The diversity of medicinal plants cultivated in the gardens of thai people in Pu Luong nature reserve, Thanh Hoa province

100 HNUE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DOI: 10.18173/2354-1059.2017-60 Chemical and Biological Science 2017, Vol. 62, Issue 10, pp. 100-106 This paper is available online at THE DIVERSITY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS CULTIVATED IN THE GARDENS OF THAI PEOPLE IN PU LUONG NATURE RESERVE, THANH HOA PROVINCE Nguyen Ha Linh 1 , Tran Thuy Linh 2 and Bui Thi Phuong 3 1 Faculty of Preschool Education, Hanoi National University of Education 2 142203 Pharmacology Major, China Pharmaceutical University 3 Pu Luong, Thanh Hoa Province Abstract. Study on diversity of Thai People in Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province, including 40 cultivated species belonging to 37 genera of 31 families for medicine. These plant species are used in 43 traditional medicinal recipes, 14 of which consist of all cultivated plant species, for the treatments of various diseases, mostly common ones. Of the plant parts, leaf is the most common source, whereas stem extract is used the least. Based on the above data, we can confim the high diversity of medicinal plant cultivated in Pu Luong, Thanh Hoa province. Keywords: Diversity, medicinal plants, Thai people in Pu Luong, garden. 1. Introduction Pu Luong Nature Reserve (NR), Thanh Hoa, is one of the diversity hotspots in Vietnam with diverse animal and plant species and landscapes. There are 1,109 vascular plant species in Pu Luong NR, of which many medicinal plants are commersed or used daily by local people [1]. There are three ethnic groups, including Thai, Muong and Kinh, of which 54% is Thai. Thai people have broad knowledge on the use of medicinal plants [2]. However, medicinal plant exploitation is spontaneous, leading to the reduction of natural plants. People spend more time going to the forest to look for medicinal plants, but the remaining reserves are not much so difficult in the harvest. Many medicinal plants were popular in the forest, but nowadays they are rarely found such as Stemona spp., Ardisia silvestris are due to overexploitation of humans. Due to the reduction in nature and the need for available sources, Thai people cultivate medicinal plants in their gardens. This result not only in increasing the income of local people but also contribute to the biodiversity conservation of the Nature Reserve. This study investigated the medicinal Received May 1, 2017. Revised July 25, 2017. Accepted August 2, 2017. Contact Nguyen Ha Linh, e-mail address: nguyenhalinh88@gmail.com The diversity of medicinal plants cultivated in the gardens of Thai people in Pu luong Nature Reserve 101 plant diversity and medicinal recipes using cultivated plants by Thai people in Pu Luong NR buffer zone, contributing to the biodiversity conservation of the area. 2. Content 2.1. Materials and methods * Materials This study focused on the medicinal plants and medical recipes using cultivated or semi-cultivated plants by Thai people in Pu Luong NR. * Methods Inheritance method: scientific research, report of Pu Luong Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa; Central and local books and magazines related to medicinal plants and remedies of ethnic Thai in Pu Luong. Method of survey of medicinal plant resources: It is conducted according to the Pharmaceutical Information Processing Procedure of the Institute of Medicinal Materials [3]. Research method of use value of medicinal plants: Determining the healing value of medicinal plants according to Vo Van Chi (2012) [2]. National Methods of Botanical Research by Gary J. Martin [4]: RRA – Rural Rapid Appraisal; PRA – Participatory Rapid/Rural Appraisal. Plant research methods: To assess the diversity of medicinal plant resources, we used Nguyen Nghia Thin's plant research methods [5]. The investigation, collection, processing, storage and preservation of plant specimens must comply with the technical process of making the plant specimens. Analyze specimens, identify scientific names, study materials, compare standard samples, and build a list of medicinal plants based on field surveys in 2016 and references. The specimens of the plants after harvesting will be preliminarily classified in the field, then analyzed, compared and compared to the standard samples and documents. Materials used to classify medicinal plants include [2-7]. 