outside of the first group, observes the process.ConferenceA series of meetings on topics of common interest between and among people who represent different groups.Types of GroupsComputer-Assisted GroupsThrough new software, small groups can now do computer-supported cooperative work by means of groupware.Idea Generation and Anonymity1. Idea generation/brainstorming2. Idea grouping/issue analyzing3. Voting4. Outlining5. AnnotatingTypes of Groups—Practical TipsHere are 10 of the most common “team traps” to avoid. 1. Leader abdication 2. Successionless planning 3. Downsizing 4. Political suicide 5. Team arrogance 6. Undefined accountability 7. Short-term focus 8. Disruptive team member 9. Poor teamwork habits10. Decision by defaultTypes of Groups—Practical TipsVideo conferencing works well when:You need the benefit of face-to-face contact and want to save the time and expense associated with traveling to another location.Your goal is to provide information such as briefings or training classes.You are broadcasting presentations to many employees.Types of Groups—Practical TipsVideo conferencing does not work as well when:The time lag difficulties will be distracting or detrimental to communication.The added social context of face-to-face communication is needed.The success of your meeting relies on short bursts of input from all participants.The group must discuss sensitive issues.The group misses out on side discussions that often result in new ideas during a face-to-face meeting.Adapted from Kristen Bell DeTienne. Guide to Electronic Communication (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002), p. 79.Types of GroupsLeadershipWith the advent of computers, leaders must rely on their groups to process the multitude of data.For leaders, computer-aided communication can be an important means of influencing a group’s methods and capabilities.Computer-Assisted Groups: Where Are They Going?In coming years, computer technology will play an increasing role in group interaction.The Systems ApproachIn systems theory, the elements that constitute the internal influences of our model would be called part of the throughput of small groups.Probably the most important internal influence in the model is the type of group.The all-channel network was best for group member satisfaction, whereas the wheel produced the fastest results.The Systems ApproachAs group size increases, the all-channel network begins to bog down in confusion, and a more controlled network tends to be more appropriate.The type of group format is related to the discussion group formats and techniques and the desired group outcome.