Research on state management for community - Based tourism development in some northwestern provinces of Viet Nam

13Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion RESEARCH ON STATE MANAGEMENT FOR COMMUNITY-BASED TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN SOME NORTHWESTERN PROVINCES OF VIETNAM Tran Thu Phuong* Date received the article: 3/4/2020 Date received the review results: 5/10/2020 Date published the article: 27/10/2020 Abstract: Community based tourism (CBT) development is a topic that is currently of in- terest to many researchers and managers. In Vietnam, CBT was developed many years ago and has been increasingly encouraged to develop. In that context, the study of state management for community-based tourism development, especially at the provincial level, has a very im- portant signifi cance. Although there have been some domestic and foreign studies on this topic, however, so far, there has been no comprehensive study on state management activities for CBT development in the North-western region. The objective of the paper is to propose a number of solutions to improve the state management of CBT development in some Northwestern provinc- es on the basis of analyzing the current state of CBT development management. Proposed solu- tions are related to reforming the formulation of strategies, planning, CBT development plans; perfecting policies, regulations related to CBT development, and strengthening the inspection, examination of CBT development activities. Keywords: State management, community-based tourism, Northwestern provinces. * Faculty of Tourism, Hanoi Open University 1. Introduction The Northwestern region in this study includes 4 provinces of Lai Chau, Dien Bien, Son La and Hoa Binh. The re- gion has a natural area of 3,741.6 km2, accounting for 11.3% of the national area. The population in 2019 was 2,701,402 peo- ple, accounting for 2.8% of the country’s population. According to “Master plan on Vietnam’s tourism development to 2020, a vision to 2030”, the Northwest belongs to the Northern midland and mountainous tourist area. This is an important strategic area with great potential and advantages for socio-economic development, nation- al defense and security of the North and the whole country. Northwest is also the convergence of many unique tourism po- tentials with typical characteristics of the country and people of Vietnam. This is an important feature attracting tourists, espe- cially international ones. Along with the tourism develop- ment of the country, in recent years, Tạp chí Khoa học - Trường Đại học Mở Hà Nội 72 (10/2020) 13-25 14 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion tourism activities generally and commu- nity-based tourism (CBT) particularly in the Northwest have seen much pros- perity, refl ected in the growth of tourism development index, tourism products and tourism infrastructure. It can be affi rmed that CBT development in the Northwest recently has had many positive impacts, contributing to the economy of the local people. However, apart from the above achievements, CBT development in the Northwest has also revealed some lim- itations, such as: little conservation and promotion of indigenous cultural values together with exploitation for tourism activities. Many Northwestern products CBT products are so similar with few highlights to express the unique identi- ty of the local community, making them less attractive to tourists. CBT sites have relatively similar operating mod- els, developed on the basis of replication of previous pilot ones. The inheritance and lessons learned from the previous models help them develop more, how- ever, many places are still stereotyped, not paying enough attention to working on surveys and assessing the current status of local tourism potential. In ad- dition, the environmental conditions in many CBT sites are not good enough to receive tourists, especially those from developed countries. The cause of the above-mentioned limitations can be both objective and subjective. The former may include: poor accessibility to tourist destina- tions, lack of supportive policies from the State. This has been also shown in many domestic and international studies for the Northwest and areas with sim- ilar conditions [10-14]. The latter may include: lack of strategic development for the whole region, inadequate aware- ness of CBT leading to incorrect policy planning. Other reasons have also been identifi ed such as: lack of researches to discover the typical ethnic cultural iden- tity of the locality to build CBT prod- ucts, poor tourism resource protection - an important factor for building tourism products, imbalance in the development of economy and tourism, no adequate support from the State in propaganda, promotion and training human resources in CBT activities, etc. In general, most of the above rea- sons are closely related to the role of state management on CBT in the region. Up to now, although there have been many studies related to CBT development in Northwest [1, 2, 8], there have not been any studies nationally or internationally about state management on CBT in the region. This study focuses on assessing the role and responsibility of state man- agement for CBT development, analyz- ing the successes and limitations as well as proposing solutions to improve the state management for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces (Hoa Binh, Son La, and Dien Bien). 