Technology trends in wireless communications

eters and the systems performance. 9.8 Conclusions A future vision on communications system cannot be complete without the definition of the future application scenario. A good starting point from which to draw trends for the future scenario is to look at our children who will be the active population in 10 years’ time. The adventures of Tom Cruise in Mission Impossible 1 and 2 are real for the kids that do take ubiquitous communication for granted. Another way to look at the future is through the science fiction sto- ries of Arthur C. Clarke. In his paper “Extra Terrestrial Relays,” published on the Wireless World in 1945 [11], he envisaged the possibility of using repeaters flying in space for wireless communications. With this revolutionary idea, he has become the father of satellite communications. We have to be ready for radical changes in the environment. In this context, the classical 10-year plan engineer- ing approach of looking at the future should be abandoned to give room to an evolutionary/chaotic approach where the user stands at the center. While this book aims to provide the reader with a background on the existing and emerg- ing technologies for future wireless communications systems, it is more and more evident that concurrency of the classical electronic, communication, math, and engineering disciplines, with other disciplines like business, sociology, and psychology is needed to draw a fully successful application scenario. References [1] Huomo, H., E. Cianca, and R. Prasad, “A Lesson on Unpredictable Future,” Wireless Per- sonal Communications, Vol. 22, No. 2, August 2002, pp. 331–336. [2] Proceedings Fourth Strategic Workshop, Prague, Czech Republic, Sept. 6–7, 2002. [3] Lillenberg, J., and R. Prasad, “Research Challenges for 3G and Paving the Way for Emerg- ing New Generations,” Wireless Personal Communication, Vol. 17, June 2001, pp. 355–362. 280 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications [4] Mohr, W., (ed.), et al., “The Book of Visions 2000—Visions of the Wireless World,” Ver- sion 1.0, Wireless Strategic Initiative, www.wireless-world-research.org, Nov. 2000. [5] Zander, J., et al., “Telecom Scenario’s in 2010,” PCC, KTH, Sweden, 1999. [6] ACM, “The Next 1000 Years,” Special Issue of Communications of the ACM, Vol. 44, No. 3, March 2001. [7] Niemegeers, I. G., and S. M. Heemstra De Groot, “From Personal Area Networks to Per- sonal Networks: A User Oriented Approach,” Wireless Personal Communications, Vol. 22, No. 2, August 2002, pp. 175–186. [8] Gupta, S. K., et al., “An Overview of Pervasive Computing,” Guest editorial, IEEE Per- sonal Communications, Vol. 8, No. 4, Aug. 2001, pp. 8–9. [9] Van Dam, K., S. Pitchers, and M. Barnard, “Body Area Networks—Towards a Wearable Future,” WWRF Kick-off meeting, Munich, Germany, March 6–7, 2001. [10] Hum, A. P. J., “Fabric Area Network—A New Wireless Communications Infrastructure to Enable Ubiquitous Networking and Sensing on Intelligent Clothing,” Special issue on Pervasive computing and computer networks (IBM), 2000. [11] Clarke, A. C., “Extra Terrestrial Relays,” Wireless World, Oct. 1945, pp. 305–308. Future Vision 281 .TE AM FL Y Team-Fly® List of Acronyms 1G first generation 2G second generation (2G) 3G third generation (3G) AAA authentication, accounting, authorization AAL5 ATM adaptation layer 5 ACK acknowledgment AGC automatic gain control ANSI American National Standard Institute AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Services ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Broadcasting ARP Address Resolution Protocol ARQ automatic repeat request ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AWGN additive white Gaussian noise BAN body area networks BD Bandwidth * Delay product BER bit error rate B-PAN broadband-PAN 283 BPS bit per symbol BRAN Broadband Radio Access Network BS base station BSC binary symmetric channel BTMA busy tone multiple access BTS base transceiver station CA collision avoidance CAC call admission control CC congestion control CD collision detection CDMA code division multiple access CDPD cellular digital packet access CE controlled equalization CIR carrier-to-noise ratio CN core network COA care-of address COFDM coded-OFDM CPC complementary punctured convolutional codes CPRMA centralized-PRMA CRC cyclic redundancy check CS circuit switched CSF contrast sensitivity function CSI channel side information CSMA carrier sense multiple access CWDN congestion window DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting DAMA demand assigned multiple access DCA dynamic channel assignment DCF Distributed Coordination Function 284 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications DCH dedicated channel DCT discrete cosine transform DFE decision feedback equalizer DFT discrete Fourier transform DHA dynamic home address DiffServ differentiated services DL downlink DNS domain name system DPCM differential pulse code modulation DPDCH dedicated physical data channel DPRMA dynamic packet reservation multiple access DS-CDMA direct sequence CDMA DSMA digital sense multiple access DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting DVD Digital Versatile Disc DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol EDGE Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution ELN explicit loss notification ESN electronic serial number ESP encapsulating security payload ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute FA foreign agent FCA fixed channel assignment FCC Federal Communications Commission FCH forward access channel FDD frequency division duplex FEC forward error correction FFT fast Fourier transform FGS fine granularity scalability List of Acronyms 285 FH frequency hopping FPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications System GBN Go-back-N GE Gilbert-Elliott GEO geostationary Earth orbit GGSN gateway GPRS support node GPRS General Packet Radio Service GPS Global Positioning System GRE generic routing encapsulation GSM Global System for Mobile Communications GW gateway HA home agent HARQ hybrid ARQ HAWAII Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure HDAA Home Domain Allocation Agency HIPERLAN High Performance Local Area Network HLR home location register HSCSD High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data HTML hypertext markup language HVS human visual system IAS information access service ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering IGMP Internet Group Management Protocol IM intermodulation IMT-2000 International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 IntServ integrated services IP Internet Protocol 286 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISI intersymbol interference ISMA inhibit sense multiple access ISO/OSI International Standard Organization/Open Systems Interconnect IXC interexchange carrier JEIC joint multiple access interference canceler/equalizer JND just-noticeable distortion JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group LAN local area network LEO low-Earth orbit LFN long fat network LLC link layer control LSP label switched path LSR label-switching router LTN long thin networks MAC multiple access control MAI multiple access interference MANET Mobile Ad Hoc Networking MAP multiple access protocols MBM motion boundary marker MC-CDMA multicarrier CDMA MCER motion compensated error residual MDC multiple description coding MD-PRMA multidimensional PRMA MIMO multiple input–multiple output MMAC multimedia mobile access communications MMSEC minimum mean square error combining MN mobile node MND minimally noticeable distortion List of Acronyms 287 MPEG Moving Pictures Experts Group MPLS multi-protocol label switching MRC maximum ratio combining MSC mobile switching center MT-CDMA multitone CDMA MTE minimum transmission energy MUD multiuser detection MV motion vector NACK negative-acknowledgment NAI network access identifier NO network operators OBI observation interval OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiplexing ORC orthogonal restoring combining OSI Open Systems Interconnection OVSF orthogonal variable spreading factor PAM pulse amplitude modulation PAN personal area network PCF point coordination function PDA personal digital assistant PDC Personal Digital Cellular System PDN packet data network PDU packet data unit PER packet error rate PFGS progressive fine granularity scalability PHB per-hop behavior PHY physical layer PIM protocol independent multicast PKI public key infrastructure 288 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications PN pseudo noise sequences POS personal operating space PRMA packet reservation multiple access PSK phase shift keying PSNR peak signal-to-noise ratio PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network QAM quadrature amplitude modulation QoS quality of service RAB radio access bearer RACH random access channel RCC routing control center RCPC rate-compatible convolutional codes RF radio frequency RIP Routing Information Protocol RLC radio link control RNS radio network subsystem RRC radio resource control RRM radio resource management RSVP Reservation Protocol RTCP Real-Time Control Protocol RTO retransmission time-out RTP Real-Time Transport Protocol RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol RTT round-trip time Rx receiver SA security association SACK selective acknowledgements SDP Service Discovery Protocol SGSN service GPRS support node List of Acronyms 289 SIP Session Initiation Protocol SIR signal-to-interference ratio SLA service level agreement SLP Service Location Protocol SNR signal-to-noise ratio S/P serial-to-parallel SQ scalar quantization SR selective repeat SRE source route entry SSA secure scaleable authentication SSL secure sockets layer SSTHRESH slow start threshold STP Satellite Transport Protocol TBF temporary block flow TCM trellis-coded modulation TCP Transport Control Protocol TDD time division duplex TDMA time division multiple access TF transmission formats TFI temporary flow identity TOS type of service TTC Telecommunications Technology Council TTL time-to-live TTP trusted third parties Tx transmitter UDP User Datagram Protocol UEP unequal error protection UL uplink UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System 290 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications UTRA UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access UTRAN UMTS Radio Access Network UWB ultra wideband VLR visitor location register VLSI very large scale integration VoIP voice over IP VP/VC virtual path/virtual channel identifiers VQ vector quantization WAP Wireless Application Protocol WARC World Administrative Radio Conference WCDMA wideband CDMA WG working group WH Walsh-Hadamard WLAN wireless LAN WPAN wireless personal area network WWAN wireless wide area network List of Acronyms 291 .TE AM FL Y Team-Fly® About the Authors Ramjee Prasad received his B.Sc. (eng.) from the Bihar Institute of Technology, Sindri, India, and his M.Sc. (eng.) and Ph.D. from Birla Institute of Technol- ogy (BIT), Ranchi, India, in 1968, 1970, and 1979, respectively. Professor Prasad joined BIT as a senior research fellow in 1970 and became an associate professor in 1980. While he was with BIT, he supervised a number of research projects in the area of microwave and plasma engineering. From 1983 to 1988, he was with the University of Dar es Salaam (UDSM), Tanzania, where he became a professor of telecommunications in the Department of Electrical Engi- neering in 1986. At UDSM, he was responsible for the collaborative project Satel- lite Communications for Rural Zones with Eindhoven University of Technology, the Netherlands. From 1988 through 1999, he was with the Telecommunications and Traffic Control Systems Group at Delft University of Technology (DUT), where he was actively involved in the area of wireless personal and multimedia communications (WPMC). He was the founding head and program director of the Center for Wireless and Personal Communications (CEWPC) of Interna- tional Research Center for Telecommunications—Transmission and Radar (IRCTR). Since 1999, Professor Prasad has been with Aalborg University, as the codirector of the Center for Person Kommunikation (CPK), and holds the chair of wireless information and multimedia communications. He