Vai trò của sản phẩm lưu niệm và quà tặng du lịch trong phát triển du lịch Việt Nam

178 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI THE ROLE OF SOUVENIR PRODUCTS AND TRAVEL GIFTS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SUSTAINABLE TOURISM IN VIETNAM Pham Thi Bich Thuy Hanoi Metropolitan University Abstract: Tourism is emerging as one of the potential economic industries in many countries around the world. In Vietnam, promoting tourism images are questioned with many issues such as the ideas, the content, the methods, etc. for the development. Designing and advertising local souvenirs and travel gifts are the effective methods to promote tourism images in many countries and also in Vietnam. In this article, we point out the role of souvenirs and travel gifts on the sustainable tourism development in Vietnam. In addition, we show experiences on the developing travel-gift products of some countries around the world and raising the reality of Vietnam in the design of souvenir products and travel gifts. The research results contribute to a specific perspective on promoting the image of Vietnam tourism through the designing of souvenir products and special tourist gifts. Keywords: Souvenir product, travel gift, tourism, Vietnam. Email: ptbthuy@daihocthudo.edu.vn Received 14 September 2018 Accepted for publication 10 October 2018 1. INTRODUCTION Today, tourism has become a real need for variety of social strata and tourism which is considered as a free-market economy, bringing significant socio-economic benefits to all countries. In fact, many countries and territories such as Greece, South Africa, Africa, etc. have considered tourism as one of the most effective solutions in the modern economy crisis. In Vietnam, in the last five years, when most industries are plagued by prolonged crisis, tourism is still regarded as the bright spot of the economy. In 2016, tourism in Vietnam has achieved some express goals, with over 10 million international visitors, up 26% over 2015 and doubled compared to 2010, the total incoming from tourists reached VND 417,000 billion. In the first seven months of 2017, the number of international visitors to Vietnam reached 7.25 million increased by 28.8% over the same period. Total revenue from tourists reached nearly VND 307 trillion, an increase of more than 26% over the same period of 2016 [12]. This achievement is significant in the context TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC  SỐ 26/2018 179 of the domestic economy is bleak but. In comparison with the current potential of the industry, tourism is still low. Many localities and destinations across the country have not been exploited to match their potential. According to the WEF in Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017, Vietnam's competitiveness index ranked 67/136 of the economies (rising by eight places). Vietnam's strongest point is the cultural and tourism resources (30th), natural resources (34th), price competitiveness (35th), human resources and labour market (37th, up to 18 places) [11]. Security and safety perception (57th) is also showing Vietnam is an increasingly attractive destination. However, many of Vietnam's indicators are ranked lowly such as: Environmental sustainability (129th), quality of tourism infrastructure (113rd), priority for tourism (101st), Government for tourism (114th) etc. Colors are determined by the relative position of each score in the global distribution of each pillar, taken individually. Table 1. The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Index 2017: Asia and the Pacific [9] Country/ Economy T&T policy and enabling conditions Infrastructure Natural and cultural resources Prioriti- zationof T&T Interna- tional Openness Price Competitive ness Environ- mental Sustaina- bility Air Transport Infrastruc- ture Ground and port infrastruc- ture Tourist Service Infrastruc- ture Natural Resources Cultural Resources & Business Travel EASTERN ASIA AND PACIFIC Japan 5.4 4.4 4.6 4.4 4.6 5.4 5.3 4.3 6.5 Australia 5.1 4.8 3.8 4.5 5.7 3.6 6.1 5.2 5.0 Hong Kong SAR 5.8 3.9 4.2 4.3 5.5 6.4 4.4 3.5 3.0 China 4.8 3.0 5.3 3.2 4.3 4.0 3.2 5.3 6.9 New Zealand 5.6 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.7 3.7 5.7 4.5 2.3 Korea, Rep. 4.6 4.3 4.7 4.2 4.3 5.0 4.6 2.3 4.9 Taiwan, China 4.7 4.2 5.2 4.1 3.5 5.2 4.5 3.4 3.2 Mongolia 4.0 1.9 5.7 3.4 2.2 2.1 2.7 2.7 1.8 Eastern Asia and Pacific Average 5.0 3.9 4.7 4.1 4.4 4.4 4.6 3.9 4.2 180 