2. Theoretical background, data and research methodology * Theoretical background: There have many diff erent concepts of CBT, in this study, the concept of CBT is regarded as a type of tourism which is developed on the basis of the community’s cultural values, managed, organized and 15Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion exploited by the community, and bringing them benefi ts (Tourism Law 2017) Many studies on CBT have shown that CBT sustainable development re- quires the participation of all stakehold- ers, in which the state plays an important role. The State is the main subject in the process of planning and implementing strategies, plans, policies and laws on tourism development in general and CBT development in particular. In this study, the state manage- ment for CBT development is regarded as the process in which the state uses its management tools to infl uence CBT development to achieve the tourism de- velopment goals. State management for CBT development includes: Developing and implementing strategies, planning, making plans for CBT development; Issuing and implementing policies on CBT development; Developing CBT hu- man resource; State management units for CBT, etc. * Data and research methodology Data sources for this research in- clude secondary data and primary one. The former includes documents, reports, proposals, projects, statistics, etc. relat- ed to CBT development in tourism state management agencies at state and provin- cial level. The latter was collected through the surveys conducted with CBT experts, lo- cal communities and tourists, including: current traffi c infrastructure, tourism re- sources tourism human resources, tour- ism promotion, tourism environment, local support policies for those involved in CBT development, specifi c and overall assessment of state management activities on CBT development. The questionnaires used were de- signed in printed forms and online ones. The survey started from March 2020, and by the end of July 2020, 450 responses had been collected from tourists, of which 400 responses from Hoa Binh, 288 from Son La and 207 from Dien Bien (each guest could make multiple selections). At that time, Vietnam did not welcome any international visitors due to Covid-19, so all respondents were domestic tourists. By the end of July 2020, 115 responses had been collected from experts, 120 from local communities (50 in Hoa Binh, 50 in Son La and 20 in Dien Bien). 3. State management activities for CBT development in some Northwest- ern provinces 3.1. An overview of CBT develop- ment in some Northwestern provinces With the advantage of natural con- ditions and diversifi ed customs of ethnic groups, CBT is paid much attention to fur- ther develop in Northwestern provinces. As of 2019, the total number of CBT sites in Hoa Binh, Son La and Dien Bien was 42 (Hoa Binh: 22, Son La: 10 and Dien Bien: 10); the total number of households par- ticipating in CBT activities was 290 (Hoa Binh: 174, Son La: 63 and Dien Bien: 53). Some typical sites are Giang Mo, Van village, Lac village, Tong village, Ai vil- lage (Hoa Binh), Hua Tat village, Bo vil- lage, Hum village, Ngoc Chien (Son La), Noong Bua, Co Mỵ, Ten, Uva, Pe Luong, Phieng Lơi, Him Lam 2 (Dien Bien). Regarding tourists, the number of tourist arrivals to CBT sites is increasing. 16 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion Accordingly, it brings income for the com- munity and contributes to the growth of the locality’s total tourism revenue. Ac- cording to reports from localities, the total revenue from CBT of Hoa Binh in 2019 was 415 billion VND (accounting for 20% of the province’s total tourism revenue) with an average increase of about 30%/ year from 2015 to 2019. In other locali- ties, there was also an increase in visitors, revenue and employees related to CBT (see table 1). I n general, the Northwest has been exploiting its strengths to develop CBT. The number of visitors to CBT villages gradually increases. CBT has contributed to hunger eradication and poverty reduc- tion, creating new livelihoods for upland people. However, besides these achieve- ments, the development of CBT has also revealed certain limitations, related to the quality of tourism products, environ- mental sanitation in CBT sites, human resources quality, etc. The survey shows that the importance of natural environ- mental factors (wastewater, waste, etc.) is assessed at 4.2/5, while the real value is assessed at about 3.5/5 in 3 provinces; The knowledge and skills of people participat- ing in tourism activities are underestimat- ed (Hoa Binh: 3.44/5, Son La: 3.3/5 and Dien Bien: 3.1/5) Table 1- Number of visitors and revenue from CBT in some Northwestern provinces, 2015-2019 Source: Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Northwestern provinces 17Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion With the above limitations, in gen- eral, the satisfaction of tourists in 3 prov- inces is not high (Hoa Binh: 3.72/5; Son La: 3.69/5 and Dien Bien: 3.56/5). The positive aspects, limitations and unsustainable images of CBT develop- ment mentioned above are to some extent the results of state management for CBT development, which are specifi cally con- sidered in the following part. 3.2. Analysis of state management for CBT development in some North- western provinces of Vietnam - Developing and implementing plans, and planning related CBT in the provinces In Northwestern provinces, things related to CBT development are often in- corporated in the local tourism develop- ment planning. Up to now, all 3 provinces of Hoa Binh, Son La and Dien Bien have had master plans for tourism develop- ment. These plans play important roles in orienting tourism development in locali- ties [3-6]. In 2014, Hoa Binh had “Master plan for tourism development in Hoa Binh province for the period of 2014-2020, with a vision to 2030”. The plan was ap- proved according to Decision No. 2060/ QD-UBND dated 11 December 2014. One of the tourism development perspectives given in the plan is to focus on developing cultural tourism, eff ectively exploiting the values of cultural heritages and cultural identities of ethnic groups, particularly Muong to improve the specifi city and orig- inality of tourism products. This is consid- ered as one of the important orientations for CBT development in Hoa Binh. The content for CBT development is shown in the plan, such as: Preserving the hamlets and villages with unique cultural identi- ties of ethnic groups in Hoa Binh province to develop tourism products; Selecting suitable hamlets and villages to receive tourists, generating stable income for lo- cal people. On the basis of the approved plans, Hoa Binh has developed and implemented specifi c plans. Up to now, 100% of dis- tricts and cities have approved and im- plemented the local tourism development project to 2020, with a vision to 2030. The plan of developing Mai Chau national tourist destination in year 2030 was ap- proved according to Decision No. 1728 / QD-UBND dated July 4, 2016). In Son La, the master plan for tourism development in Son La prov- ince for the period of 2007-2015 and orientations to 2020 was built in 2007. Then, it was adjusted in 2014. CBT development is one of the priorities in tourism development orientation of the province. Accordingly, CBT is oriented to develop in 18 communes in 6 districts and cities (Moc Chau, Van Ho, Son La city, Quynh Nhai, Muong La, and Phu Yen). Based on the approved planning, Son La had many activities, one among which is planning some key tourism de- velopment areas, including CBT, such as: Tourism development planning in Son La hydropower reservoir area to 2020, vision to 2030, in which CBT de- velopment was assigned in Luot village (Ngoc Chien commune), Quyen village, Bon village (Muong Chien commune, Quynh Nhai district). 18 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion In 2008, Dien Bien had a Master plan for tourism development in Dien Bien province until 2020 (Decision No. 150/ QD-UBND dated January 30, 2008). For more than 10 years, there has not been any modifi cations or new master plans. The limitation in this plan is excluding specifi c contents or goals for CBT devel- opment. However, to orient the province’s tourism development, Dien Bien issued the resolution and tourism development program to 2020, vision to 2030 Those documents mention CBT development, such as proposing mechanisms to support and encourage CBT; building high quality cultural villages to welcome tourists. Since 2015, Dien Bien has received 13 projects for tourism development in general and CBT in particular with a total capital of 71 billion VND, of which about 40 billion VND is for infrastructure investment. Master plans and tourism devel- opment plans in localities show the ac- tiveness of the local government in state management. Planning is an eff ective management tool in managing, investing and controlling tourism development ac- tivities. However, generally the content of tourism planning has not focused on