was involved in the European ACTS project Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access Systems (FRAMES) as a DUT project leader. He is a project leader of several interna- tional, industrially funded projects. He has published more than 300 technical papers, contributed to several books, and has authored, coauthored, and edited 12 books: CDMA for Wireless Personal Communications, Universal Wireless Personal Communications, Wideband CDMA for Third Generation Mobile Communica- tions, OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications, Third Generation Mobile 293 Communication Systems, WCDMA: Towards IP Mobility and Mobile Internet, Towards a Global 3G System: Advanced Mobile Communications in Europe, Vol- umes 1 & 2, IP/ATM Mobile Satellite Networks, Simulation and Software Radio for Mobile Communications, Wireless IP and Building the Mobile Internet, and WLANs and WPANs towards 4G Wireless, all published by Artech House. His current research interests lie in wireless networks, packet communications, multiple-access protocols, advanced radio techniques, and multimedia communications. Professor Prasad has served as a member of the advisory and program com- mittees of several IEEE international conferences. He has also presented keynote speeches and delivered papers and tutorials on WPMC at various universities, technical institutions, and IEEE conferences. He was also a member of the European cooperation in the scientific and technical research (COST-231) proj- ect dealing with the evolution of land mobile radio (including personal) com- munications as an expert for the Netherlands, and he was a member of the COST-259 project. He was the founder and chairman of the IEEE Vehicular Technology/Communications Society Joint Chapter, Benelux Section, and is now the honorary chairman. In addition, Professor Prasad is the founder of the IEEE Symposium on Communications and Vehicular Technology (SCVT) in the Benelux, and he was the symposium chairman of SCVT’93. In addition, Professor Prasad is the coordinating editor and editor-in-chief of the Kluwer International Journal on Wireless Personal Communications and a member of the editorial board of other international journals, including the IEEE Communications Magazine and IEE Electronics Communication Engineering Jour- nal. He was the technical program chairman of the PIMRC’94 International Symposium held in The Hague, the Netherlands, from September 19–23, 1994 and also of the Third Communication Theory Mini-Conference in Conjunction with GLOBECOM’94, held in San Francisco, California, from November 27–30, 1994. He was the conference chairman of the 50th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference and the steering committee chairman of the second International Symposium WPMC, both held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, from September 19–23, 1999. He was the general chairman of WPMC’01 which was held in Aalborg, Denmark, from September 9–12, 2001. Professor Prasad is also the founding chairman of the European Center of Excellence in Telecommunications, known as HERMES. He is a fellow of IEE, a fellow of IETE, a senior member of IEEE, a member of the Netherlands Elec- tronics and Radio Society (NERG), and a member of IDA (Engineering Society in Denmark). Marina Ruggieri graduated cum laude in electronics engineering in 1984 from the University of Roma La Sapienza. She was with FACE-ITT in the high fre- quency division from 1985–1986, during which time she was trained on GaAs monolithic design and fabrication techniques at GTC-ITT (Roanoke, Virginia). 294 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications Professor Ruggieri was a research and teaching assistant at the University of Roma Tor Vergata in the electronics engineering department (1986–1991). She was an associate professor of signal theory at the University of L’Aquila (Depart- ment of Electrical Engineering, 1991–1994) and of digital signal processing at the University of Roma Tor Vergata (Department of Electronics Engineering, 1994–2000), also teaching radio communications systems (1994– 1999) and telecommunications systems (1999–2000) at the University of L’Aquila. Since 2000 she has been a full professor of telecommunications at the Uni- versity of Roma Tor Vergata (department of electronics engineering). Her teaching modules are digital signal processing, information and coding, and telecommunications signals and systems. She has participated in international committees for the assignment of professor chair, Ph.D., and master’s degrees in various universities (Lund- Sweden, Delft—the Netherlands, Toulouse-France, Trondheim-Norway, Aalborg-Denmark). In 1999 she was appointed to the board of governors of the IEEE Aerospace and Electronics System Society (2000–2002) and reelected for 2003–2005. Professor Ruggieri’s research mainly concerns space communications sys- tems (in particular, satellites) as well as mobile and multimedia networks. She is the principal investigator of a satellite scientific communications mission [DAta and Video Interactive Distribution (DAVID)], of the Italian Space Agency, to be launched in 2004. She is also the principal investigator of a 2-year national research pro- gram (CABIS) on CDMA integrated mobile systems, cofinanced by MIUR (2000-2002). She has participated in various ESA contracts on the study and design of advanced configurations for satellite antennae at Ku-band, frequency scanning array for satellite communication, robust modulation, and coding for personal communication systems. She is and has been involved in the organization of international confer- ences and workshops: the Third Workshop on Mobile/Personal Satcoms— EMPS 1998 (chair); the First Workshop on Strategic Research Plan for New Millenium Wireless World—SW 2000 (cochair); EMPS 2002 (vice chair); SW 2002 (cochair); IEEE Aerospace Conference 2002 and 2003 (track cochair); WPMC 2002, IEEE GLOBECOM 2002 Satellite Workshop; IEEE VTC Fall 2002 (TCP member) WPMC 2004 (TCP chair). She is the editor of the IEEE Transactions on AES for “Space Systems.” She is a member of the Editorial Board of wireless personal communications—an International Journal (Kluwer). Professor Ruggieri was awarded the 1990 Piero Fanti International Prize and was nominated for the Harry M. Mimmo Award in 1996 and the Cristo- foro Colombo Award in 2002. About the Authors 295 She is an IEEE senior member (S’84-M’85-SM’94) and chair of the IEEE AES Space Systems Panel. She is the author of approximately 150 papers on international journals, transactions, and proceedings of international conferences, book chapters, and books. 