Tâm lý học - Chapter 12: Socioemotional development in adolescence

Life-Span Development Thirteenth EditionChapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1Self EsteemSelf-Esteem is the overall way we evaluate ourselvesControversy over whether or not self-esteem changes during adolescence or if there are gender differences in adolescents’ self-esteemNarcissism – a self-centered and self-concerned approach toward others©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development2Vocational/CareerPoliticalReligiousRelationshipAchievement, IntellectualSexualCultural/EthnicInterestsPersonalityPhysical©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual DevelopmentIdentityWhat is Identity – a self-portrait composed of many pieces such as:3IdentityErikson’s View Identity versus Identity Confusion:Psychosocial Moratorium: the gap between childhood security and adult autonomyAdolescents experiment with different roles and personalitiesAdolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of selfAdolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis suffer identity confusion©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development4IdentityDevelopmental ChangesFour statuses of identity (Marcia, 1980, 1994)Diffusion: individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitmentsForeclosure: individuals who have made a commitment but not experienced a crisisMoratorium: individuals who are in the midst of a crisis but whose commitments are absent or weakAchievement: individuals who have undergone a crisis and made a commitment©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development5©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual DevelopmentIdentity6IdentityEmerging Adulthood and BeyondKey changes in identity are more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescenceIdentity does not remain stable throughout life“MAMA”: repeated cycles of moratorium to achievement ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development7IdentityEthnic IdentityAn enduring aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membershipMany adolescents develop a bicultural identityIdentify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development8Religious and Spiritual DevelopmentDowntrend in religious interest among adolescents has occurred in the 21st centuryReligious and identity developmentCognitive Development and Religion in AdolescenceIncrease in abstract thinking lets adolescents consider various ideas about religious and spiritual conceptsThe Positive Role of Religion in Adolescents’ Lives©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self, Identity, and Religious/Spiritual Development9Parental MonitoringShould supervise adolescents’ choice of social settings, activities, and friends, as well as their academic effortsAuthoritative parenting - parents encourage adolescents to be independent but still place limits and controls on their actions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families10Autonomy and AttachmentParents must weigh needs for autonomy and control, independence and connectionThe Push For AutonomyMay puzzle and anger many parentsAdolescents’ ability to attain autonomy and gain control over their behavior is acquired through appropriate adult reactions to their desire for controlBoys are often given more independence than girls©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families11Role of Attachment:Secure attachment is an important concept in adolescents’ relationship with their parentsBalancing Freedom and Control:Adolescents still need to stay connected to families©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families12Parent–Adolescent ConflictParent–adolescent conflict increases in early adolescence but not to tumultuous proportionsDisagreements may serve a positive developmental functionNew model emphasizes that parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families13FriendshipsMost teens prefer a smaller number of friendships that are more intense and more intimateFriends become increasingly important in meeting social needsGossip about peers can lead to relational aggressionCharacteristics of friends have an important influenceFriends’ grade-point average is a consistent predictor of positive school achievement©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers14©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers15Peer GroupsPeer PressureYoung adolescents conform more to peer standards than children doAdolescents with low self-esteem and high social anxiety are most likely to conform to peers©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers16Peer GroupsCliques and CrowdsCliques: small groups (2 to 12 individuals), typically of the same sex and about the same ageEngage in similar activitiesCrowds: larger than cliques and less personalMembers are based on reputationMay not spend much time together©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers17Dating and Romantic RelationshipsDevelopmental Changes in Dating and Romantic Relationships Three stagesEntry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of ageExploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of ageConsolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers18Dating and Romantic RelationshipsGay Male and Lesbian YouthMany date other-sex peers, which can help clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from othersSociocultural Contexts and DatingDifferences in dating patterns among ethnic groups in the U.S.Values, beliefs, and traditions often dictate the age at which dating begins©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers19Dating and Romantic RelationshipsDating and AdjustmentResearchers have now linked dating and romantic relationships in adolescence with measures of how well-adjusted adolescents are©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peers20Cross-Cultural ComparisonsTraditions and Changes in Adolescence around the GlobeHealthGenderFamilyPeersTime Allocation to Different ActivitiesRites of Passage©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Adolescent Development21EthnicityImmigrationHigh rates of immigration are contributing to the growth of ethnic minorities in the U.S.Immigrants often experience stressors uncommon to longtime residentsEthnicity and Socioeconomic StatusEthnicity and socioeconomic status can interact in ways that exaggerate the influence of ethnicity©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Adolescent Development22The MediaMedia UseYouth today are surrounded by the media; 6.5 hours a dayThe use of technology is the dramatic increase in mediaDifficulty in concentrating on driving while text messagingTelevision viewing and video-game playing peak in early adolescence and then begin to decline©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Adolescent Development23The MediaThe On-Line Lives of AdolescentsYouth throughout the world are increasingly using the InternetOne of three adolescents self-disclose better online than in personSpecial concerns have emerged about children’s and adolescents’ access to information on the InternetThe social environment of adolescents and emerging adults on the Internet is a concern©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Culture and Adolescent Development24Juvenile DelinquencyJuvenile Delinquent: an adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegalMales more likely to engage in delinquency than femalesRates among minority groups and lower-SES youth are especially high©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Problems25Juvenile DelinquencyCauses of DelinquencyLower class cultureParents less skilled in discouraging antisocial behaviorSiblings and delinquent peers©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Problems26Depression and SuicideDepressionRates of ever experiencing major depressive disorder range from 15 to 20 percent for adolescentsCertain family factors place adolescents at risk for developing depressionPoor peer relationships are associated with adolescent depressionDepressed adolescents recovered faster when they took an antidepressant and received cognitive behavior therapy than when they received either treatment alone©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Problems27Depression and SuicideSuicide is the 3rd leading cause of death in 10- to 19-year-oldsFar more adolescents contemplate or attempt it unsuccessfully than actually commit itFemales are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to succeed©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Problems28Depression and SuicideOther Risk FactorsHistory of family instability and unhappinessLack of supportive friendshipsCultural contextsGenetic factorsDepressive symptoms©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Adolescent Problems29Four problems that affect the most adolescents:Drug abuseJuvenile delinquencySexual problemsSchool-related problems©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs30Successful Intervention Programs Include:Intensive individualized attentionCommunity-wide multiagency collaborative approachesEarly identification and intervention©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Interrelation of Problems and Successful Prevention/Intervention Programs31