Tài liệu môn PR truyền thông - Chapter 17: The global village international and comparative media systems

The Dynamics ofMass CommunicationJoseph R. DominickSeventh EditionPart 5Regulation ofthe Mass MediaChapter 17The Global VillageInternational and Comparative Media SystemsInternational Media SystemsGlobal Print Media -- NewspapersMany papers provide foreign-language or international editions, most of which are categorized as general or financial newspapers. Examples include: The International Herald Tribune USA Today International The Economist The Financial Times of London International Media SystemsGlobal Print Media -- Newspapers (examples con’t) Le Monde (France) The Statesman (India) Al Abram (Egypt) El Pais (Spain) The Times (Great Britain) The New York Times (U.S.) International Media SystemsGlobal Print Media -- Wire ServicesThe international flow of general news is dominated by global wire services such as Reuters, the Associated Press, Agence France Presse, United Press International, and Russia’s ITAR-TASS. For other news and features, a number of papers rely on specialized wire services such as the New York Times Syndicate and the Los Angeles Times SyndicateInternational Media SystemsGlobal Print Media -- Magazines Reader’s Digest -- published in 200 countries Time -- 190 countries Cosmopolitan -- 31 countries Elle -- 45 countries and foreign-language versions of many specialized U.S. magazines also appear to be gaining some popularityInternational Media SystemsGlobal BroadcastingSome 150 countries do international broadcasting, most are government owned or supervised. The top five leaders:. Voice of America (VOA). Radio China. Radio France International (RFI). Deutsche Welle (German Wave). World Service (BBC)Also noteworthy is the rapid growth of global channels, such as CNN International, CNBC, BBC World, MTV, and ESPNi.International Media SystemsTV and FilmThe U.S. dominates both the international film videocassette and TV markets, though the latter is in decline. Local TV production companies have made it tough for U.S. series to sell overseas, so most countries carry their own shows during prime time.U.S. films dominate foreign video markets and theaters; the latter accounts for some one half the revenue of an average U.S. film.International Media SystemsTelevision waves ignore international boundaries, so “cross-border spillover” of programming can be a cause for concern with the “invaded” country—lost internal revenues and cultural domination are among the more common concerns.World Media OnlineWeb-based radio and TV broadcasts have made the global village concept, wherein everyone is connected with each other, a technological, if not a political and economic reality.Thanks to the Internet, we can get e-mail, read print media, and see/listen to broadcasts from countries all over the planet.Theories of the PressAuthoritarian Theory The ruling elite should guide the masses. Truth (read “power”) flows from the top down; it was a system founded on the principles of Divine Right and fostered a paternalistic attitude toward the masses.Libertarian Theory Directly opposite authoritarian beliefs, this system assumes people are intelligent creatures who are perfectly capable of making up their own minds about their affairs given accurate and complete accounts of the news. Government exists to serve the individual, and it serves best when it serves least.Theories of the PressSocial Responsibility Theory contends the press has a right to criticize government, but also has a responsibility to preserve democracy by properly informing the public and by responding to society’s needs and interests.The Communist Theory says the media are owned by the people and operated through the state, the purpose being to support the Marxist system and the Communist party.The Developmental Theory holds government can mobilize the media to serve national goals in times of economic and social development needs, such as raising literacy levels, political integration, economic self-sufficiency, and the eradication of disease.Media Control and Ownership Type A Type BPUBLIC Radio/TV in Western | Communist countries European countries | Radio/TV in many | developing countriesOwnership __________________ __________________________ Type C | Type D | Western Europe press | Press in several LatinPRIVATE media in U.S.A. | American countries private European radio/TV DECENTRALIZED CENTRALIZED ControlMedia’s Role in Various countriesThe role of a mass media system in a given country differs according to where it falls in the previous typology. Political System Differencesauthoritariansocial responsibilitycommunistdevelopmentalEconomic DifferencesExamples Of Foreign Media SystemsThe media systems in the next three example countries show the varying influences that economics, culture, geography, and politics have on the development of mass media. Because of these and other factors, each nation will create a media system that is best suited to its own particular needs.Japan a social responsibility modelMexico a developmental modelChina a communist modelEnd of Chapter 17The Global Village:International and Comparative Media Systems