Âm nhạc - Chapter 6: Jazz tenth edition

JazzTenth EditionChapter 6PowerPointbySharon Ann Toman, 2004Beginning of the Swing EraName given to the era that follows the boogie-woogie In general, refers to the music of large-dance bands that played written arrangements2Chapter 6 - SwingBeginning of the Swing EraSwing did not “swing” but ratherInvolved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty balladsBallad: is a simple song, usually romantic in nature and uses the same melody for each stanza3Chapter 6 - SwingBeginning of the Swing EraSome listeners feel that all Swing bands sound alikebut band leaders wanted to be distinguished like:Tommy Dorsey: played with a beautiful tone and control on the tromboneGlenn Miller: used a clarinet over his saxophone for identification4Chapter 6 - SwingBeginning of the Swing EraSwing bands adopted a consistent instrumentation that remained fairly stable – four sections each:Saxophone section-two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophoneTrumpet section-four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes and eventually the second player for most of the jazz solosTrombone section-four trombones; later a fifth bass trombone was often addedRhythm section-one drummer, one bass player (string bass), one piano player, and one guitar player5Chapter 6 - SwingJazz ArrangementsThe general procedure in the creation of a swing jazz arrangement was:Write a score that has specific notes for each instrument to play in every measureIndicate measures for solo improvisationMusical notations with the desired soundsShort, repeated refrains or phrases, or riffs, are common in jazz6Chapter 6 - SwingFletcher Henderson (1897-1952)Credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements which consists of:Independent use of trumpet, trombone, saxophone, and rhythm section, with use of soloistA pianist and excellent arrangerWrote most of the musical arrangements that helped launch the success of Benny Goodman’s orchestra7Chapter 6 - SwingFletcher Henderson (1897-1952)Henderson’s arrangements used:1. tighter harmonic control2. less emphasis on improvisation3. control use of polyphony8Chapter 6 - SwingNew YorkNew York was an important geographic area for the developments leading toward the swing style of jazz and important names like:Chick WebbJimmie LuncefordDuke Ellington9Chapter 6 - SwingChick Webb (1909-1939)Admired drummer for his forceful sense of:SwingAccurate techniqueControl of dynamicsBreaks and fillsCouldn’t read music.but memorize the arrangementsWould conduct his band from his drum setElla Fitzgerald contributed to Webb’s bands success in NYC10Chapter 6 - SwingJimmie Lunceford (1902-1947)Alto sax player/band arrangerGraduated from Fisk University (BMus1926)Taught music at Manassas High School, Memphis – in 1927 organized a student jazz band and released its first recording in 1930This band emphasized correct technique and accurate playing11Chapter 6 - SwingDuke Ellington (1899-1974)Proved that orchestrating jazz was an art of the highest levelHis music was a combination of solo and ensemble playingThe Ellington orchestra was always made up of the individual talents of his playersThis is one of important aspects of the Ellington band which allowed individuals to retain their own identities and to expand and explore their own directions12Chapter 6 - SwingKansas CityKansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938Political organization called: Pendergast MachineEncouraged nightclub atmosphereEmployment and opportunities for jazz musician aroseKansas City became a jazz mecca13Chapter 6 - SwingMary Lou Williams (1910-1981)1st woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz bandConsidered one of the great jazz pianistsOne of the greatest performers from Kansas CityArranged music for dozens of leading swing bands like:Duke EllingtonDizzy GillespieBenny Goodman14Chapter 6 - SwingCount Basie (1904-1984)Outstanding represents the big band stylePianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comediansBand leader/arrangerTraveled throughout Europe and Japan during the 1950s and 1960sCount Basie’s music contains:Moving rhythmsEconomic piano style (less is better than more)Relaxed swing sound15Chapter 6 - SwingSouthwest Bands – Early BasieSouthwest bands offered a different solution to big-band improvisational structuresRecognized individual arrangersPlayers contributed themselvesLooser compositional structureFocus shifted away from the arranger and toward the improvising performer16Chapter 6 - SwingSwing Becomes AcceptedThe depression(1929) found the music business suddenly failingOnly hotel-type bands (Guy Lombardo) and better jazz players (Benny Goodman) survivedSwing was really established around 1929 with its 1st recording - “Casa Loma Stomp” in 193017Chapter 6 - SwingSwing Becomes AcceptedUpsurge in dancingRepeal of the Volstead Act in 1933 This law prohibited the manufacture, transportation and sale of beverages Social life changed and large ballrooms were needed for the thousands who wanted to dance every night and large bands seemed to be the answer to the dance halls18Chapter 6 - SwingSwing Becomes AcceptedSwing bands produced