296 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications Index Access networks, 107, 108 Adaptive ARQ, 181–84 code rate adaptive error control, 184 defined, 181 reaction capability, 185 SR-ARQ, 181, 182, 184 throughput, 181, 182 See also Automatic repeat request (ARQ) Adaptive error control, 176–84 adaptive ARQ, 181–84 adaptive FEC, 176–77 hybrid ARQ, 177–81 Adaptive FEC, 176–77 defined, 176 implementation, 177 perforation matrix, 176 See also Forward equivalence class (FEC) Adaptive fragmentation, 263 Adaptive frequency hopping, 262 Adaptive global networks, 271 Adaptive modulation, 175–76, 187 channel prediction, 174 coding in, 175 level-controlled, 171 parameter estimation at receiver, 175 parameter selection, 170–74 requirements, 170 See also Modulation Adaptive/scalable air interfaces, 271–72 Adaptive technologies, 163–88 behavior, 166 potential, 165 requirements, 164–65 Adaptive transmission model, 164 Adaptivity channel, 163 hardware/software implementations, 186–87 multilayer, 184–86 QoS, 163 Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN), 164, 175 Address autoconfiguration, 122 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP), 90–91 defined, 90 proxy, 91 Ad hoc networks, 14 PAN, 256, 260–61 routing in, 93–94 Admission control call, 72, 201, 202, 206–7 IntServ, 97 policies, 70 radio, 10 Advanced Mobile Phone Services (AMPS), 3 Agent advertisements defined, 85 format, 86 functions, 85 297 ALOHA, 31 channel capacity, 38 p-ALOHA, 31–33 r-ALOHA, 44, 45 slotted-ALOHA, 33, 38 spread, 54–55 Amplitude modulation (AM), 166, 173 Anycast, 123 Arithmetic codes, 232 Asynchronous CDMA (A-CDMA), 49 Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM), 10 Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL5), 11 MPLS and, 98 Authentication header (AH), 110 messages accomplishing, 115 Mobile IP public key-based, 116 modes, 111 reconfigurable networks, 275 secure minimal public key-based, 116–17 secure scaleable (SSA), 116 as security goal, 109 See also Security Authentication, authorization, accounting (AAA), 110, 111 AAAF, 112 AAAH, 112 DIAMETER, 111 key distribution process, 113 Mobile IP extensions with, 111–13 RADIUS, 111 server, 113 Automatic gain control (AGC), 174 Automatic repeat request (ARQ), 73, 136 adaptive, 181–84 data link layer, 149–53 delay introduction, 152 design parameters, 152–53 efficiency of, 181 in end-to-end TCP performance, 155 frame size, 153 go-back-N, 149–50 high-persistent, 152 hybrid, 148–49, 177–81 persistency, 152 redundancy, 148 selective repeat (SR), 150–51 sliding-window schemes, 149 stop-and-wait, 149 time diversity, 155 Backbone networks, 107 adding QoS to, 108 DiffServ/MPLS in, 108 end users and, 109 Bandwidth Delay (BD) product, 140 Bayesian broadcast, 69 Bit error rates (BERs), 2, 74, 175, 182, 197 Block-based coders, 223 Bluetooth, 45, 254–55 defined, 15, 254 performance improvement, 262–63 SDP, 260 Body area networks (BANs), 270 Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem (BCH) codes, 169 Boundary macroblocks, 234–35 Broadband PAN (B-PAN), 263 Broadband Radio Access Network (BRAN), 212 Broadcast channel (BCH), 208, 212 Busy Tone Multiple Access (BTMA), 36 Call admission control (CAC), 72, 201, 202 algorithm schematic, 201 as protection mechanism, 201 in UMTS, 206–7 See also Admission control Capture effect, 36–39 Care-of address (COA), 84 foreign agent, 114 mobile node, 113, 114 registration, 87 as source address, 122 Carrier sense multiple access (CSMA), 33–36 CSMA/CA, 36 CSMA/CD, 34–35 defined, 34 hidden/exposed terminals with, 35 nonpersistent, 34 p-persistent, 34 sensing, 36 subclasses, 34 Carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR), 37 Cascading TCP. See Splitting TCP Cdma1x, 12–13 CdmaOne, 12 CDMA-oriented MAC, 69–72 CDMA protocols, 28, 46–64 advantage, 54 298 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications defined, 31 DS-CDMA, 46, 47–53 MC-CDMA, 60–62 MC-DS-CDMA, 62–64 MT-CDMA, 62–64 multicarrier, 57–64 spread ALOHA, 54–55 TD-CDMA, 55–57 TDMA/CDMA, 53–57 transmission bandwidth, 46 CDMA systems, 10 asynchronous (A-CDMA), 49 fading margin, 54 properties, 202 resource management, 52 reverse link, 52 synchronous (S-CDMA), 49 TPC in, 258 Cellular digital packet access (CDPD), 36 Cellular IP, 126–28 defined, 126 HAWAII vs., 127–28 illustrated, 127 local mobility, 126 Centralized-PRMA (CPRMA), 66–68 accuracy, 68 data/signaling channels, 67 defined, 66–67 See also Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) Central Limit Theorem, 49 Challenge/response, 116 Channelization codes, 9 Channel(s) adaptivity, 163 allocation, 56 assignments, 42–43 coding, 165, 169 Channel side information (CSI), 165, 166, 188 Clearinghouse, 108 Closed-loop power control, 52 Clusters, 42 Cochannel interference effects of, 30 TDMA, 43 Code division multiple access. See CDMA protocol; CDMA systems Coded-OFDM (COFDM), 59 Common packet channel (CPCH), 208, 209 Common pilot channel (CPICH), 208 Common RRM (CRRM), 214 Complementary punctured convolutional (CPC) codes, 179 Congestion avoidance, 139 Congestion control, 138–39 Constellation, 167 Contending state, 68 Contentionless protocols, 39–46 DAMA, 44–45 defined, 31 demand-based assignment, 43–46 FDMA, 39–41 fixed-based assignment, 39–43 PRMA, 45–46 Roll-Call Polling, 45 TDMA, 41–43 Token-Passing Protocol, 45 See also Multiple access protocols (MAPs) Contention protocols, 30–31 Context-aware technologies, 278–80 Contrast sensitivity function (CSF), 225 Control packet overhead, 259 Convolutional codes, 170 Correspondent nodes (CNs), 83 Cyclic redundancy check (CRC), 149 Data confidentiality/integrity, 109 Data link layer, 148–53 approaches, 148–53 ARQ protocols, 149–53 Decision feedback equalizer (DFE), 64 Dedicated channel (DCH), 70, 208, 209 Deferring transmission, 35 Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA), 44–45 ALOHA state, 44 as explicit reservation scheme, 45 reserved state, 44 Demand-based assignment protocols, 43–46 centralized, 44 DAMA, 44–45 defined, 43–44 distributed, 44 PRMA, 45–46 Roll-Call Polling, 45 Token-Passing Protocol, 45 See also Contentionless protocols Index 299 DIAMETER, 111 AAA servers, 119 Mobile IP extensions, 119 Differential pulse code modulation (DPCM), 227 Diffie-Hellman key exchange protocol, 115 DiffServ, 98 in backbone network, 108 defined, 98 MPLS interworking, 99 work on, 98 Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), 59 Digital Sense Multiple Access (DSMA), 36 Digital signal processing hardware (DSPH), 186–87 Direct sequence CDMA (DS-CDMA), 46, 47–53 multiuser detection, 51 obtaining, 47 power control, 51–53 Rake receiver, 50–51 See also CDMA protocols Discovery mechanism, 85–87 Discrete cosine transform (DCT), 239 Discrete Fourier transform (DFT), 58, 59, 61 Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol (DVMRP), 236 Distance vector protocols, 92 Distributed coordination function (DCF), 213, 258 Distributed resource control, 277–78 Domain Name System (DNS), 84 Doppler shifts, 174 Downlink shared channel (DSCH), 208, 209 Dual-mode radio switching, 262 Dynamic channel assignment (DCA), 42–43 defined, 42–43 fast, 56 high-performance algorithms, 43 Dynamic packet reservation multiple access (DPRMA), 65–66 characterization, 66 elements, 65 Dynamic transport channel switching, 209–10 Electronic serial number (ESN), 12 Embedded codes, 223 Encapsulating security payload (ESP), 111 End-to-end flow, 138–39 Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), 4, 163 incremental introduction, 7 modulation schemes, 7 Entropy encoding, 232 Error concealment encoding, 240 Error resilient encoding, 238–39 Explicit loss notification (ELN), 144 Explicit reservation, 45 Exposed terminals, 35 Fast DCA, 56 Fast Fourier transform (FFT), 58, 59 Fast recovery, 143–44 Fast retransmit, 143 Firewall-Aware Transparent Internet Mobility Architecture (FATIMA), 119–20 gateway, 119 goal, 119 network entities, 120 support, 120 Fixed-based assignment protocols, 39–43 FDMA, 39–41 TDMA, 41–43 Fixed channel assignment (FCA), 42 Flexible channel assignment, 42 Flexible platforms, 279–80 Foreign agents (FAs), 84 COA, 114 hierarchical, 124 registration with, 86 sharing security association, 115 Foreign networks, 84 Forward access channel (FACH), 70, 208, 209 Forward equivalence class (FEC), 99 adaptive, 176–77 overhead in type 1 HARQ, 180 redundancy, 148 in video streaming, 238 Frame-differencing, 226–27 Frame error rate (FER), 154, 156 Frequency division duplex (FDD), 8, 17 defined, 40–41 WCDMA for, 202 Frequency division multiple access (FDMA), 39–41 cell planning, 43 component in real systems, 40–41 300 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications concept, 40 intermodulation (IM), 40 narrowband, 40 system bandwidth, 39 Frequency hopping (FH), 41, 43 Gateway GPRS support node (GGSN), 6 General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 4–7 capacity, 200 defined, 5 features, 199 GGSN, 6 minimum grade of service, 5 network architecture, 6 RRM in, 199–202 service, 5 SGSN, 6–7 terminals, 199 Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) protocol, 90 Gilbert-Elliot channel, 184 Global mobility, 83 Global Positioning System (GPS), 12 Global System for Mobile communications. See GSM Go-back-N (GBN) ARQ scheme, 149–50 Golay codes, 169 Gold sequences, 9 Grey encoding, 167 GSM defined, 3 frame/time slot structure in, 42 network architecture, 6 slowness, 4 TDMA and, 41 Handoff hard, 82 intercell, 82 intracell, 82 intradomain, 121 management, 82 Mobile IP, signaling diagram, 95 scalable, 123–24 soft, 82 Handoff-Aware Wireless Access Internet Infrastructure (HAWAII), 125 architecture illustration, 127 Cellular IP vs., 127–28 Handover control, 205 Hard handoff, 82 Hidden terminals, 29, 35 High Performance Local Area Network (HIPERLAN), 14, 212 High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HSCSD), 4 defined, 4 goal, 210–11 as transitional technology, 4 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA), 210 High speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH), 210–11 HIPERLAN/2, 14 defined, 212 MAC frame structure, 212 physical layer, 212 Holding time, 71 Home address, 84 Home agents (HAs), 84 dynamic discovery, 89–90 notification, inefficient, 120 sharing security association, 115 Home Domain Allocation Agency (HDAA), 117–18 Home/foreign proxies (HAP/FAP), 119 Home location register (HLR), 7 Huffman coding, 232 Human visual system (HVS), 225 Hybrid ARQ (HARQ), 148–49, 177–81 defined, 177 scheme comparison, 180 type I, 177 type II, 178–79 type III, 179–81 Idle listening, 259 IEEE 802.11, 13, 36, 59, 212, 213, 262 IEEE 802.15, 254, 255 IEEE 802.3, 35 IEEE 802.5, 45 i-mode, 4 Implicit reservation, 45, 46 IMT-2000, 8 Information Access Service (IAS), 260 Inhibit Sense Multiple Access (ISMA), 36 capacity, 38 unslotted np, 37–39 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), 2 Index 301 Intercell handoff, 82 Interference-limited systems, 52 Interleaving, 59 International Standardization Organization (ISO), 233 International Telecommunications Union (ITU), 8, 233 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), 85 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 14, 83, 110 MANET working group, 213 SLP, 260 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP), 236 Inter-symbol interference (ISI), 30, 64 Intracell handoff, 82 IntServ, 96–97 admission control, 97 defined, 96 with mobile hosts, 105–6 packet classifier, 97 packet scheduler, 97 traffic-control functions, 96–97 Invertible encoding, 232 IP networks issues, 81–131 Mobile IP, 84–91 mobility management, 82–83 QoS, 96–1096 routing, 91–96 security, 109–20 wireless architecture, 124–25 IP QoS, 96–109 DiffServ, 98 in heterogeneous networks, 106–9 IntServ, 96–97 in Mobile IP, 100–106 MPLS, 98–100 RSVP, 97 IP routing, 91–96 distance vector protocols, 92 link state protocols, 