Tâm lý học - Chapter 2: Biological beginnings

Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Life-Span Development Thirteenth Edition2©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Genetic Difference Between Males and Females3Genes and ChromosomesSources of Variability Combining genes of both parents increases genetic variabilityIdentical (monozygotic) vs. Fraternal (dizygotic) twinsSusceptibility genes vs. Longevity genes©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Genetic Foundations of Development4Genetic PrinciplesDominant-Recessive Genes PrincipleSex-Linked GenesGenetic ImprintingPolygenic Inheritance©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Genetic Foundations of Development5©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Genetic Foundations of DevelopmentChromosomal Abnormalities6©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Genetic Foundations of DevelopmentGene-Linked Abnormalities7Dealing with Genetic AbnormalitiesEvery individual carries DNA variations, but most do not display a disorderToday, many genetic diseases can be detected prior to and immediately after birthHowever, knowledge of genetic flaws leads to difficult choices about how to manage such informationGenetic counselors help people make reproductive decisions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Genetic Foundations of Development8Prenatal Diagnostic TestsUltrasound SonographyFetal MRIChorionic Villus SamplingAmniocentesisMaternal Blood ScreeningNoninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD)©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Reproductive Challenges and Choices9©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Reproductive Challenges and ChoicesInfertility and Reproductive Technology10Adoption: a parent-child relationship established between persons unrelated at birthIncreased diversity of adoptive children and adoptive parentsMore likely to experience psychological and school-related problems than non-adoptive childrenAdoptive children fare much better than children in long-term foster care or institutions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Reproductive Challenges and Choices