Research results showed that bio-activated carbon material was successfully prepared
from Macadamia nut shells by chemical activation with NaOH at 300oC and 90 minutes
operation parameters, MB index of this material reached 205,68mg/g corresponding to the
MB treatment efficiency at pH = 10,5 and amount of 1g/L was 97,59%.
Activated carbons were prepare from Macadamia nut shell and chemical activation
with NaOH had the high removal efficient, therefore, in order to increase the application
ability in wastewater treatment of activated carbons, it is necessary to investigate on other
pollutants treatment ability in wastewater.
In addition, this new bio-materials can be researched on the desorption of material
and the improvement of activated carbon by degererated methods to improve the
enviromental quality of industrial wastewater
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TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC SƯ PHẠM TP HỒ CHÍ MINH
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC
HO CHI MINH CITY UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
JOURNAL OF SCIENCE
ISSN:
1859-3100
KHOA HỌC TỰ NHIÊN VÀ CÔNG NGHỆ
Tập 15, Số 3 (2018): 89-99
NATURAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
Vol. 15, No. 3 (2018): 89-99
Email: tapchikhoahoc@hcmue.edu.vn; Website:
89
STUDYING THE PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM
MACADAMIA NUT SHELLS BY CHEMICAL ACTIVATION WITH
NaOH IN METHYLENE BLUE TREATMENT APPLICATION
Doan Nguyen Hoang Anh, Pham Mai Ly*, Dao Minh Trung
Thu Dau Mot University
Received: 11/01/2018; Revised: 06/3/2018; Accepted: 26/3/2018
ABSTRACT
Study on preparation of activated carbons by chemical activation with NaOH using the
impregnatio ratio of 3:1 (NaOH:char) from Macadamia nut shell in terms on temperature and
time. The research result showed that Methylene Blue (MB) absorption at optimum temperature
and time of 300oC and 90 minutes was 205,68 mg and the removal efficiency was 97,59%
corresponding to the color reduction from 349,67 Pt-Co to 8,4 Pt-Co. This results showed that
activated carbons prepared from Maccadia nut shells and chemical activation with NaOH had the
capable of color treatment in textile wastewater.
Keywords: activated carbon, macadamia nut shells, MB absorption.
TÓM TẮT
Nghiên cứu điều chế than hoạt tính từ vỏ hạt Mắc-ca
sử dụng tác nhân hoạt hóa NAOH ứng dụng xử lí Metylen Blue
Nghiên cứu điều chế than hoạt tính bằng cách kích hoạt hóa học với NaOH
theo tỉ lệ ngâm 3:1 (NaOH:than) từ vỏ hạt Mắc-ca theo hai yếu tố về nhiệt độ
và thời gian. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy tại nhiệt độ và thời gian tối ưu là
300oC và 90 phút, than hoạt tính đạt được độ hấp phụ Methylen Blue (MB)
là 205,68mg và hiệu suất loại bỏ 97,59% tương ứng với độ màu giảm từ
349,67 Pt-Co xuống còn 8,4 Pt-Co. Qua kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, than
hoạt tính được điều chế từ vỏ hạt Mắc-ca và kích hoạt hóa học với NaOH có
khả năng xử lí màu trong nước thải dệt nhuộm.
Từ khóa: than hoạt tính, vỏ Mắc-ca, hấp phụ màu Methylen Blue.
1. Introduction
Activated Carbons are well-known as a highly adsorbent material and are used in
many water treatment fields [1], [2]. The adsorption capacity of activated carbon is
* Email: mt.lypham@gmail.com
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 3 (2018): 89-99
90
influence by many factors such as structural characteristic, surface chemistry functional
groups [3], surface area, ash content [4]. In face, activated carbons are prepared from
two main sources, that are coal and agricultural waste such as coconut shells coal [5], husk
[6], bamboo coal [7].
In Vietnam, Macadamia are growing in the North West and Tay Nguyen areas in
recent years. By 2020 years, there are 10.000 ha of land that can be used to plant
Macadamia [8]. According to the report of [9], each ton of nut shells can emit 70 – 77% of
the shells in annual years. Most of shells are considered as waste products, only a few are
used as fuel [10], [11].
However, according to the research report [12], [13], [14] showed that the
Macadamia shells had many attractive features to prepare activated carbon such as Carbon
content (47 – 49%), carbon content of Macadamia was higher than one of bamboo coal
(45,53%) [15] and they equaled with carbon content in coconut shell coal (48,63%) [15].
In addition, the shells contained 46,52% oxygen; 6,10% hydrogen; 0,36% nitrogen and ash
content was only 0,22% [12], the above characteristics showed that Macadamia has the
potential to be activated carbon.
