Tâm lý học - Chapter 6: Socioemotional development in infancy

Life-Span DevelopmentThirteenth EditionChapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Infancy ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.1Emotional DevelopmentWhat Are Emotions?Emotion: feeling or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-beingBiological and Environmental Influences:Certain brain regions plays a role in emotionsRelationships and culture provide diversity in emotional experiences©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Emotional and Personality Development2Emotional DevelopmentEarly Emotions:Primary Emotions: present in humans and animals – e.g. surpriseSelf-Conscious Emotions: require self-awareness that involves consciousness and a sense of “me” – e.g., jealousy©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.3Emotional DevelopmentEmotional Expression and Social RelationshipsEmotions permit coordinated interactions with caregiversCrying is the most important mechanism newborns have for communicating with their worldThree types of cries:Basic cryAnger cryPain cryTwo types of smiling:Reflexive smileSocial smile©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.4Emotional DevelopmentFear is one of a baby’s earliest emotionsStranger Anxiety: infant shows a fear and wariness of strangersFirst appears at about 6 months of age, intensifies at about 9 months of age©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.5©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Separation Protest: crying when the caregiver leaves--Due to anxiety about being separated from their caregivers--Typically peaks at about 15 months for U.S. infants--Cultural variations6Emotional DevelopmentEmotional Regulation and CopingCaregivers’ actions influence the infant’s neurobiological regulation of emotionsSoothing reduces the level of stress hormonesSwaddlingInfant gradually learns how to minimize the intensity of emotional reactionsInfants cannot be spoiled in the first year of life©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.7Temperament:Individual differences in behavioral styles, emotions, and characteristic ways of respondingDescribing and Classifying TemperamentChess and Thomas’s Classification:Easy childDifficult childSlow-to-warm-up childUnclassifiedKagan’s Behavioral Inhibition ©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.8Temperament:Rothbart and Bates’s Classification:Extraversion/surgencyNegative affectivityEffortful control (self-regulation)Individuals can engage in a more cognitive, flexible approach to stressful circumstances©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.9Temperament:Biological Foundations and ExperienceKagan: children inherit a physiology that biases them to have a particular type of temperament, but this is modifiable through experienceBiological Influences:Contemporary view: temperament is a biologically based but evolving aspect of behavior©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.10Temperament:Gender, Culture, and TemperamentParents may react differently to an infant’s temperament depending on genderDifferent cultures value different temperamentsGoodness of Fit and ParentingThe match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.11Personality DevelopmentTrust: Erikson believed the 1st year is characterized by trust vs. mistrustNot completely resolved in the first year of lifeArises again at each successive stage of developmentThe Developing Sense of SelfOccurs at approximately 18 monthsIndependence Erikson: autonomy vs. shame and doubt©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.12Social Orientation/UnderstandingSocial OrientationFace-to-face playInfants respond more positively to people than objects at 2 to 3 months of ageStill-face paradigmIncreases in imitative and reciprocal play between 18-24 monthsLocomotionIncreased locomotion skills allow infants to explore and expand their social world©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment13Social Orientation/UnderstandingIntention and Goal-Directed BehaviorJoint attention and gaze followingSocial Referencing: “reading” emotional cues in others to determine how to act in a particular situationMother’s facial expression influences infant’s behaviorInfant’s Social Sophistication and InsightReflected in infants’ perception of others’ actions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment14Attachment and Its DevelopmentAttachment: a close emotional bond between two peopleFreud: infants become attached to the person that provides oral satisfactionHarlow: contact comfort preferred over foodErikson: trust arises from physical comfort and sensitive careBowlby: four phases of attachment©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment15©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Contact Time with Wire and Cloth Surrogate Mothers 2406121821-251-56-1011-1516-20Age (in days)....................Infant monkey fed on wire motherInfant monkey fed on cloth motherHours per day spent with wire motherHours per day spent with cloth motherMean hours per dayHarlow16Individual Differences in AttachmentStrange Situation is an observational measure of infant attachment (Ainsworth)Securely Attached vs. Insecurely Attached infantsCultural differences©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment17©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment18Caregiving Styles and AttachmentMaternal sensitivity linked to secure attachmentCaregivers of insecurely attached infants tend to be:RejectingInconsistentAbusive©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Orientation/Understanding and Attachment19The Family:Family is a constellation of subsystemsThe Transition to ParenthoodAdjustment of parents during infant’s first yearsInfant care competes with parents’ other interestsOverall increase in marital satisfactionReciprocal socialization: two-way interaction process whereby parents socialize children and children socialize parentsParent–infant synchrony and Scaffolding©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Contexts20The FamilyMaternal and Paternal CaregivingIncreasing number of U.S. fathers stay home full-time with their childrenFathers can be as competent as mothersMaternal interactions center on child-care activities (feeding, changing diapers, bathing); Paternal interactions tend to be play-centered©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Contexts21©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Contexts22Child CareU.S. children experience multiple caregiversParental LeaveFive types of parental leave from employment©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Contexts23Child CareVariations in Child CareEffected by age of child, type of child care, and quality of the programType of child care variesChild care centers, private homes, etc.Low-SES children are more likely to experience poor-quality child care©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.Social Contexts24