Bài giảng Dẫn đường và quản lý không lưu - Chương 2 - Hà Duyên Trung

DẪN ĐƯỜNG VÀ QUẢN LÝ KHÔNG LƯU Navigation and Air Traffic Management TS. Hà Duyên Trung Bộ môn Điện tử Hàng không Vũ trụ Trường Đại Bách Khoa Hà Nội Viện Điện tử - Viễn thông 1 Nội dung • Cơ sở lý thuyết – Cơ sở lý thuyết dẫn đường – Quản lý không lưu ATM – Các tham số xác định vị trí. • Các phương pháp dẫn đường – Phương pháp dẫn đường thời gian, pha, biên độ, tần số, tương quan... • Các phương pháp dẫn đường trong hàng không – Giới thiệu chung về điện tử hàng không CNS – Hoạt động tại cảng sân bay – Quản lý vùng không lưu – Huấn luyện và quản lý không lưu 2 Content Introduction 1 CNS Systems 2 Air Traffic Management 3 4 Development trends 3 Introduction Vietnam is soon expected to take off as the fourth largest aviation market in Southeast Asia ( US Department of Commerce Vietnam: Aviation Sector , 2007) 4 Introduction Map 1 - Vietnam’s Airport Network Source: Saigon Times Weekly- 2005 Vietnam is soon expected to take off as the fourth largest aviation market in Southeast Asia 5 9.57 9.40 12.00 14.00 16.30 18.75 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Passengers in million Year Airport Through-put Passengers Introduction As of August 2008, VNA and VASCO, a subsidiary of VNA operating short haul domestic flights, operate a fleet of 48 airplanes with an additional fourteen on order 6 Total Airport Through-Put Passengers in 2006: 16.3 million a 16.42% year-on-year increase 54% 13% 33% SAA MAA NAA 4.00 4.05 5.04 6.03 6.80 7.60 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Passengers in million Year Air Passengers Transported Introduction Airport Through-put Passengers in Vietnam in the period 2002-2007 Southern Airports Authority - SAA, Middle Airports Authority - MAA, Northern Airports Authority - NAA 7 Major Airlines in Vietnam • Vietnam Airlines (VNA) and VASCO • Jetstar Pacific Airlines (PA) • Indochina Airlines Company • VietJet Aviation (VietJetAir) Joint Stock Company • Air Mekong • Vietnam Aircraft Leasing Company • Other Foreign Airlines from 20 countries 8 Major Airlines in Vietnam • Vietnam Airlines (VNA) and VASCO • 48 airplanes with an additional fourteen on order. (August 2008) • The average age of the VNA fleet is 8 years • Expecting to reach 104 and 150 modern aircraft in 2015 and 2020, respectively. • Jetstar Pacific Airlines (PA) • 5 Boeing 737 - 400 aircraft • Moving to Airbus A320-200 • Expecting to add up to 30 Airbus aircraft. • By 2014 Jetstar Pacific’s network will cover most countries in Asia • Indochina Airline • Launching its first commercial flight on November 25, 2008 • As of November 2008, the airline has 2 leased Boeing 737-800 aircraft. • Vietjet Aviation Joint Stock Company • Initially lease three Boeing 737s or Airbus A320s (in 2009) • operating domestic flights from/to Hanoi, HCMC, Danang 9 Vietnam Airlines Fleet as of March 2007 Types Total Passengers (Business or Economy) Routes Notes ATR 72-200 6 65 (0/65) Domestic routes ATR 72-500 4 65 (0/65) Domestic routes and Cambodia, Laos Airbus A320-200 10 162 (0/162) Domestic and Regional routes Vietnam and China Airbus A321-200 10 (7 orders) 184 (16/168) Domestic and Regional routes delivery between 2007, 2009 Airbus A330-300 1 2 320 (36/284) 266 (24/242) Regional and Long haul routes China/Hong Kong/Japan/South Korea /Malaysia/Singapore/Thailand/Poland Boeing 777- 200ER 4 4 1 1 307 (25/282) 338 (32/306) 325 (35/290) 295 (12/283) Domestic and Long haul routes Ha Noi, Da Nang and Frankfurt / Moscow / Paris /Melbourne / Sydney Boeing 787-800 0 (4 orders) delivery in 2009 Fokker 70 2 79 (0/79) Domestic routes 45 10 Pacific Airlines (PA) • Pacific Airlines, the second largest air carrier in Vietnam, was established in 1991 and started operations in 1992 with VNA as the major shareholder (86.49%). It is the first joint stock airline formed in Vietnam following changes in the law to allow foreign investment in the country's airlines • All of VNA's shares in the company were then transferred to the Ministry of Finance (MoF) and thereafter to the State Capital Investment Corporation (SCIC), a state owned company under MoF, for business and ownership restructuring. • PA has officially become the first budget air carrier in Vietnam. PA is the only Vietnamese ticketless airline offering 100% e- ticketing and online credit card payment via its website, as well as 24/7 telephone reservation services to customers. • PA’s fleet includes three leased Boeing 737-400s and one Airbus A320-200s 11 Other Foreign Airlines • In addition, there are as many as 35 airlines operating frequent international flights to Vietnam as of May 2007. Industry experts expect that about another 30 air carriers will enter the Vietnam market over the next ten years. 