Tâm lý học - Chapter 8: Socioemotional development in early childhood

Life-Span DevelopmentThirteenth EditionChapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1The SelfInitiative Versus Guilt (Erikson)Self-Understanding and Understanding Others The representation of self; the substance and content of self-conceptionsChildren’s self-descriptions involve body attributes, material possessions, and physical activitiesOthers have emotions and desires, don’t always give accurate reports of their beliefs, and understand joint commitments©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development2Emotional DevelopmentExpressing, understanding, and regulating emotionsEmotion-coaching and emotion-dismissing parents and the regulation of emotion and peer relationsEmotion-coaching: parents monitor their child’s emotions, view them as opportunities for teaching, and coach them in how to deal with emotions effectivelyEmotion-dismissing: parents view their role as to deny, ignore, or change negative emotions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development3Moral Development: the development of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and conventions about what people should do in their interactions with other peopleMoral Feelings:Psychoanalytic theory emphasizes feelings of anxiety and guiltChildren identify with parents to reduce anxiety and avoid punishmentSuperego: moral element of personality©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development4Moral DevelopmentMoral Reasoning (Piaget)Heteronomous morality (4-7 years)Justice and rules are unchangeableTransitional phase (7-10 years)Autonomous morality (10+ years)Rules and laws are created by people©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development5Moral DevelopmentMoral Behavior:The processes of reinforcement, punishment, and imitation explain the development of moral behaviorAbility to resist temptation and delay gratification is closely tied to the development of self-controlConscience – internal regulation of standards of right and wrong©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development6Moral DevelopmentParenting and Young Children’s Moral DevelopmentParent-child relationships, averting potential misbehavior, and conversations all contribute to a child’s moral development©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development7GenderGender Identity: the sense of being male or femaleGender Roles: sets of expectations that prescribe how females or males should think, act, and feel Gender Typing: acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development8GenderBiological Influences:Chromosomes (XY are males, XX are females) and hormonesEvolutionary psychologists: adaptation during human evolution produced psychological differences between males and females©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development9GenderSocial InfluencesSocial Theories of GenderSocial Role Theory: gender differences result from the contrasting roles of women and menPsychoanalytic Theory: the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent (Oedipus or Electra complex)Social Cognitive Theory: gender development occurs through observation and imitation©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development10GenderSocial InfluencesParental Influences:Mother’s Socialization Strategies and Father’s Socialization StrategiesPeer Influences:Playground referred to as ‘Gender School’Gender molds peer relationsGender composition of children’s groupsGroup sizeInteraction in same-sex groups©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development11©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality DevelopmentGender12GenderCognitive Influences:Social cognitive theory: gender develops through observation, imitation, rewards, and punishmentGender schema theory: gender typing emerges as children develop gender schemas of what is gender-appropriate vs. inappropriate©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Emotional and Personality Development13ParentingBaumrind’s Parenting Styles:Authoritarian: parents demand obedience and respectAuthoritative: encourages children to be independent while placing limits and controls on actionNeglectful: parent is very uninvolved in child’s lifeIndulgent: parents highly involved but place few demands or controls on the child©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families14ParentingParenting Styles in ContextAuthoritative parenting: May be most effective type for variety of reasonsIn some ethnic groups, authoritarian parenting may be associated with better-than-predicted outcomes©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families15ParentingPunishmentCross-culturally, U.S. and Canada are among those most favoring corporal punishmentCorrelational research shows use of corporal punishment is linked to antisocial behaviorAlternatives include reasoning with the child and the use of time-outs©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families16©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. FamiliesCorporal Punishment in Different Countries17ParentingCoparenting: the support that parents provide one another in jointly raising a childPoor coordination between parents, undermining one parent, lack of cooperation and warmth, and disconnection by one parent places child at risk for problems©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families18Child MaltreatmentTypes of Child Maltreatment:Physical abuseChild neglectCan be physical, educational, or emotionalSexual abuseEmotional abuse©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families19Child MaltreatmentThe Context of AbuseNo single factor causes child maltreatmentContributing factors:CultureFamilyDevelopmental characteristics of the child©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families20Child MaltreatmentDevelopmental consequences of abusePoor emotional regulationAttachment problemsDifficulty in school and peer relations and maintaining healthy intimate relationshipsOther psychological problems, such as depression and delinquency©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families21Sibling Relationships & Birth OrderSibling Relationships:Siblings have frequent conflictsParent intervention is beneficialThree Important Characteristics:Emotional qualityFamiliarity and intimacyVariation©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families22Sibling Relationships & Birth OrderBirth Order: Linked with certain personality characteristics‘Only Child’ can be positive©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families23The Changing Family in a Changing SocietyWorking ParentsWork can produce positive and negative effectsChildren in Divorced FamiliesChildren from divorced families generally show poorer adjustment than children from intact familiesDivorce can be advantageous if marital problems are affecting the well-being of the childrenConflict in non-divorced families is associated with emotional problems in children©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Changing Family24©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. FamiliesThe Changing Family in a Changing Society25The Changing Family in a Changing SocietyGay Male and Lesbian Parents:20% of lesbians and 10% of gay men are parentsResearch has found few differences between children growing up with lesbian mothers or gay fathers; children are not any different from those living with heterosexual parents©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families26The Changing Family in a Changing SocietyCultural, Ethnic, and Socioeconomic Variations:Cross-Cultural StudiesMany cultures are changing due to increased globalizationEthnicityFamilies within different ethnic groups differ in size, structure, composition, reliance on kinship networks, and levels of income and educationSocioeconomic StatusLower-SES parents vs. higher-SES parents©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Families27Peer RelationsPeer Group FunctionProvide a source of information and comparison about the world outside the familyNecessary for normal socioemotional developmentDevelopmental ChangePreference for same-sex playmates increases in early childhoodIncrease in overall frequency of peer interactions©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peer Relations, Play, and Television28Peer RelationsFriendsA friend is someone to play withThe Connected Worlds of Parent-Child and Peer RelationsWarmth, advice giving, and provision of opportunities by mothers and fathers were linked to children’s social competence and social acceptanceChildren’s peer relations linked to attachment security and parents’ marital quality©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peer Relations, Play, and Television29Play: a pleasurable activity that is engaged in for its own sakePlay’s FunctionsTheorists have focused on different aspects of play:Freud and Erikson: helps child master anxieties and conflictsPlay therapyPiaget: play advances cognitive developmentVygotsky: an excellent setting for cognitive developmentBerlyne: satisfies our exploratory drive©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peer Relations, Play, and Television30PlayTypes of PlaySensorimotor and Practice PlayExercises infant’s sensorimotor schemesThe repetition of behavior when new skills are being learned or masteredPretense/Symbolic PlayChild transforms the physical environment into a symbolPretend play is an important aspect of young children’s development©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peer Relations, Play, and Television31PlayTypes of PlaySocial playinvolves interaction with peersConstructive playchildren engage in the self-regulated creation of a product or a solutionGamesactivities that are engaged in for pleasure and have rules©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peer Relations, Play, and Television32TelevisionThe most influential medium that affects children’s behaviorChildren watch an average of 2–4 hours of television each dayEffects of Television on Children’s AggressionEffects of Television on Children’s Prosocial Behavior©2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Peer Relations, Play, and Television33