92–93 route optimization, 94–96 IPSec, 110–11 Mobile IPv4, 114 Mobile IPv6, 122 IS-95 air interface design, 12 IS-95B, 12–13 pilot channel, 12 Joint detection, 56–57 Joint multiple access interference canceler/equalizer (JEIC), 64 Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG), 239 Joint source/channel coding, 240–41 Label swapping, 91–92 Label-switched paths (LSPs), 98–99 Label-switching routers (LSRs), 98–99 Lempel-Ziv, 232 Linear equalizer (LE), 64 Link gain matrix, 198 Link layer control (LLC), 6 Link layer schemes, 155–57 Link state protocols, 93 advantages, 93 networks, 92 Location management, 82 Long thin networks (LTNs), 140 Lossless encoding, 232 MAC enhanced temporal algorithm (MEHTA), 262 Macromobility defined, 83 extensions to Mobile IP, 125–28 management issues, 120–21 Markov chain, 183 Maximum ratio combining, 51 Maximum spectral efficiency, 172–73 Micromobility defined, 83 issues, 121 local management of, 121 See also Mobility Minimum mean square error combining (MMSEC)-based MC-CDMA, 62 Mobile Ad Hoc Networking (MANET), 14, 213 Mobile identification number (MIN), 118 Mobile IP, 84–91 AAA server tasks, 113 care-of address (COA), 84 challenge/response, 116 defined, 83, 84 DIAMETER extensions, 119 discovery mechanism, 85 302 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications TE AM FL Y Team-Fly® evolution of, 120–28 extension for MPN, 114 extensions with AAA, 111–13 firewall support, 119–20 foreign agent (FA), 84 functions, 85 handoff signaling diagram, 95 handoff with binding update, 96 home address, 84 home agent (HA), 84 IPSec in, 114 IPv4, 85–91 local registration with hierarchical FAs, 124 macro/micromobility extensions to, 123–28 macromobility, 120–21 micromobility, 121 NAI extension, 117–18 public key-based authentication, 116 QoS in, 100–106 registration, 85, 87 reverse tunneling for, 113–14 route optimization, 94–96 RSVP and, 100 security issues in, 111–20 Telecommunication Enhanced (TeleMIP), 124 tunneling, 85, 90 Mobile IPv6, 121–23 advantages, 121 advertisement interval option, 123 anycast, 123 bidirectional packet support, 122 control traffic, 123 defined, 121 deployment, 130 development, 121 encapsulation, 123 future, 129 IPsec, 122 issues, 130 Mobile IPv4 vs., 121–23 route optimization support, 121 routing header, 122 RSVP support for, 128 See also Mobile IP Mobile networks 2G, 2–7 3G, 7–13 ad hoc, 14 evolution of, 2–15 WLANs, 13–14 WPANs, 15 Mobile proxies, 106 Mobility agents, 85 global, 83 macro, 83 micro, 83 pico, 82–83 SIP, 83 See also Mobile IP Mobility management, 82–83 architectures, 83 handoff management, 82 in IP networks with real-time services, 102 location management, 82 Modulation, 166–70 adaptive, 170–75 amplitude (AM), 166 bandwidth requirement, 168 binary, 168 BPSK, 173 differential pulse code (DPCM), 227 level selection, 171 phase (PM), 166 process, 166 pulse amplitude (PAM), 167 quadrature amplitude (QAM), 167 quaternary, 168 trellis-coded (TCM), 177 Motion boundary marker (MBM), 239 Motion compensated error residual (MCER), 226 Motion compensation, 226–27 defined, 226 frame-differencing, 226–27 motion vector (MV), 227 principle illustration, 227 See also Redundancy removal; Video compression Moving Pictures Experts Group. See MPEG standards MPEG standards, 233–35 MPEG-1, 233, 234 MPEG-2, 233, 234 Index 303 MPEG standards (continued) MPEG-3, 233 MPEG-4, 233, 234, 235 MPEG-7, 233 MPEG-21, 233 MPLS, 98–100 in ATM switching hardware, 98 in backbone network, 108 with “constraint-based routing,” 100 defined, 98 DiffServ interworking, 99 label-switched paths (LSPs), 98–99 label-switching routers (LSRs), 98–99 packet forwarding, 98 “shim” header, 99 for traffic aggregation/de-aggregation, 100 for traffic engineering functions, 99–100 Multicarrier CDMA (MC-CDMA), 60–62, 272 chip duration, 61 defined, 60 detection strategies, 62 MMSEC-based, 62 receiver, 61 transmitter, 60 See also CDMA protocols Multicarrier direct-sequence CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA), 63–64 defined, 63 receiver, 64 transmitter, 63 Multidimensional-PRMA (MD-PRMA), 68–69 contention access control, 69 defined, 68 frames, 68 slots, 68 See also Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA) Multilayer adaptivity, 184–86 adaptation layer, 186 architecture illustration, 185 defined, 184 Multimedia user interfaces, 278–80 Multipath fading, 30 Multiple access control (MAC), 6 with channel-dependent resource allocation, 73 design, 65, 73 energy-efficient, 259 layer design, 73 in PANs, 258–59 performance, 74 proposals, 9 WCDMA, 70–72 Multiple access protocols (MAPs), 27–74 CDMA, 31, 46–64 classification of, 30–31 contention, 30–31 contentionless, 31–32, 39–46 CPRMA, 66–68 CSMA, 33–36 DAMA, 44–45 defined, 27 desired properties, 29–30 DPRMA, 65–66 DS-CDMA, 47–53 evolution of, 28 FDMA, 39–41 general properties, 29 introduction to, 27–30 ISMA, 36 as MAC subsets, 27 MC-CDMA, 57–64, 60–62 MC-DS-CDMA, 62–64 MD-PRMA, 68–69 MT-CDMA, 62–64 p-ALOHA, 31–33 PRMA, 45–46 random access, 31–39 Roll-Call Polling, 45 slotted-ALOHA, 33 spread ALOHA, 54–55 TDMA, 41–43 TDMA/CDMA, 53–57 Token-Passing Protocol, 45 WCDMA MAC, 70–72 wireless communication, 29–30, 65–74 Multiple description coding (MDC), 239 Multiple input-multiple output (MIMO), 64 Multiresolution decomposition, 222 Multitone CDMA (MT-CDMA), 63–64 defined, 64 DS-CDMA comparison, 64 receiver, 64 transmitter, 63 See also CDMA protocols Multiuser detection (MUD), 51, 54 304 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications Near-far effect, 30 Near-far problem, 50 Negative-acknowledgment (NACK), 138, 183 Neighbor discovery, 122 Network address identifier (NAI), 117 extension, 117–18 resolution scenario, 118 Nonpersistent CDMA, 34 Non-repudiation, 109 Observation interval (OBI), 182, 184 Open-loop power control, 52 Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 2 Optical network technologies, 276–78 Organization, this book, xiv–xv, 18–20 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), 57–60, 272 channel decoding, 59 coded (COFDM), 59 defined, 57 interleaving, 59 Orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF), 9 Overhearing, 259 Packet data-serving