Activated carbons preparation process from Macadamia nut shell was activated with
various agents such as CO2 or water vapor [16], [17], [18]; KOH and ZnCl2 [19, 20];
NaOH [11] and H3PO4 [21].
Thus, in this study, activated carbons was prepared from Macadamia nut shells by
chemical activation with NaOH. In addition, Bio-activated carbons were investigated
Methylene Blue adsorption capacity in textile wastewater.
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
- Research subjects: Methyllen Blue (C16H18CIN3S.3H2O, 99%, China) has a
concentration of 25mg/L (corresponding to 349,67 Pt-Co, TCVN 6185:2005).
- Research chemicals: Na2HPO4.12H2O (98%, China), KH2PO4 (98%, China), NaOH
(96%, China). HCl 1N (China).
- Research materials: Macadamia nut shells are harvested in Lam Dong province.
- Research equipment: Jartest. This equipment is produced with a six - place multiple
stirrer system. The turbine-type stirrer consists of a plat panel in the same vertical, that are
placed in 1 L beaker for the same type of waste water. They operate by a gear-box, that can
be used to adjust spin speed.
2.2. Experimental methods
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2.2.1. Part 1: Preparation of bio-activated carbon from Macadamia nut shells
Fig 2.1. The layout of experiments to prepare activated carbon
Macadamia nut shells
Char preparation survey
Temperature: 250 – 450oC
Time: 40 – 100 mins
Activation process survey
Temperature: 300 – 800oC
Time: 30 – 120 mins
Activated carbons
MB adsorption test
Soak with ratio of 3:1
(NaOH:char) in 2h
Dry at 110oC in 48h
Dry at 130oC in 4h
Washed with
HCl 1N and H2O
Swat and washed
Dry 1100C in 24h
MB adsorption test
The best activated carbon
sample at 300oC, 60 mins
The best coar sample
at 350oC, 60 mins
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 3 (2018): 89-99
92
2.2.2. Part 2: Survey of methylene Blue absorption ability
Fig 2.2. Layout of Methylene Blue treatment experiments by activated carbon
2.3. Evaluation methods
- Determination of pH by Mettler Toledo equidment (2017).
- Determination of colour by TCVN 6185:2005.
- Determination of surface observation by Scanning Electron microscope (SEM).
8 9 10,5 12
Waste water
pH survey
Dosage survey
Measurement of colour
Optimal dosage
Activated carbons
5 9,5 10 11
Optimal pH
0,5g/L 1g/L 1,5g/L
Measurement of colour
Data processing
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Doan Nguyen Hoang Anh et al.
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- Determination of functional groups by Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectrometer
(FT-IR).
- Determination of Methylene Blue absorption index by GB/T 12496.10 – 1999
Standard.
3. Results and discusstion
3.1. Results of Activated Carbon preparation from Macadamia nut shells
3.1.1. Survey of temperature affecting activation process
Fig 3.1. Optimum temperature determination results according
to Methylene Blue Absorption
From Fig 3.1 showed that temperature was determinated in increasing range from
250 to 800oC and time in 90 minutes. After this survey, the maximum MB absorption
reached 300oC và MB index reached 205,3mg MB/ g than.
This research results showed that absorption capacity of activated carbons that were
activeated by NaOH was higher than some materials from previous study results such as
study of [22] showed that the garlic shell materals were used to absorb MB with 82,64mg/g
or the research results using tea leaves in the research of [23], the absorption was
85,16mg/g. In addition, the study results of [24] researched absorption capacity of husks
that reaching 40,59mg/g and the research results of [25] showed that orange peel
adsorption reached 18,60mg/g or the research of [26] with report about fly ash material
was 75,52mg/g.
60.61
205.30
140.71
62.74
52.88
16.67 21.85 24.39
32.48 30.34 27.36 30.23
0
50
100
150
200
250
250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750 800
M
et
hy
le
ne
B
lu
e
In
de
x
(m
g/
g)
Temperture(oC)
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 3 (2018): 89-99
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Thus, this above research results showed that activated carbon was found optimum
temperature at 300oC with the best absorption efficient.
3.1.2. Survey of reaction time affecting activation process
Fig 3.2. Optimum time determination results according to Methylene Blue Absorption
From research results in Fig 3.2, the time was surveyed in range of 30, 60, 90 and
120 minutes at optimum temperature (300oC). This results showed that absorption
decreased from 117,37 mg/g (at 30 minutes) to 99,35 mg/g (at 60 minutes). When the
heating time increased to 90 minutes, the adsorption increased dramatically 205,68 mg/g
and continued to decrease to 100,16 mg/g at 120 minutes. Thus, the research results
showed that 300 oC and 90 mins were optimal parameters to achieve the best MB
absorption ability.