a fuller sound than that of the Dixieland bandsSwing bands used 2 or 3 times as many players compared to Dixieland bandsSwing band’s music was more organized in homophony – creating sounds more organized19Chapter 6 - SwingSwing Becomes AcceptedSwing bands returned to the use of a flat-four rhythmSwing bands used block chords (chords with many notes moving in parallel motion)20Chapter 6 - SwingPaul Whiteman (1890-1967)Called “King of Jazz” because:He sought after talented top names for his band like: Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey, and othersHis 1st band was started in San Francisco(1918)His fame spread into the 1920s21Chapter 6 - SwingPaul Whiteman (1890-1967)“The King of Jazz” was the 1st film in technicolor (1st musical/film had no story, 1930)Increased the size of his band into nearly symphonic proportionHis popularity never ceased22Chapter 6 - SwingThe Swing BandsBy the late 1930s, prosperity was returning, and records and radio were extremely helpful in publicizing jazzThe 1st jazz concert took place in 1936 in NYC – it was called a “Swing Music Concert”Benny Goodman jazz concerts were presented for the 1st time at Carnegie Hall in NYC (1938)23Chapter 6 - SwingThe Swing BandsDorsey Bros. started with a large-band version of Dixieland with singer Bob CrosbyCrosby developed his own bandLaterthe public decided that the most popular of all swing bands was Glenn Miller24Chapter 6 - SwingGlenn Miller (1904-1944)Brilliant arrangerOutstanding businessmanFine trombone playerWent in debt to start his bandbut within 2 years was a millionaireBand works the best jobs and recorded oftenHad a radio programMade motion pictures25Chapter 6 - SwingThe Swing BandsVery important to the development of the “Swing Bands” were:Role of composer/arrangerExcellent style setting musicians26Chapter 6 - SwingBenny Goodman (1909-1986)Superior clarinetistAppearing on stage by age of 12He joined Ben Pollack’s band and made 1st his recordingGoodman's band was the 1st to integrated black and white musiciansHe was important in making it possible for jazz musicians to earn a decent wage27Chapter 6 - SwingBenny Goodman (1909-1986)His clarinet playing was a combination of great wit, precise musicianship, beautiful subtleties, and never-ending swingToured in many parts of the worldAlso was commissioned and recorded classical compositionsHis band became the 1st swing band to play a concert in Carnegie Hall (1938)28Chapter 6 - SwingColeman Hawkins (1904-1969)1st great saxophonist of JazzMade his 1st recording with Fletcher HendersonSax playing is known for his full tone, flowing lines, and heavy vibratoPerformed throughout England and EuropeMost famous recording (“Body and Soul”) was made in 1939 and is know for its continuous smooth sound29Chapter 6 - SwingLester Young (1909-1959)Tenor saxophonistHad a different approach than Hawkins’ Used a lighter toneStudied violin, trumpet and drumsToured with Count Basie, and many other famous Swing bandsExcellent sense for melodyRecorded many solos with the Count Basie band30Chapter 6 - SwingSwing CombosMost large bands also had a small group of better jazz playersThe smaller group would play during intermissions of the larger band31Chapter 6 - SwingThe Demise of SwingAs a result of the military draft and problems of transportation.the swing era ended quicklyWould only get jobs that were 1 night stands and would experience a financial lossThe emergence of rock and roll captures the media and the world32Chapter 6 - SwingBig Band LegacyConsists of carefully composed arrangements that hold many players togetherSuccessful bands had identifiable leaders who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements33Chapter 6 - SwingBig Band LegacyAs a result of nostalgia for the big band style it has kept that style alive todaystyles like the Miller and Dorsey bandsWhen new arrangements are written, they are usually in the same style/trademarks as the original bandCritics and historians refer to these groups as “ghost bands” because of the absence of their leaders and new personnel34Chapter 6 - SwingTransition BandsBands that performed in the 1920s, 1930s, or 1940s performed successfully in the 1970s and 1980sLike: Duke Ellington, Count Basie, Woody Herman and etc.35Chapter 6 - SwingContemporary Large BandsBig bands of today are not all from an earlier timeMany of these bands may play and show a new and very individualized styleBut many of them maintain a close tie to the swinging style of the Basie and Herman bands36Chapter 6 - SwingContemporary Large BandsDon Ellis:Influenced by music from IndiaRagaEastern rhythms Use of usual metersAdvanced rhythmic techniquesExcellent trumpet player and drummer37Chapter 6 - SwingContemporary Large BandsMaria Schneider:Assistant to Gil EvansWrote for Woody Herman and Mel LewisConducted jazz orchestras around the world38Chapter 6 - SwingSwing SingersBillie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald:Their singing styles are uniquely differentTheir singing helped shape the definition of the pure jazz singerBoth came to the popular forefront during the swing eraSarah Vaughan:Pianist and vocalistInfluenced many singers39Chapter 6 - Swing