spec- ifying objectives and orientation for CBT development to promote the advantages of each locality. The classifi cation among strategies - planning-plans has not been clearly stated leading to overlapping im- plementation or incompatibility, especial- ly in the fi eld of tourism investment. For experts, regarding developing and implementing projects and plans re- lated to CBT development in localities (Figure 1), it shows that the highest scores fall to A, B, D in Hoa Binh, which are not at a good level. Besides, all 7 related content in Hoa Binh receive higher points than the 2 localities. Figure 1 - Building and implementing projects and plans related to CBT development in some Northwestern provinces Source: Survey conducted by author 19Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion - Implementing CBT development policies In order to promote CBT develop- ment, Northwestern provinces have actively issued policies, which are present in resolu- tions. Accordingly, apart from indirect poli- cies related to assisting tourism development including CBT (infrastructure, promotion, etc.). The resolutions emphasize legal sup- port for CBT development to improve the living standard of ethnic minorities in the provinces. Concreting the resolutions, CBT development policies in Son La province were issued under resolution No. 22/2016/ NQ-HDND dated December 14, 2016 of the Provincial People’s Committee to fund CBT villages and households. As of De- cember 2019, Son La had assisted 7 CBT villages and 23 CBT households. This ex- hibits the province’s eff orts towards CBT development. However, after 3 years of de- ployment, the disbursement was only 600 million VND, equal to 10% of local peo- ple’s needs. The number of supported vil- lages and households is limited, account- ing for about 25% of those oriented to CBT development in the planning. According to Son La Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism [7], the main reason comes from low and insuffi cient support, which is hard for the locals to implement the prescribed items, making it less attractive to the locals. The disbursement procedure is so compli- cated, and time - consuming, making it hard for villages and households to access loans. In Dien Bien, CBT development policy was given in the Decision No. 1128/QD-UBND dated 20 September 2010 on approval of the proposal “Build- ing the ethnic cultural village to develop Dien Bien tourism” in 2015. Accordingly, 10 villages are invested, and 8 villages are upgraded to welcome tourists. The invest- ment aims at building capability to receive tourists. The total investment is 11 billion VND, among which 415 million VND is for tourism products promotion. After the implementation period (2010-2015), those policies have generally helped de- velop CBT and thereby improve local people’s living standards, contributing to the preservation of ethnic cultural values. The proposal “Preserving and developing the culture of ethnic minorities in Dien Bien associated with socio-economic de- velopment from 2016 to 2020, orientated to 2025” provides support in conserva- tion for 03 - 05 traditional ethnic cultural tourism villages. However, due to the lack of resources, many villages have no lon- ger received tourists with degradation of equipment, infrastructure while the reve- nue from tourism is not enough to make it up. Hoa Binh has not issued any specif- ic policies directly related to CBT devel- opment. However, support has been done regularly (for musical performance teams and CBT households). This support has made it easier for CBT households to con- serve, and promote the value of Muong culture and develop CBT. Table 2 presents the ideas collected from experts on developing and issuing CBT development policies in some North- western provinces. Accordingly, Hoa Binh is the highest rated and the lowest rated one falls to Dien Bien. Particularly, the capacity of human resource and its distri- bution for CBT development in Dien Bien is very low (2.76/5). 20 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion Table 2 - Developing and implementing CBT development policies in some Northwestern provinces Source: Survey conducted by the author - Training, fostering and developing Human resources, promotion and cooper- ation in CBT development Together with investment in devel- oping infrastructure and tourist engineer- ing facilities, the Northwestern provinces also focus on training and developing hu- man resources for CBT development. Orientation on CBT human re- sources is mentioned in the resolutions of the Provincial Commission, the Peo- ple’s Committee; Master plans for Tour- ism development, etc. in all Northwestern provinces. According to reports of North- western provinces, many training courses were held for CBT households. Between 2015 and 2019, each Northwest