Comparation with some of previous study results such as the study results of [27]
showed that activated carbon prepared from rubber waste was be used to remove MB from
aqueous solution and the efficiency reached 49 mg/g; the research results of [28]
researched MB adsorption capacity of coir pith carbon material 5,87 mg/g or based on the
results of [29] reported on cereal grains’s capacity with absorption of 26,3mg/g and in
2007 years, the study of [30] successfully investigated the adsorption capacity of fallen
phoenix tree's leaves with the adsorption up to 89,7mg/g; according to the research results
of [31], the MB removal capacity of Hazel nut shell reached 38,22 mg/g.
117.37
99.35
205.68
100.16
0.00
50.00
100.00
150.00
200.00
250.00
30 60 90 120
M
B
in
de
x
(m
g/
g)
Time (min)
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Doan Nguyen Hoang Anh et al.
95
Thus, This study results showed that activated carbon with NaOH chemical
activation had MB absorption capacity higher than those studies.
The research results was determinated optimal parametes at 300oC and 90 mins and
the removal ability was 205,68 mg/g corresponding to 1g char absorp 205,68 mg MB.
3.2. The treatment capacity survey results of activated carbon on Methylene Blue
3.2.1. Survey optimum pH for treatment process
Fig 3.3. Optimum pH determination results according to the MB treatment efficient
The study results on MB treatment ability in Fig 3.3 showed that pH was ranged
from 5 to 12 [32, 33] corresponding to the lowest efficiency at pH = 12 (71,64%) and the
highest efficient at pH = 10,5 (97,23%). There by, pH value of 10,5 is pH range with the
highest treatment efficiency.
According to the study results of [34] and [35] they explained that pH had influence
on MB absorption capacity of activated carbon material. When the pH in solution was
adjusted at low-level, colour treatment ability of activated carbon would work on the
protonation of functional groups and through electrostatic repulsion, MB was readily
removed from solution. When solution was adjusted with high pH, surface of activated
carbon was negatively charged, so they would be based on electrostatic attraction and
hydrogen bonds to remove colourants.
Treatment ability of activated carbon in this study with the 97,23% efficient was
higher than some of previous study results such as the research results of [36] showed that
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Tập 15, Số 3 (2018): 89-99
96
the colour removal efficiency of sawdust was only 74% and the report results of [29]
investigated the adsorption capacity of chaff and reached 84%, at the same pH.
Thus, activated carbon prepared from Macadamia nut shells with NaOH chemical
activation in this study had the best MB removal ability at pH = 10,5 with 97,23%.
3.2.2. Results of activated carbon’s dosage investigation for treatment process
Fig 3.4. Optimum dosage determination results according to the MB treatment efficient
The results of dosage (from 0,5 – 1,5 g/L) [37] survey in Fig 3.4 showed that the
highest MB removal efficiency of 97,59% with 1 g activated carbon /L waste water.
According to the research results of [34] suggested that the pore size and activated carbon
dosage were two factors that significantly influence to MB absorption ability. The
increasing amount of absorbed surface area, the absorption capacity would be increased
significantly.
Comparation to some previous studies such as the research results of [36] showed
that after 30 minutes, MB treatment efficiency of activated carbon prepared from sawdust
reached 35,8% when using H2SO4 chemical agent and 22,8% when using with
formaldehyde agent. This proved that the treatment ability of activated carbon in this study
was better than some material in previous studies.
This research results showed that activated carbon prepared from Macadamia nut
shells and NaOH chemical agent had MB treatment capacity with 97,59% for the
assimed wastewater in the laboratory with a concentration of 25 mg/L corresponding to
349,67 Pt-Co.
86.27
97.59
88.02
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
0.5 1 1.5
M
B
tr
ea
tm
en
t e
ffi
ci
en
cy
(%
)
Dosage (g/L)
TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC - Trường ĐHSP TPHCM Doan Nguyen Hoang Anh et al.
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3. Conclution
Research results showed that bio-activated carbon material was successfully prepared
from Macadamia nut shells by chemical activation with NaOH at 300oC and 90 minutes
operation parameters, MB index of this material reached 205,68mg/g corresponding to the
MB treatment efficiency at pH = 10,5 and amount of 1g/L was 97,59%.
Activated carbons were prepare from Macadamia nut shell and chemical activation
with NaOH had the high removal efficient, therefore, in order to increase the application
ability in wastewater treatment of activated carbons, it is necessary to investigate on other
pollutants treatment ability in wastewater.
In addition, this new bio-materials can be researched on the desorption of material
and the improvement of activated carbon by degererated methods to improve the
enviromental quality of industrial wastewater.
Conflict of Interest: Authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
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