Tâm lý học - Chapter 14: Socioemotional development in early adulthood

Life-Span Development Thirteenth EditionChapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Early Adulthood©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1TemperamentResearchers have linked several dimensions of childhood temperament with characteristics of adult personalityEasy and difficult temperamentsInhibitionAbility to control one’s emotionsStability and Change From Childhood to Adulthood©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 2AttachmentRomantic partners fulfill some of the same needs for adults as parents do for childrenAdults may count on their romantic partners to be a secure baseSecurely attached infants were securely attached 20 years later in their adult romantic relationshipsStability and Change From Childhood to Adulthood©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3AttachmentSecure Attachment StyleHave a positive view of relationships and find it easy to get close to othersAvoidant Attachment StyleAre hesitant about getting involved in romantic relationshipsAnxious Attachment StyleDemand closeness, are less trusting, more emotional, jealous, and possessiveStability and Change From Childhood to Adulthood©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4AttractionFamiliarity and SimilarityFamiliarity is necessary for a close relationshipPeople seek others who have similar attitudes, values, and lifestylesConsensual Validation: our own attitudes and values are supported when someone else’s are similar to oursAttraction, Love, and Close Relationships©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5AttractionPhysical AttractivenessThe criteria for beauty can differStandards of what is attractive change over time and across culturesMatching Hypothesis: we choose partners who match our own level of attractivenessAttraction, Love, and Close Relationships©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6The Faces of LoveIntimacy:Self-disclosure and the sharing of private thoughtsErikson: Intimacy vs. IsolationIntimacy is finding oneself while losing oneself in another personFailure to achieve intimacy results in social isolationIntimacy and Independence:Balance between intimacy and commitment, and independence and freedomAttraction, Love, and Close Relationships©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7The Faces of LoveFriendshipAdulthood brings opportunities for new friendshipsGender Differences in FriendshipsWomen have more friends than men; female friendships involve more self-disclosure and exchange of mutual supportMale relationships are more competitiveAttraction, Love, and Close Relationships©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8The Faces of LoveFriendships Between Women and MenRomantic love: also called passionate love, or erosStrong components of sexuality and infatuationAffectionate love: also called companionate loveBased on a deep and caring affectionConsummate love: the strongest form of loveAttraction, Love, and Close Relationships©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9The Faces of LoveSternberg’s Triarchic Theory of LoveTriangle with three main dimensions:Passion: physical and sexual attraction to anotherIntimacy: emotional feelings of warmth, closeness, and sharingCommitment: cognitive appraisal of the relationship and the intent to maintain the relationship even in the face of problemsAttraction, Love, and Close Relationships©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10Intimacy PassionCommitment Types of LovePassion Intimacy CommitmentInfatuation AffectionateFatuousConsummateAbsent or lowPresentSternberg’s Triangle of Love3 types of love combine to form these patterns of love©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11Falling Out of LoveEnding a close relationship may be wise if:You are obsessed with a person who repeatedly betrays your trustYou are involved with someone who is draining you emotionally or financially or bothYou are desperately in love with someone who does not return your feelingsAttraction, Love, and Close Relationships©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12Single Adults: Dramatic rise in the last 30 yearsCommon problems:Forming intimate relationships with other adultsConfronting lonelinessFinding a place in a society that is marriage-orientedAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13Cohabiting Adults:Living together in a sexual relationship without being marriedSome couples choose to cohabit permanently, rather than get marriedLower marital satisfaction and increased likelihood of divorceAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14Adult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Insert Figure 14.415Married AdultsMarital TrendsMarriage rates in the U.S. have declined in recent yearsAverage age for a first marriage is 27.5 for men and 25.6 for womenMarriage in adolescence is more likely to end in divorceAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16Adult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Insert Figure 14.517Married AdultsCross-Cultural ComparisonsAspects of marriage vary across culturesDomesticity is valued in some cultures but not othersReligion plays an important role in marriage in many culturesAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18Married AdultsBenefits of a Good MarriageHappily married people live longer, healthier livesFeel less physical and emotional stressAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19Divorced AdultsDivorce has become epidemic in the U.S.Some groups have a higher incidence of divorce:Youthful marriageLow educational levelLow income levelNot having a religious affiliationHaving divorced parentsHaving a baby before marriageAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20Adult LifestylesDivorced Adults©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21Remarried Adults:Most adults remarry within three years after divorceMore unstable than first marriagesRemarried adults have higher rates of depression but improved financial statusAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22Gay Male and Lesbian Adults:Are similar to heterosexual relationships in satisfactions and conflictsMisconceptions:Masculine/feminine roles are relatively uncommonOnly a small segment of the gay male population has a large number of sexual partnersGay male couples have an open relationship while lesbian couples usually do notAdult Lifestyles©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23Making Marriage Work7 Principles of a Working MarriageEstablishing love mapsNurturing fondness and admirationTurning toward each other instead of awayLetting your partner influence youSolving solvable conflictsOvercoming gridlockCreating shared meaningMarriage and the Family©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24Becoming a ParentParenting Myths and RealityMyths:The birth of a child will save a failing marriageThe child will think, feel, and behave like the parents did in their childhoodHaving a child gives the parents a “second chance” at achievementParenting is an instinct and requires no trainingMarriage and the Family©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25Becoming a ParentTrends in ChildbearingBy giving birth to fewer children and reducing the demands of child care, women free up a significant portion of their life spans for other endeavorsMen are apt to invest a greater amount of time in fatheringParental care is often supplemented by institutional careMarriage and the Family©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 26Dealing with DivorceAfter a Divorce:Difficulty in trusting someone else in a romantic relationshipSix Pathways in Exiting DivorceThe enhancersThe “good enoughs”The seekersThe libertinesThe competent lonersThe defeatedMarriage and the Family©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 27Gender and CommunicationDifferences in CommunicationTwo ways of communications (Tannen, 1990)Women prefer rapport talk: the language of conversation; a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationshipsMen prefer report talk: designed to give information, which includes public speakingGender, Relationships, and Self-Development©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 28Women’s DevelopmentWomen place high value on relationships and focus on nurturing connections with othersIt is important for women to maintain their competency in relationships but to also be self-motivatedWomen are more relationship-oriented than menGender, Relationships, and Self-Development©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 29Men’s DevelopmentPleck’s role-strain view: male roles are contradictory and inconsistentMen experience stress when they violate men’s roles and when they act in accord with men’s rolesMen experience considerable stress in:HealthMale-female relationshipsMale-male relationshipsGender, Relationships, and Self-Development©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 30