province organized from 1-2 large training cours- es (70-100 participants) and 2-3 small training classes for CBT households on average yearly. From 2016 to 2019, Son La organized 05 tourism skill training classes for CBT villages with a total of 75 participants, Hoa Binh organized about 10 classes, and Dien Bien had 5 classes. The training is primarily about technical skills such as reception, tour guiding; op- erating small-sized tourism accommoda- tions; housekeeping, food preparing, etc. Lecturing people are university faculties in the Northwest or from Hanoi and ex- perts from other institutions. To improve capabilities of tourism state management offi cers, Northwestern provinces have actively integrated many forms of training (in-place training, short- term training, conferences, seminars, etc.). All in all, for the past few years, Northwestern provinces have been pro- active in training and fostering human re- sources related to CBT development. The survey’s result with experts on training, fostering and developing CBT human re- sources in Northwestern provinces is pre- sented on table 3. Accordingly, the lowest one belongs to providing the statistics, and evaluating the quality of CBT human resources. Table 3 - Training, fostering and develop- ing CBT human resources in some North- 21Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion western provinces Source: Survey conducted by the author - State management structure for CBT development Like other localities across the country, for the last 15 years, state man- agement structure for tourism of the Northwest has had certain fl uctuations. In 2008, the provinces set up Departments of Culture, Sports, and Tourism on the basis of merging other departments and units. After the merger, the Departments of Culture, Sports, and Tourism became a multi-sector management and opera- tion unit, with a united structure from the city level to the lower ones. By the year 2017, The Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism had conducted innovation and rearrangement in its structure at all levels, in the direction of merging some departments and units. In all Northwestern Departments of Culture, Sports, and Tourism, tourism management offi ces act as consulting agencies, and all inspection tasks belong to Departments’ inspectors. Tourism man- agement offi ces submit recommendations to the Department Director in state man- agement for all kinds of tourism develop- ment. In terms of human resources, North- western Tourism management offi ces have only 5-7 members, which is insuffi cient to cover all of the duties in challenging situ- ations. In general, as well as many other lo- calities across the country, the instability in the tourism management structure has negatively infl uenced the development of tourism in general and CBT in particular. The state management on CBT is largely about statistics with limited long-term vi- sions in tourism development. CBT devel- opment is quite special, involving many factors, especially the empowerment of the community, so no matter how the state management is organized, the quality of tourism staff in these localities needs to be further strengthened. The assessment from experts on the state management structure for CBT development is presented on table 4. Ac- cordingly, the rated content is quite simi- lar among 3 provinces. 22 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion Table 4 - State management structure for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces Source: Survey conducted by the author - General assessment of the state management for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces In the past period, despite many diffi culties, the state management for CBT development in the Northwestern provinces has had considerable success. Awareness of tourism and CBT develop- ment has been enhanced. The provinc- es have actively organized the guidance on implementing legal documents of the state for CBT, directing and implementing quite eff ectively policies, schemes, and projects for CBT development. Tourism planning including CBT development has been paid with much intention. Despite some defects, the planning is generally consistent with local realities, which is the important element to attract investments and implement CBT projects. Provinces have tried to improve the capability of state structure ensuring the effi ciency and eff ectiveness of state management for tourism including CBT. Tourism human resources training has also been strengthened, facilitating local people to improve their skills in tourism. However, to some extent, concret- izing and issuing policies for CBT man- agement are incomplete and not timely enough; Some policies are not suitable for the local conditions, making it less attractive for diff erent stakeholders to participate