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI Country/ Economy T&T policy and enabling conditions Infrastructure Natural and cultural resources Prioriti- zationof T&T Interna- tional Openness Price Competitive ness Environ- mental Sustaina- bility Air Transport Infrastruc- ture Ground and port infrastruc- ture Tourist Service Infrastruc- ture Natural Resources Cultural Resources & Business Travel SOUTH-EAST ASIA Singapore 6.0 5.2 4.7 4.3 5.3 6.3 5.4 2.4 3.1 Malaysia 4.7 4.1 6.1 3.5 4.5 4.4 4.7 4.1 2.9 Thailand 5.0 3.8 5.6 3.6 4.6 3.1 5.8 4.9 2.8 Indonesia 5.6 4.3 6.0 3.2 3.8 3.2 3.1 4.7 3.3 Sri Lanka 5.2 3.1 5.6 3.9 2.6 3.9 3.2 4.1 1.6 Vietnam 4.0 3.0 5.3 3.4 2.8 3.1 2.6 4.0 3.0 Philip- pines 4.8 3.4 5.5 3.6 2.7 2.5 3.4 4.0 1.9 Lao PDR 4.7 3.0 5.7 3.8 2.1 2.4 3.5 3.0 1.3 Cambodia 5.1 3.5 5.1 3.3 2.1 2.4 2.9 3.2 1.6 South- East Asia Average 5.0 3.7 5.5 3.6 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.8 2.4 SOUTH ASIA India 3.9 3.7 5.8 3.1 3.9 4.5 2.7 4.4 5.3 Bhutan 5.0 2.9 6.0 4.6 2.7 2.5 2.7 3.5 1.3 Nepal 4.8 2.8 5.6 3.4 2.0 1.9 2.3 4.2 1.3 Pakistan 3.4 2.2 5.4 3.1 2.1 3.0 2.3 2.2 1.9 Bangla- desh 3.2 2.5 4.7 3.4 1.9 3.1 1.9 2.4 1.6 South Asia Average 4.1 2.8 5.5 3.5 2.5 3.0 2.4 3.3 2.3 As compared with those in the ASEAN countries, in 2016 Vietnam spent only about 2.5 million USD to promote national tourism destinations meanwhile Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia spend about 100 million USD for this activity. Malaysia has 35 representative offices abroad, Thailand 28 offices, and Singapore 23 offices. There has been any abroad-representative office of Vietnam found. Thus, to develop tourism sustainably, an urgent and important issue today is to introduce and promote Vietnam to the world. There are many approaches to perform this task. In fact, many countries promote culture and build the image of the country in many areas (such as promotion, economy, society...) by selling souvenir gifts. When visiting a TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC  SỐ 26/2018 181 place, visitors desire to have local products as gifts for the trip. Indirectly, they introduce the local culture of where they visited. Therefore, souvenirs and travel gifts are one of the factors that contribute in the attractiveness of destinations, in visitor retention, in spending incentives and in the effective creation of tourism image in every country. 2. CONTENT 2.1. The role of souvenirs and travel gifts for tourism development The souvenirs and the gifts of tourism, always bring with it the message typical of culture, spirit, custom of the place of production. Visitors will understand the land, people of that region through these gifts. Souvenirs, travel gifts also remind people of their own memories and make the recipients remembering the person who gave them the gift and remembering the feelings they have for each other. Through these gifts, people also know the image, symbol, brand of a business, a locality, or even a nation. Therefore, souvenirs and travel gifts play a very important role in propagating, promoting image and tourism potential of destination. According to S. M. Baker et al. (2006), when visitors come to a place, they are likely to seek tangible reminders of their interactions with that place. Travelers want to "put their hands" on things that give them real travel experiences and prove their appearances there. As a matter of fact, the gift product specifies or actualizes things that otherwise are invisible. Thus, the role of souvenir products is to capture the essence of the special experience and bring the sacred qualities that visitors visit back to their home. In other words, the souvenir is a thumbnail, a memory of the destination, which plays a very important role in the journey of each visitor. The development of destination- specific souvenirs is to contribute to the development and promotion of destination images in the heart of visitors. 