node (PDSN), 125 Packet error rate (PER), 182, 212 Packet networks, 220–23 circuit-switched networks vs., 221 packet corruption, 221 packet loss, 221 Packet Reservation Multiple Access (PRMA), 45–46 Centralized (CPRMA), 66–68 defined, 45 Dynamic (DPRMA), 65–66 Multidimensional (MD-PRMA), 68–69 spectral efficiency, 46 Padding methods, 235 p-ALOHA, 31–33 efficiency, 33 principle of, 32 See also Random access protocols Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), 225 Perceptual-based coding, 230–32 defined, 230–31 design, 231 perceptual lossless point, 231 See also Redundancy removal Per-hop behavior (PHB), 98 Personal area networks (PANs), 249–64 ad hoc networks, 256, 260–61 applications, 252–53 architecture, 250–52 broadband, 263 coexistence/interference-reduction techniques, 261–63 concept, 250–54 conclusions, 263–64 defined, 250 entertainment application example, 253 introduction to, 249–50 MAC protocols, 258–59 model, 251 multiple antenna systems, 256 possible devices, 253–54 power-aware routing, 257–58 power efficiency, 257–59 radio technologies, 254 security, 260 service discovery/selection, 259–60 stand-alone, 250 standardization, 251 standardization process, 255 state of the art, 254–55 technical challenges, 255–63 transmission power control, 258 wireless (WPANs), 249, 250 Personal Digital Cellular System (PDC), 3, 4 Personal operating space (POS), 250 Phase amplitude modulation (PAM), 167 Phase modulation (PM), 166 Phase shift keying (PSK), 167 Physical control channel (PDCH), 208 Picomobility, 82–83 Point coordination function (PCF), 213, 258 Power adaptive policy, 172 Power-aware routing, 257–58 Power control, 10, 204 bits, 53 closed-loop, 52, 155 DS-CDMA, 51–53 fading characteristics and, 204 fast, 12 open-loop, 52 scheme illustration, 53 strategy, 52 transmit, 262–63 Index 305 Power control (continued) UL outer, 205 UMTS, 204 p-persistent CDMA, 34 Processing gain, 47 Projection on convex sets (POCS), 230 Protocol Independent Multicast (PIM), 236 Public key infrastructure (PKI), 117 Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN), 11 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN), 2 Pyramid coding, 228 QoS adaptivity, 163 to backbone network, 108 classes, 7 domain definition, 104 guarantees in mobile networks, 102–5 IP, 96–109 as key requirement, 18 mapping, 99 parameters, mapping, 197 requirements, 196–98 routing, 130 video streaming mechanisms, 238–40 Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM), 167 64-QAM, 170 narrowband adaptive, 170 variable levels, 171 Quantization, 226 Quasi-orthogonal codes, 49 Radio access bearer (RAB), 197 characteristics, 198 dedicated, 198 shared, 198 Radio Access Networks (RANs), 274 Radio admission control, 10 Radio link control (RLC), 9 Radio Link Layer (RLL), 156, 157 Radio network controllers (RNCs), 11 Radio network subsystems (RNSs), 11 Radio resource control (RRC), 10, 152 future capacity support, 10 radio bearer allocation, 10 Radio Resource Management (RRM), 195–215 common (CRRM), 214 conclusions, 215 defined, 195 dynamic transport channel switching, 209–10 in future wireless systems, 212–14 in GPRS, 199–202 importance, 195 introduction to, 195–98 problem formulation, 198–99 in UMTS, 202–11 RADIUS, 111 Rake receiver, 50–51 r-ALOHA, 44, 45 Random access channel (RACH), 208, 209 Random access protocols, 31–39 capture effect, 36–39 CSMA, 33–36 ISMA, 36 p-ALOHA, 31–33 slotted-ALOHA, 33 See also Multiple access protocols Rate-compatible punctured convolutional (RCPC) codes, 178, 222–23 in broadcast scenario, 223 defined, 222 Real-Time Control Protocol (RTCP), 237 Real-time services, 219–42 all bits are not equal, 221 conclusions, 242 defined, 219 interactivity, 219 introduction to, 219–20 multiresolution decomposition, 222 packet networks for, 220–23 requirements, 219 scalability, 219 UEP, 222–23 video compression techniques, 223–32 video streaming, 232–41 VoIP, 241–42 Real-Time Transport Protocol (RTP), 237 Reconfigurable networks, 272–75 access to services, 275 intelligent layered resource management, 272–74 protocol adaptation, 274–75 research areas, 273 resource management, 274 security, 275 306 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications spectral efficiency, 274 Redundancy removal, 226–32 motion compensation, 226–27 perceptual-based coding, 230–32 pyramid coding, 228 spatial, 227 subband and wavelet coding, 230 transform coding, 228–30 See also Video compression Reed Solomon codes, 169 Reference multisphere model, 270 Registration, 87 COA, 87 keys, 115 lifetime, 86 messages, 87 process, 87 reply, 89 request, 87–89 Reservation Protocol (RSVP), 97 in access networks, 108 end-to-end sessions, 101–2 flow mechanism, 128 Mobile IPv4 and, 100 Mobile IPv6 support, 128 mobility in, 102 modified, 105 operation, 97 operation in IP tunnels, 100–102 scalability, 97 trigger/objects, 128 tunnel sessions, 101 Reservations classes, 106 conventional, 106 passive, 104 predictive, 106 setup process, 103 temporary, 106 Resource reservation, 130 Resynchronization markers, 239 Retransmission time out (RTO), 138, 152 Reuse distance, 42 Reverse tunneling, 113–14 Roll-Call Polling, 45 Round trip time (RTT), 140, 142, 144, 145 Route optimization, 94–96 authentication mechanism, 94 defined, 9 Mobile IPv6 support, 121 registration keys for, 115 steps, 95 Routing by address, 91, 92 in ad hoc networks, 93–94 algorithm characteristics, 91 asymmetric, 120 constraint-based, 100 direct, inefficient, 120 IP, 91–96 in mobile networks, 102–5 power-aware, 257–58 QoS, 130 tables, 93 techniques, 91 triangle, 94 Routing agents (RAs), 119 Routing control center (RCC), 92 Routing Information Protocol (RIP), 92 Satellite Transport Protocol (STP), 145 Scalability, 237–38 fine granularity (FGS), 237–38 progressive fine granularity (PFGS), 238 Scheduling algorithm, 67 Scientific approach, 271 Scrambling codes, 9 Second generation (2G) networks defined, 2 evolved, 2–7 success, 2 Secure scaleable authentication (SSA), 116 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL), 110 Security, 109–20 AAA, 110, 111 IPSec, 110–11 management goals, 109 in Mobile IP, 111–20 PAN, 260 reconfigurable networks, 275 Security associations (SAs), 110 in basic Mobile IP/AAA model, 113 foreign agent/mobile node sharing, 115 home agent/foreign agent sharing, 115 Selective acknowledgments (SACKs), 145 Selective repeat (SR) ARQ, 150–51 complexity, 151 defined, 150–51, 181 illustrated, 151 Index 307 Selective repeat (continued) throughput, 181, 182 See also Automatic repeat request (ARQ) Self-decodability, 181 Separation principle, 240 Service Discovery Protocol (SDP), 260 Service discovery/selection, 259–60 Service GPRS support node (SGSN), 6–7 Service level agreement (SLA), 98 Service-level specifications (SLS), 108 Service Location Protocol (SLP), 260 Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), 83, 241 Shadowing, 30 Shannon capacity, 172, 175 Shape adaptive transform, 235 Shortest path first, 93 Signal-to-interference + noise ratio (SNIR), 199 Signal-to-interference radio (SIR), 49 Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 164, 225 Signature sequence, 47 Sliding window mechanism, 136–38 defined, 137 example, 137–38 illustrated, 137 Slotted-ALOHA, 33 with Rician parameter, 39 throughput performance, 38 Slow start, 139 Snooping TCP, 135 advantages, 147–48 defined, 147 with encryption end-to-end mechanisms, 148 illustrated, 147 See also Transport Control Protocol (TCP) Soft handoff, 82 Source route entry (SRE), 114 Spatial interpolation, 240 Spatial redundancy removal, 227 Splitting TCP, 135, 145–46 benefits, 145–46 defined, 145 drawbacks, 146 illustrated, 146 See also Transport Control Protocol (TCP) Spread ALOHA, 54–55 defined, 54 principle, 55 Spreading factor, 47 Subband coding, 230 Synchronization channel (SCH), 208 Synchronous CDMA (S-CDMA), 49 TCP/IP protocol, 136–42, 236–37 complexity, 136 congestion control, 138–39 end-to-end flow, 138–39 large bandwidth-delay product, 140–41 link with errors implication, 141–42 sliding window mechanism, 136–38 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) TR45.6, 124–25 TeleMIP, 124 Temporary block flow (TBF), 5 Temporary flow identity (TFI), 5 Third generation (3G) networks, 2, 7–13 data rates, 7 evolution to, 3, 7 key concepts, 16 services, 7–8 Time diversity, 155, 157 Time division CDMA (TD-CDMA), 55–57, 202 channel allocation, 56 defined, 55 frame structure, 56 joint detection, 56–57 utilization, 55 See also CDMA protocols Time division duplex (TDD), 8, 17, 41 Time division multiple access (TDMA), 3, 41–43 advantages, 41 bursts, 41 CDMA and, 53–57 cell planning, 43 channel assignments, 42–43 cochannel interference, 43 concept, 40 with FH, 41 with fixed access patterns, 41 interference and power management, 41–43 Time-to-live (TTL), 90 Token-Passing Protocol, 45 Transform coding, 228–30 308 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications DCT, 229 defined, 228 Transform coefficients, 228 Transmission power control (TPC), 258 Transparent macroblock, 234 Transport Control Protocol (TCP) end-to-end performance, 141 enhancements, 135, 142–48 explicit loss notification (ELN), 144 fast retransmit/fast recovery, 143–44 large initial window, 144–45 large window size, 144 NewReno, 154 over wireless links, 135–57 performance, 135 selective acknowledgments, 145 slow start, 139 Snooping, 135, 147–48 Splitting, 135, 145–46 summary of recommendations, 142–45 throughput performance, 154 Trellis-coded modulation (TCM), 177 Trellis codes, 170 Triangle routing, 94 Trusted third parties (TTPs), 110 Tunneling, 90 defined, 85 reverse, 113–14 soft state, 123 Tunnels RSVP operation over, 100–102 type 1, 101 type 2, 101 Turbo codes, 13, 179, 187 Ultra wideband (UWB) technology, 256–57 features, 257 for WPAN, 256–57 UMTS Forum, 15 UMTS Radio Access Network (UTRAN), 9 UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), 8, 17 FDD mode, 8 TDD mode, 9, 55, 56 Unequal error protection (UEP), 174, 220, 222–23 defined, 222 embedded codes, 223 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), 8–11 architecture illustration, 11 CAC role, 206–7 capacity, 204 carrier frequencies, 205 downlink logical, transport, physical channels, 208 handover control, 205 power control, 204 QoS classes, 196, 197 RRA algorithms interaction, 206 RRM functions, 204 RRM in, 202–11 transport channel properties, 209 uplink logical, transport, physical channels, 207 Universal Plug and Play (UPnP), 260 User-centric scenario, 269–71 User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 87, 236–37 Verification and Key Management Infrastructure, 116 Verification infrastructure, 116 Very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, 59 Video compression, 223–32 defined, 223 lossless encoding, 232 operations, 224 performance metrics, 224–25 quantization, 226 redundancy removal, 226–32 standards, 233–35 See also Real-time services Video streaming, 232–41 advantages, 232 applications-layer QoS mechanisms, 238–40 components, 232 defined, 232 error concealment encoding, 240 error resilient encoding, 238–39 joint source/channel coding, 240–41 requirement, 232 scalability, 237–38 standards, 233–37 See also Real-time services Viterbi decoding, 179 Voice over IP (VoIP), 241–42 coders, 241–42 defined, 241 Index 309 Voice over IP (continued) requirements, 241 SIP and, 241 Walsh codes, 12, 175 Walsh-Hadamard (WH) binary functions, 49 Wavelet decomposition, 230, 231 WCDMA MAC, 70–72 defined, 70 mixed services, 72 packet data services, 70–72 real-time services, 72 rescheduling, 71 state diagram, 71 See also Multiple access control (MAC) Wideband CDMA (W-CDMA), 8, 198 asynchronous mode support, 9 capacity, 203 for FDD mode, 202 radio interface protocol architecture, 10 soft capacity, 203 Window size, 144 Wireless Applications Protocol (WAP), 142 Wireless communication MAPs, 65–74 CPRMA, 66–68 DPRMA, 65–66 MD-PRMA, 68–69 trends, 72–74 WCDMA MAC, 70–72 See also Multiple access protocols (MAPs) Wireless local area networks (WLANs), 13–15 defined, 13 interworking between, 280 standards, 13 Wireless networks CRRM and, 214 design trends, 153–57 Wireless PANs (WPANs), 15, 249 coexistence, 276 defined, 250 service discovery/selection, 259–60 technical challenges, 256 technology, 250 UWB for, 256–57 Wireless wide area networks (WWANs), 15 310 Technology Trends in Wireless Communications