in CBT. Objectives and spe- cifi c standards for CBT development are incomplete, leading to diffi culties in im- plementation, evaluation, and statistics of CBT development, which act as the basis for planning and adjusting CBT develop- ment policies. In addition, CBT human resources at all levels are weak in both quantity and quality. Domestic and for- eign cooperation activities about CBT management and development are not very eff ective. Regarding inter-regional and inner-regional collaboration in tour- ism, many regional provinces focus heav- ily on the growth of the province itself, no clear linking and exploiting advantages of the whole region. There are probably many reasons, but from the provincial government, the key ones are: (1) Awareness of CBT de- velopment, the role of provincial gov- ernment in directing and operating CBT 23Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion development is incomplete; (2) Coordi- nation among sectors, agencies and de- partments in localities in developing and managing projects, planning related to CBT; Developing and allocating invest- ment resources; Checking and evaluating policies related to CBT development are not strict enough to utilize the strengths of each body in developing and imple- menting CBT projects, and planning (3) The lack of eff ective coordination among Northwestern provincial governments in managing tourism and CBT development leads to overlapped investment, ineff ec- tiveness and failure in promoting the strengths of each province. 4. Solutions to improve state man- agement for CBT development in some Northwestern provinces of Vietnam On the basis of Tourism Law 2017, Vietnam tourism development strategy to 2030, Master plan for tourism develop- ment in Vietnam to 2020 - vision to 2030, CBT and tourism development orienta- tions, and real conditions in Northwestern provinces, the following solutions should be applied for those provinces to develop CBT, and gradually overcome the weak- nesses in CBT and tourism state manage- ment: Firstly, in terms of viewpoints: 1) Improving state management for CBT development is associated with improv- ing awareness and cognition on the role of CBT to local tourism development; 2) Improving state management for CBT de- velopment is to optimally exploit tourism potential, promote CBT development sus- tainably contributing to life improvement, poverty alleviation and socio-economy development of localities in particular and in the Northwest in general; 3) Improving state management for CBT development is to improve its eff ectiveness and effi - ciency in view of the fact that Vietnam tourism is oriented to become a leading economic sector, and the industrial revo- lution 4.0 is spreading; 4) Improving state management for CBT development must be based on experience in Vietnam and in the world. Secondly, continuing to raise aware- ness of all stakeholders in tourism activi- ties, including the local community about CBT development; Emphasizing their awareness about CBT’s role in enhancing people’s lives, protecting the local cultural values from the negative impacts of tour- ism. Third ly, improving planning and proposals related to CBT development in association with changes in their content and implementation methods; Reviewing, developing or adjusting planning and pro- posals must ensure the principles of CBT development, being in line with the mar- ket’s demands, CBT development trend, and local features. Fourthly, reviewing, and improv- ing CBT development policies and regu- lations in accordance with local realities, ensuring sustainable CBT development; Integrating CBT development regulations and policies with those on new rural de- velopment and others; Focusing on as- sessing the impact of CBT development assistance policies and regulations to make them suitable with local features. Fifthly, strengthening tourism plan- ning management, investing in tourism in- 24 Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion frastructure; facilitating in terms of mech- anism and policies to attract investment for CBT development in the province; Sixthly, focusing on investment in improving CBT service quality at CBT sites; Strictly managing tourism resources, developing detailed planning and plans, ensuring the formation and exploitation of tourism products (reasonable, unique), improving the value of CBT products to create the competitive advantage. Seventhly, improving tourism pro- motion, tied to the market, strengthening the connection among Northwest prov- inces in promoting tourism generally and CBT particularly. Eighthly, continuing to improve state management structure for tourism and CBT development in Northwest to strengthen its eff ectiveness and effi cien- cy; Training human resources in tourism and CBT management responding to the new demand; Continuing reviewing and implementing policies related to training, fostering and developing CBT human re- sources to improve its quality. 