Y khoa, dược - Spotlight on obesity and weight management

Spotlight on Obesity and Weight ManagementObesity as a Behavioral ProblemPeople respond differently to different strategies and different situationsObesity rates in the U.S. have increased dramatically in the past three decadesAdultsChildrenFactors in the Development of ObesityBiological FactorsFat Cell DevelopmentHypercellular obesityHypertrophic obesityHyperplastic obesityBiological FactorsSex and AgeRace and EthnicityFactors in the Development of ObesitySocial and Environmental FactorsSocioeconomic StatusFood insecurityLevel of educationEnvironmentWhere you liveBuild environmentFactors in the Development of ObesityLifestyle and Behavior FactorsHow Often Do You Eat Out?Our Social NetworksFactors in the Development of ObesitySocial and environmental Factors Lack of Physical ActivityPsychological FactorsEmotional EatingRestrained eatersBinge eatersFactors in the Development of ObesityChildhood OverweightLet’s Move!Childhood and Teenage Obesity: “The First Generation That Does Not Outlive Its Parents”Health Risks of Overweight and ObesityHypertensionHeart disease and strokeDiabetesCancerSleep apneaOsteoarthritisGoutGallbladder diseaseObesity Is a Preventable National CrisisAcceptable methods for weight loss and managementDietary interventions, physical activity, behavior and environmental modifications, surgical and pharmacological treatmentsWeight ManagementThe Perception of WeightLinked to popular cultureStandards have changed with time, with thinness increasingly valuedWeight ManagementWhat Goals Should I Set?Focus on living a lifestyle that includesEating moderate amounts of healthful foodsGetting plenty of exerciseThinking positivelyLearning to cope with stressWeight ManagementAdopting a Healthy Weight-Management LifestylePermanent healthy behaviors needed for long-term weight management lifestyleWeight ManagementDiet and Eating HabitsTotal CaloriesLose weight by consuming fewer calories than you expendCrash Diets Don’t WorkBalancing Energy Sources: FatReducing fat can limit total caloriesWeight ManagementDiet and Eating HabitsBalancing Energy Sources: CarbohydratesProvide important nutrientsBut watch portion sizes and limit high-fat accompanimentsBalancing Energy Sources: ProteinHigh-protein diets typically restrict types of foods consumed, which is true source of any weight lossWeight ManagementDiet and Eating HabitsEating HabitsDon’t skip meals—eat regularly“Everything in moderation”Weight ManagementPhysical ActivityVital component of weight managementDiscourages overeating by reducing stressRegular exercise of moderate intensity provides substantial health benefitsWeight ManagementThinking and EmotionsNegative emotions can undermine healthy lifestylePositive self-talk is encouragedWeight ManagementThinking and EmotionsStress ManagementABC model of behaviorWeight ManagementThinking and EmotionsBalancing Acceptance and ChangeSelf-acceptance necessarySelf-acceptance ≠ complacencyWeight ManagementWeight-Management ApproachesSelf-Help Books and ManualsMeal ReplacementsSelf-Help GroupsCommercial ProgramsProfessional Private CounselorsFood and Drug Administration-Approved Weight-Loss MedicationsWeight ManagementWeight-Management ApproachesOver-the-Counter Drugs and Dietary Supplements Used for Weight LossSurgeryUnderweightDiverse CausesAltered response to hunger and appetiteFactors in eating disordersMetabolic and hereditary factorsPsychological and emotional stressAddiction to alcohol and street drugsBizarre diet patternsUnderweightWeight-Gain StrategiesHave small, frequent mealsDrink fluids at the end of the mealTry high-calorie weight-gain beverages and foodsUse timers or other cues to prompt eatingTake a balanced vitamin/mineral supplement