2.2. Experience on designing souvenirs and travel gifts in countries around the world The world has long been interested in the role of souvenirs, travel gifts associated with tourism development and offers solutions to develop these products in a unique, outstanding and unique way. For example, when coming to Russia - the land of Aries, certainly tourists desire to bring back Matreshka dolls. Feeling a flip open a shell to see another smaller doll inside makes the owner feel curious. Or the lustrous black lacquer 182 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI trays with colorful flowers are characteristic of Zhostovo, the small village on suburb of Moscow. In Singapore, a new island foundation nation, Merlion Sea Lion is a known-favorite symbol. Japan is famous for Maneki Neko cat. This waving cat symbolizes good luck. So most shops and offices in Japan own cats. This is a gift often purchased by visitors as gifts in the hope of bringing good luck. In addition, other items are popular with the likes of the Samurai sword for self-confidence, Japanese pride or Daruma dolls - a symbol that brings prosperity, luck and strength. Korea is a country that has created a strong brand in developing souvenirs, travel gifts for a wide range of products, crystallizing both traditional values and modern values of science and technology. The traditional products of Korea can be referred such as ginseng, mushroom lichen, seaweed etc. This is known as the “country of ginseng”. So it is no wonder that visitors to Korea always choose ginseng as a precious travel gift. The Harubang statue is the symbol of Jeju Island or the stamp (Dojang). Previously, seals in Korea were used quite commonly in ancient official documents. Today, the stamps are introduced to tourists as interesting souvenirs. In addition to classic products, Korea is known as a high-tech country in the world. There are also products of crystallization of technology and wisdom, great for the whole world. Visitors to the land of kimchi are also extremely interested in electronics such as computers, smart phones, cameras... of famous brands such as Samsung, LG... Korean cosmetics, a wide range of products naturally made, is also one of the most cosmetics in the world. In addition, Korean fashion is also an extremely popular choice of young people with the Hanllyu wave which has been introduced in many countries, many regions in the world. 2.3. Actual development on souvenirs and travel gifts in Vietnam Product design is poor, less cultural imprint According to a survey by the tourism industry in 2010 to the average cost of travel to Vietnam, international tourists spend only about 10-15% for shopping, while Thailand collects up to 50 -55% [10]. In 2014, the spending on the purchase of goods and souvenirs of international visitors to Vietnam has increased to 18.34% [11]. As for data released by the General Statistics Office in 2012, international travelers organizing their own tours to Vietnam have an average stay of 12 days and spend USD 1,268.4 corresponding to about 105 USD per day increasing 10% compared to that of 2009. For international tourists, bookings with travel agencies, apart from an additional tour, the spending cost only 62USD per day increasing 3.6% compared to that of 2 years ago. TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC  SỐ 26/2018 183 These numbers show that the amount of money spent by international visitors in Vietnam is still low. Even considering the inflation factor over the years, the expenditure of tourists is decreasing. Most travel experts said that one of the reasons for this situation is that the souvenir of Vietnam was too poor and lacking in its own characteristics. Therefore, it does not stimulate tourists to shop. If anyone ever travel abroad, most of the national development of tourism seen are the souvenirs bearing with symbol of cultural life which directly known where the gifts are came from. As mentioned, visitors are always interested in wooden dolls Matryoska; Japan is associated with paper fans, traditional Daruma dolls; Malaysia has the Petronas Twin Towers; Singapore has sea lions; France then easily catch sight Effel tower; on any souvenirs of Thailand always have pictures of elephants on gift products... In the meantime, though Vietnam is a rich-culture country and ownership many trade villages, but to find a souvenir bearing its own seal of Vietnam does not really have many options. Many tourists come to Vietnam have the same feeling: souvenir of Vietnam is poor in terms of species, not beautiful in design and look alike. In the North West, all the provinces have bags, wallets, clothing, weaving, clothing emblazoned with the flag of Vietnam, crocheted wear keys etc. In the central region, there certainly will be sea food dried, souvenirs by shells, traditional cake, sesame cake... In the western provinces, in addition to coconut candy, “cakes Pia”, visitors could only choose products made from coconut as the keychains, trays, coconut shells... In the capital metropolitan Hanoi, where