5. Conclusion Improving state management for CBT development is an important re- quirement to improve the effi ciency of CBT development in the market economy and international integration. The article analyzed the current status of state man- agement for CBT development and pro- posed a number of solutions to improve it in some provinces in the Northwestern region. Proposed solutions include: in- novating strategic planning, tourism de- velopment plan in general and CBT de- velopment in particular; improving CBT development policies, and regulations; strengthening inspection, supervision and violations handling in CBT development, etc. These solutions need to be done in sync and divided into stages. CBT devel- opment is considered to be suitable with social trends, meeting the needs of tour- ists to explore the unique ethnic culture. However, for CBT development, besides strengthening the eff ectiveness and effi - ciency of state management, the commu- nity should be aware of its role and respon- sibilities when participating in tourism activities. Apart from that, the community must be together with state management units protecting indigenous culture - the core values of the community, because if these values are not protected, we cannot develop CBT properly and sustainably. Reference: 1. ADB - Asian Development Bank (2003), Serving and Maintaining: Improving public administration in a competitive world, Na- tional politics Publisher, Hanoi. 2. Do Thuy Mui (2016), Potential for sustain- able development of community based tour- ism in the Northwest: Current situation and solutions, Tay Bac University. 3. Khuong Thi Hong Nhung (2016), Imple- menting policies of sustainable tourism de- velopment, case study in Hoa Binh province, Master’s thesis, Academy of Social Sciences. 4. Dien Bien Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2008), Master plan on tourism development of Dien Bien province in the pe- riod to 2020. 5. Hoa Binh Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2014), Master plan on tourism development of Hoa Binh province for the pe- riod 2014-2020, a vision to 2030. 25Nghiên cứu trao đổi ● Research-Exchange of opinion 6. Hoa Binh Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2017), Orientations and solu- tions to build and develop sustainably the community-based tourism in the Northwest. 7. Son La Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2014), Adjusting the master plan for tourism development in Son La province to 2020, a vision to 2030. 8. Son La Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism (2019), Report on the results of com- munity-based tourism development policies and orientations in Son La province to 2020. 9. Institute for Tourism development and re- search (2018), Community-based tourism development policies and human resource training for community-based tourism devel- opment in Vietnam, Workshop proceedings, Mai Chau, Hoa Binh. 10. Tek B. Dangi và Tazim Jamal (2016), “An integrated approach to “sustainable commu- nity-based tourism””, Sustainability (Switzer- land). 8. 11. Amman Abd Ghapar, Nor Ain Othman và Salamiah Jamal (2015), “The Role of Govern- ment on Community Resilient in the Homestay Industry in Malaysia”, Tourism, Leisure and Global Change. 2, tr. 8-10. 12. Andrea Giampiccoli, Sean Jugmohan và Oliver Mtapuri (2015), “Characteristics and Policies of Community- Based Tourism in the Case of Jamaica”, tr. 45-70. 13. Sharon Harwood (2010), “Planning for Community Based Tourism in a Remote Loca- tion”, Sustainability. 2, tr. 1909-1923. 14. Ministry Of Tourism and Entertainment - Jamaica (2015), National Community Tourism Policy and Strategy, chủ biên. 9. Tourism Development Research Institute (2018), policy on development of Community tourism and human resource training for the development of Community tourism in Viet- nam., Seminar Proceedings, Mai Chau, Hoa Binh. 10. Tek B. Dangi và Tazim Jamal (2016), “An integrated approach to “sustainable commu- nity-based tourism””, Sustainability (Switzer- land). 8. 11. Amman Abd Ghapar, Nor Ain Othman và Salamiah Jamal (2015), “The Role of Govern- ment on Community Resilient in the Homestay Industry in Malaysia”, Tourism, Leisure and Global Change. 2, tr. 8-10. 12. Andrea Giampiccoli, Sean Jugmohan và Oliver Mtapuri (2015), “Characteristics and Policies of Community- Based Tourism in the Case of Jamaica”, tr. 45-70. 13. Sharon Harwood (2010), “Planning for Community Based Tourism in a Remote Loca- tion”, Sustainability. 2, tr. 1909-1923. 14. Ministry of Tourism and Entertainment - Jamaica (2015), National Community Tourism Policy and Strategy. Author address: Faculty of Tourism - Hanoi Open University Email : phuongtt@hou. edu.vn