2.2. Results and Discussion 2.2.1. Diversity of medicinal plant species cultivated by Thai people The medicinal plants distributed in various habitats in Pu Luong NR, Thanh Hoa, including forest edges, woodlands, hill sides, karst mountains, stream sides, shrub lands, gardens of which medicinal plants mostly distributed in forest edges, and least found in stream sides [9]. Thai people have cultivated 40 species in their gardens where the environmental condition is quite similar to that in forest edges. Environmental conditions could be adjusted to fit the growth of plants to increase yield and quality. For long-term use, local people have been using both cultivated and natural plant resources properly. This is the basis for the conservation whereas the cultivation could reduce the demand on natural sources. All 40 cultivated species belong to Angiospermae, whereas 28 dicotyledonous species. Nguyen Ha Linh, Tran Thuy Linh and Bui Thi Phuong 102 Table 1. Medicinal plant species cultivated in the garden of Thai people No. Species Genus Family Frequency used in prescription 1 Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Sauropus Euphorbiaceae 7 2 Phyllathus urinaria L. Phyllathus 5 3 Ricinus communis L. Ricinus 5 4 Passiflora foetida L. Passiflora Passifloraceae 1 5 Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Centella Apiaceae 7 6 Polyscias fruticosus (L.) Harms Polyscias Araliaceae 2 7 Eclipta prostrata L. Eclipta Asteraceae 6 8 Sphagneticola calendulacea (L.) Pruski. Sphagneticola 2 9 Artemisia vulgaris L. Artemisia 3 10 Carica papaya L. Carica Caricaceae 3 11 Celosia argentea L. Celosia Amaranthaceae 1 12 Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. Momordica Cucurbitaceae 1 13 Chrysophyllum cainito L. Chrysophyllum Sapotaceae 1 14 Lalab purpureus (L.) Sweet Lablab Fabaceae 1 15 Gardenia jasminoides Ellis Gardenia Rubicaceae 1 16 Plumeria rubra L. Plumeria Apocynaceae 1 17 Plantago major L. Plantago Plantaginaceae 4 18 Psidium guajava L. Psidium Myrtaceae 3 19 Piper lolot C. DC. Piper Piperaceae 2 20 Piper betle L. 2 21 Houttuynia cordata Thunb. Houttuynia Saururaceae 2 22 Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet Ipomoea Convolvulaceae 1 23 Morus australis Poir. Morus Moraceae 1 24 Artocarpus heterophyllus Lamk. Artocarpus 1 25 Elaeagnus latifolia L. Elaeagnus Elaeagnaceae 1 26 Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk. Zizyphus Rhamnaceae 1 27 Citrus limonia Osbeck Citrus Rutaceae 2 28 Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck 1 29 Cordyline fruticose (L.) Goepp Cordyline Dracaenaceae 6 30 Allium tuberosum Rottl. Allium Alliaceae 1 31 Aloe vera L. var. chinensis (Haw.) Berger Aloe Asphodelaceae 1 32 Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Belamcanda Iridaceae 1 33 Musa sapientum L. Musa Musaceae 3 34 Musa sp. 1 35 Curcuma longa L. Curcuma Zingiberaceae 2 The diversity of medicinal plants cultivated in the gardens of Thai people in Pu luong Nature Reserve 103 36 Stachyphrynium placentarium (Lour.) Clausager & Borchs Stachyphrynium Marantaceae 1 37 Areca catechu L. Areca Arecaceae 1 38 Cocos nucifera L. Cocos 1 39 Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook.f. Colocasia Araceae 1 40 Commelina diffusa Burm.f. Commelina Commelinaceae 1 Family diversity: Medicinal plants cultivated in of Thai people's gardens in Pu Luong belong to 31 families. Two families with highest species number are Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae with 3 species each. There are 24 families with 1 medicinal plant species and 5 families with 2 species. Genus diversity: There are 40 medicinal plant species belonging to 37 genera, of which genera Piper, Citrus and Musa, with 3 species, and 34 others with 1 species. There are many medicinal plant species, belonging to various genera and families. The overexploitation of natural distributed medicinal plants could result in the degradation of these species, hence, leading to the lack of plant sources for medicine recipes. The cultivation of medicinal plants, with 40 species of 37 genera in 31 families, in the garden of Thai people, not only maintains the available plant sources for medicine, but also contributes to the conservation of these species. 2.2.2. Traditional medicinal recipes using plants cultivated in the garden of Thai people There are 43 out of the 59 prescriptions of Thai people in the research area, using cultivated medicinal plants. These prescriptions are used for the treatment of many common diseases (Table 2) in the locality, such as urinary diseases, digestive diseases, fever, cold There are 14 medicine recipes whose all ingredients come from cultivated medicinal plants. There are 22 species used in one, 7 species used in 2, and 11 species used in more than 3 medical recipes of the 59 recipes (Table 1). Table 2. Diseases and disorders treated by medicinal plants cultivated in garden of Thai people No. Diseases/Disorders Species* Percentage (%) 1 Urinary diseases (Kidney stones (urolithiasis), Bladder stones, Diuretic) 10 25.0 2 Digestive diseases (Gastropathy, Dysentery, Diarrhoea) 9 22.5 3 Respiratory diseases (Cough, Aasmus, Pharyngitis, Pneumonopathy) 8 20.0 4 Arthropathia, Sprain, Hemarthros 5 12.5 5 Measles 2 5.0 6 Skin diseases ( Sore, oil, Insects burn or urinate) 4 10.0 7 Liver disease(infectious hepatitis, Steatosis, Jaundice) 6 15.0 8 Solving alcohol 1 2.5 9 Saprodontia 1 2.5 Nguyen Ha Linh, Tran Thuy Linh and Bui Thi Phuong 104 10 Agrypnia 1 2.5 11 Antipyretic 2 5.0 12 Cold, Heliosis (get a sunstroke) 7 17.5 13 Podobromidrosis 2 5.0 14 Womanish diseases 7 17.5 15 Growth disorders (Failure to thrive) 7 17.5 * Some plant species were used in several recipes Among 40 cultivated medicinal plants, many are being used as vegetable or ornamental as Tieghemopanax fruticosus; Celosia argentea; Plumeria rubra. This source of plants is very important for local people with low income and difficult living, who belong to the minority group in Pu Luong. Local people can use the cultivated plants for the treatment of many common diseases. 2.2.3. Diversity of plant organs used for medicine There are 40 species cultivated in the garden of Thai people in Pu Luong. Different organs including root, stem, leaf, flower, fruit or whole plant, are used for medicine preparation (Table 3). Table 3. Plant organs used for medicine No. Plant organ Species Percentage (%) 1 Root 5 12.5 2 Stem 7 17.5 3 Leaf 20 50.0 4 Flower 3 7.5 5 Fruit 3 7.5 6 Stem bark 3 7.5 7 Plant extract 1 2.5 8 Storage root 4 10.0 9 Whole plant 7 17.5 Among the organs used, leaf was used more commonly in the medicinal recipes with 20 species (50%). Leaf is the source that can be easily reproduced and using leaf does not significantly affect the growth of plants, hence, does not affect the conservation of these species. However, using root or stem may negatively affect the growth of plants. Plant extract is used least in the medicinal recipes and many plant organs could be used for medicine. 2.2.4. Some medications The survey shows that, in the Pu Luong Nature Reserve in Lung Cao commune, Ba Thuoc district, Thanh Hoa province, Thai people know and use medicinal plants a lot, mainly in the age group of 45 to 70 because they are: traditional medicines should accumulate experience for a long time. Some medications that have a major component from medicinal plants grown in the garden are used extensively. Sore throat: Morus australis Poir. Roots (200 g). Root clean, remove the periderm and take the white bark, pound the white bark and mix it with salt to keep the patient sucked about 5 minutes. Do 2 times a day until completely recovered. The diversity of medicinal plants cultivated in the gardens of Thai people in Pu luong Nature Reserve 105 Cure asthma: Method 1: Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. Leaves (200 g). Wash, roasted until the leaves switch to brown and put it on the ground, then boil in water, drinking every day. Method 2: Allium tuberosum Rottl. Leaves (50 g); Citrus limonia Osbeck Leaves (30 g); Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. Roots (100 g); Ricinus communis L. Leaves (50 g). Wash, roasted until the leaves switch to brown and put it on the ground, then boil in water, drinking every day. Treatment of fatty liver due to excessive consumption of alcohol: Colocasia gigantea (Blume) Hook.f. Leaves (50 g); Carica papaya L. Flowers (30 g); Phyllathus urinaria L. Whole plant (60 g); Mimosa pudica L. Trunks (50 g); Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Trunks (50 g); Centella asiatica (L.) Urban Whole plant (40 g); Costus speciosus Smith. Roots (70 g); Areca catechu L. Pericarp (100 g). Cure gastritis: Curcuma longa L. Rhizome. Crushed and mixed with honey and to knead tablet. Before each meal take 1 tablet. Cure toothache: Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Whole tree (100 g). Get the herbal in the evening, washed and crushed, then put into the toothache. Antipyretic for children: Houttuynia cordata Thunb. trunk (100 g), leaves (100 g). Crushed, filter the liquid, the residue was put on the forehead, navel and anus of the child. Treatment of nausea in pregnant women: Curcuma longa L. Rhizome (200 g). Crushed rhizome and bring dried, then mixed with salt, eat daily. Cure measles: Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Leaves (100 g); Centella asiatica (L.) Urban. Leaves (100 g). After measles appear for 2 - 3 days, crushed leaves of 2 herbal and filter the liquid to drink. Cure pruritus because contact with insects: Piper betle L. Leaves (3 - 5 leaves). Crushed, filtered liquid, applied to pruritus. 3. Conclusion Thai people in Pu Luong, Thanh Hoa have been using 40 angiosperm species cultivated in the garden for medicinal preparation, belonging to 37 genera of 31 families. There are 43 medicinal recipes using cultivated plants for the treatment of various diseases. 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