the land is considered as a thousand years of culture with hundreds of traditional handicraft villages, there are too many difficulties in designing souvenir featured for tourism. There are many pottery, bamboo and rattan, silk... and there are variety of products have made in China. So visitors are confused what the special products of Hanoi are. Da Nang is one of the good planning and tourism-development provinces. But so far, the most considered product of the city of Han River is still made from Non Nuoc stone. However, most international tourists consider that stone souvenirs are too heavy to be brought home. Souvenir products considered as the most prominent of Vietnam such as pottery, bamboo woven, carved furniture etc. are bulky or fragile, difficult to transport, and no marking compared to many similar countries in the region. Inadequate investment in “gray matter” and finance In recent years, the tourism industry has paid much attention to the design of national and local souvenirs. Since 2009, Vietnam National Administration of Tourism (VNAT)has 184 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI encouraged the key localities to select their souvenir, ensuring both the lightness and the culture of the destinations. In 2012, the Department of Fine Arts, Photography and Exhibitions (Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism) launched the competition and selected designs for promotion of foreign travel. This is the first time to have a contest designed to promote tourism in Vietnam in order to encourage the creativity of artists and artisans. Contest design consists of two types: state-level gifts and popular gifts. The tourism stimulus program launched by VNAT in 2013 also suggested that the Ministry of Industry and Trade coordinate and guide the Department of Industry and Trade in coordinating with the provincial Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism to launch the design competition of gifts and souvenirs to sell to visitors. Since 2014, many localities have organized the design contest for souvenir products to stimulate the tourist spending of tourists to contribute to the promotion of culture and image presentation of local tourism. For example, the Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Vinh Long province organized the contest “Creating Souvenir, Travel Gift” (2017); The Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Hai Duong province has launched the contest “Design souvenir and travel gifts” (2016); Department of Culture, Sports and Tourism of Lang Son launched the contest “Design souvenir for Lang Son tourism” (2015); In Quang Ninh, the Provincial Literature and Arts Association in cooperation with the management of Ha Long Bay opened the workshop to create the souvenir products of Halong Bay Heritage (2014) etc. Especially, in late 2016, Da Nang launched a design competition for souvenir products for APEC 2017. In June, after the evaluation, the organizers decided to select 20 products winning prizes with products such as pottery, wooden products, gilded paintings, stamps, wall clocks, etc. These works are not only for the APEC 2017 Summit, but also for image promotion of Da Nang tourism pictures with international friends. In that view, Hoi An emerges as a bright spot. Up to now, Hoi An has been evaluated as a locality that has done a good job of designing and bringing locally-acclaimed souvenirs to tourism. Typical souvenir item that tourists can pick up in Hoi An is lantern with many designs and models (e.g. cylindrical lantern, flying saucer, jumbo shape, garlic bulb...) and wood carvings of Kim Bong carpentry village with wooden stamps, landscapes or other carved portraits on the bamboo base and the card which is extremely artistic and delicate. Unlike other types of regular cards, this card is special in which when opening the card will shown with colors, real dynamics shapes and life. In addition, embroidery such as tablecloths, pillows, curtains, bed sheets, skirts, dresses, handbags, hats... embroidered with flowers, phoenixes, mountains are very meticulous, subtle, colorful, size-adjustable for the TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC  SỐ 26/2018 185 needs of tourists. High quality silk and bamboo products - tools for Western visitors to discover and experience of the culture of using Vietnamese chopsticks are also served. However, beside several localities that has been quite successful in designing souvenir products, many