Tâm lý học - Chapter 3: Prenatal development and birth

Life-Span DevelopmentThirteenth EditionChapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.2Prenatal development is divided into 3 periods lasting approximately 38-40 weeks:Germinal period: first 2 weeks after conceptionImplantationEmbryonic period: 2 to 8 weeks after conception OrganogenesisFetal period: 2 months after conception until birth©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Prenatal Development3©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.200304050607080901001020041990PercentageNon-Latino White womenAfrican American womenLatino womenPercentage of U.S. Women Using Timely Prenatal Care: 1990 to 20044Childbirth Setting and Attendants:In the U.S. 99% of deliveries take place in hospitals In the U.S. 8% of births are attended by a midwifeIn some countries, doulas provide continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for mothers before, during, and after childbirth©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Birth5Postpartum period lasts about six weeks or until the mother’s body has completed its adjustment and has returned to a nearly pre-pregnant statePhysical Adjustments:FatigueLoss of SleepHormone changesInvolution: the uterus returns to its pre-pregnant size©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Postpartum Period6Emotional and Psychological AdjustmentsEmotional fluctuations are common70% of new mothers in the U.S. experience postpartum blues usually for 1-2 weeksPostpartum DepressionSadness, anxiety, and despair that lasts for two or more weeksAntidepressants, psychotherapy, and exercise are used as treatmentsSupport by fathers is related to a lower incidence of postpartum depression in women©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.The Postpartum Period