other localities are still struggling to find a feasible solution, although they are keen to invest in design contests in souvenir products. In discussing this issue, many experts have argued that building souvenir products is not a one-time job, there should be a process, mechanism, and need surveys that localities can find out featured products and suitable for tourists. Souvenirs must meet the tastes of new customers to stimulate shopping. Therefore, it is necessary to study scientifically what each client needs on the basis of craft villages and resources of each locality. Each locality should pay attention to the proper investment in souvenirs both in terms of "gray matter" and in term of financial resources. We can not keep up the habit of copying and eating ready-to-eat products. Since this makes souvenirs that never meet the essentials, the uniqueness and the local identity. The rampant infiltration of Chinese goods Besides difficulties from the internal factors, the external ones also impact not less on the ability to develop and to compete with Vietnamese souvenirs. Although these are items sold on everywhere in the homeland of the Vietnamese, but the goods “made in Vietnam” is far more difficult to find than the goods labeled “made in China”. Observing the major cities with develop tourism will find this problem very clear. For example, in the streets selling big souvenirs such as Ma May, Hang Bac, Hang Trong, Dong Xuan market... in Hanoi, Chinese souvenirs are available in most shops. As before, Chinese goods with simple such as wooden display, porcelain, accessories such as tie, scarf...,China produces lacquer handicrafts and art products as of Vietnam.The shopkeepers instead of importing Vietnamese goods from the traditional craft villages now choose to import Chinese goods, which are more diverse and cheaper. Coming to Van Phuc silk village, Ha Dong is well known for its silk products, a destination that attracts international visitors when arrived in Hanoi. However, it is now overwhelmed with Chinese goods. Original silk and silk production facilities in Van Phuc now are few. Many families of silk weaving traditions have abandoned traditional career to trade. For a simple reason, it can not compete with cheap and diversified Chinese goods. In many other tourism destinations of Vietnam such as there are the same phenomenon. We can easily see Chinese goods with variety of designs and models everywhere while it is difficult to find good Vietnamese souvenir products. 2.4. Some solutions to build souvenir products and travel gifts Travel souvenirs and gifts are of great economic and spiritual value, creating jobs for local residents, and increasing revenue for the economy. They will promote the image of 186 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI people, land and cultural identity of the destination. To achieve such goals, the tourism industry, in general, each locality particularly needs to study and implement solutions to stimulate the demand of the production of these products. - To restore and preserve traditional craft villages, supporting research and development of models and improving product quality in craft villages; conduct research contests and developing special models basing on traditional products to assist people in creating and designing new products; restore and adjust some traditional models such that they look professional and also suitable for the tastes of visitors to serve tourism. - To encourage and create conditions on capital and procedures for production establishments, cooperatives, and enterprises engaged in producing and trading tourist souvenir products such as lending capital to banks with interest as preferential rates, preferential tax rates or tax exemptions in the early years. - For artisans, it is needed to issue policies such as the award of titles, certificates of merit, even health insurance, living allowance, study, training, exchanging and learning at trade fairs, exhibitions including domestic and international facts. In addition, all conditions to attract and encourage them in preserving, imparting and vocational training for the young generation also need to be provided. - To issue policies on product protection, protection of trademarks, designs, materials, inventions and innovations. Besides, it must be considered not only to protect the design but also to protect the material. Because the material contributes to make high quality products. - To restrict imports of foreign souvenirs and control the entry of Chinese souvenirs by, for example, reducing the duty free market, administering import licenses for souvenir items, controlling smuggled goods, tax evasion, especially in border areas. - To organize effectively the design contest souvenirs of Vietnam for each locality, tourist region by relying on the basis of thorough research on the tastes of tourists, on the requirements of travel souvenirs about size, weight, material, storage capacity, transportation etc. and on the price policy for each type of product created. - To investigate and study the tastes and trends of shopping souvenir products of domestic and international tourists to know their psychology, hobbies and cultural habits. For example, American and Latino visitors desire souvenir products that are artistic and feature a cultural identity of the destination; European guests, especially French guests, tend to prefer picturesque gifts, pictures, postcards; Or British visitors generally prefer products of moderate value since they do not offer high value gifts because they can be TẠP CHÍ KHOA HỌC  SỐ 26/2018 187 misunderstood as bribes. From the results of these studies, new product designs are tailored to each type of visitor. 3. CONCLUSION Vietnam is a land of many gold forest, silver sea, natural tourism resources as well as rich socio-cultural diversity. Tourism is also one of the bright spots in the overall economic picture of the country. And it is also an economic sector that is invested and concentrated the resources for development by the state. The value of travel gifts, souvenirs for tourism as well as for the local economy has been confirmed. And developing this kind of merchandise is one of the methods to increase the revenue of the tourism industry in term of increasing visitor spending at the destination. At the same time, it is also an useful promotion channel for the country, and Vietnamese people in general, and each area on the land of thousand years of civilization in particular. REFERENCES 1. S. M. Baker, Susan Schultz Kleine and Heather E. Bowen (2006), “On the symbolic meanings of souvenirs for children”, - Research in Consumer Behavior 10, pp.213-252. 2. Reena Ibadat (2016), “The economics of souvenir sales and their role in tourism: a case study of Bari Imam”, - Pakistan institude of development economics. 3. Stacey Menzel Baker, Susan Schultz Kleine and Heather E.Bowen (2006), “On the symbolic meanings of souvenirs for children”, - Research in Consumer Behavior, Volume 10, pp.213- 252. 4. Wikins, Hugh (2011), “Souvenirs: What and Why we buy”, - Journal of Travel research. 5. Janifer ak Lunyai, Ernest Cyril de Run, Azuriaty Atang (2008), “Why tourists purchase souvenirs?”, - International Business Conference. 6. Trần Thị Mai An (2014), “Sản phẩm lưu niệm và quà tặng du lịch tại thành phố Đà Nẵng: Những thực tiễn khả quan”, - Tạp chí Kinh tế - Xã hội Đà Nẵng. 7. Nguyễn Thị Mai Phương (2013), “Nghiên cứu phát triển sản phẩm quà lưu niệm phục vụ khách du lịch ở Hạ Long”, Luận văn Thạc sĩ ngành Du lịch học, - Trường Đại học Khoa học Xã hội và Nhân văn. 8. 9. World economic forum, The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017, 22. 10. 11. 12. 12. te/141337.html. 188 TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC THỦ ĐÔ HÀ NỘI VAI TRÒ CỦA SẢN PHẨM LƯU NIỆM VÀ QUÀ TẶNG DU LỊCH TRONG PHÁT TRIỂN DU LỊCH VIỆT NAM Tóm tắt: Du lịch đang thực sự trở thành một ngành kinh tế hấp dẫn đối với nhiều quốc gia trên thế giới trong đó có Việt Nam. Quảng bá hình ảnh du lịch đang đặt ra với nhiều vấn đề cần được quan tâm như ý tưởng, nội dung, cách thức tiến hành Trong đó, phát triển sản phẩm lưu niệm, quà tặng du lịch đang là một trong những hình thức quảng bá du lịch hiệu quả ở nhiều quốc gia, và Việt Nam cũng không phải là ngoại lệ. Bài viết đã chỉ ra vai trò của sản phẩm lưu niệm, quà tặng du lịch đối với phát triển du lịch, một số kinh nghiệm phát triển sản phẩm quà tặng du lịch của các quốc gia trên thế giới, đồng thời nêu lên thực tế phát triển sản phẩm lưu niệm và quà tặng du lịch ở Việt Nam. Từ đó, đề xuất một số ý kiến nhằm khắc phục những tồn tại và phát huy hiệu quả tiềm năng, thế mạnh này của quốc gia. Các kết quả nghiên cứu đã góp phần thực hiện mục tiêu phát triển du lịch bền vững ở các địa phương có tài nguyên du lịch; đồng thời có ý nghĩa quan trọng đối với hoạt động xúc tiến, quảng bá hình ảnh du lịch Việt Nam. Từ khóa: Sản phẩm lưu niệm, quà tặng du lịch, du lịch, Việt Nam.