12 Aircraft Maintenance Centers of VNA • VNA owns and operates two major commercial maintenance centers, namely A75 in HCMC and A76 in Hanoi, which independently perform both daily and periodical checks and maintenance according to JAR/VAR-145 standards. • A75 mainly focuses on Boeing aircraft while the center in Hanoi concentrates on Airbus airliners. • At present, A75 and A76 can carry out maintenance services at the following levels: Dcheck (F70 and ATR72), A320 (8C-10Ycheck), B767 (Acheck), and B777 (2Ccheck). 13 Aircraft Maintenance Centers of VNA • In addition, VNA also seeks to establish a joint venture with a foreign company to provide aircraft maintenance, repair, and overhaul services to VNA’s fleet and other international carriers. • Due to its current limited maintenance and overhaul capabilities, VNA still has to send its aircraft for maintenance and overhaul by Air France, AMECO of China, China Airlines, Evergreen Aviation Technologies, GAMECO, Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Co, Lufthansa AERO, MTU Maintenance Hanover, Royal Brunei Airlines, Safe Air of New Zealand, or TAT Industries of France. • VNA also receives technical and maintenance assistance from Region Air of Singapore and Park Aviation of Ireland. 14 Pilot Training • According to the Director General of the Association of Asia Pacific Airlines, a trade association of Asian-based airlines, Vietnam’s aviation industry lacks experience in the realm of pilot and crew training. VNA, however, is effecting continual improvements in this field. • Transportation of dangerous goods, cabin crew training, crew resource management (CRM) and pilot training are all safety- enhancing programs taught to airline personnel. New Vietnamese pilots are assigned as Western-type aircraft co- pilots. 15 Pilot Training • Most ATR captains and co-pilots are Vietnamese. Currently, Airbus captains and co-pilots are approximately one-third foreign and two-thirds Vietnamese citizens. All Fokker flight crews are Vietnamese, but instructors and check pilots are expatriates. Most Boeing flight crews are Vietnamese, and about 1/3 are foreign. • Only 40 percent of VNA’s aircraft are captained by Vietnamese citizens, all of whom are required to attend training programs abroad. It is estimated that about 50 VNA pilots are trained overseas annually mainly in Australia, France and Germany. On October 30, 2006, the Minster of Transport issued Decision 2321/QD-BGTVT to establish the Vietnamese Aviation Academy (VAA) based on the previously existing Aviation School. One of VAA’s priorities in the future is to devise a professional pilot training program to serve domestic airlines. 16 CNS/ATM systems in Vietnam 17 Air Traffic Management VATM Functional Divisions NORATS MIRATS ATC&C ATTECH SORATS VATM Vietnam Air Traffic Management NORATS: Northern Region Air Traffic Services MIRATS: Middle Region Air Traffic Services SORATS: Southern Region Air Traffic Services ATC&C: Air Traffic Command and Coordination ATTECH: Air Traffic Technical Services Center 18 Air Traffic Management NORATS, MIRATS, and SORATS are in charge of the air traffic in their respective regions while the ATCOC is responsible for coordinating the activities among these three operations together with a separate military ATM operation commanded by the Vietnam Air Force under the Ministry of Defense. 19 Air Traffic Management  Instrument Landing System (ILS) monitoring  Airfield Lighting Control & Monitoring Panel  Weather Radar Scope  Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network Terminal 20 Vietnam ATS Fast Facts • ACC’s: 2 (Hanoi and HCM) • Approach Controls: 3 (Hanoi, HCM, and Da Nang) • Control Towers: 21 • International Airports: 4 (Noi Bai, Tan Son Nhat, Da Nang, and Phu Bai) • Domestic Airports: 20 (Three more domestic airports are approved for the operation in the coming time) • International ATS Routes: 26 • National ATS Routes: 25 21 (1) Hanoi ACC • Hanoi ACC (HAN ACC) is located in the NORATS headquarter building in Noi Bai Airport. The number of aircrafts handled in air traffic control is as follows: 22 Amount of Handling for Air Traffic Control in Hanoi ACC (1) Hanoi ACC 23 Hanoi ACC Room ACC Room • Currently the ACC is located at Noi Bai International Airport. • The New Hanoi ACC, when constructed, will be located at or near the Gia Lam Airport (construction completion within 5-years) (2) Noi Bai Approach • Noi Bai Approach Control coverage is a space, whose horizontal limit is 75km (40NM) in radius with the DVOR/DME NBA as its center, and whose altitude limit is from 750m (2500ft) to 4700m (15500ft), excluding areas of responsibility of the control towers at Gia Lam, Hoa Lac, Kep, Kien An, and Noi Bai airports. • The Terminal radar control area of Noi Bai Approach is composed of one sector and handles approximately 12-15 operations per hour at the maximum. 24 (2) Noi Bai Approach • The Noi Bai Approach facility is located on the second floor of the Noi Bai Control Tower building. The Approach Control Office, an area of about 60 m2, is equipped with two banks of Approach Control consoles with a supervisor desk. The equipment was installed during a project titled Hanoi FIR Surveillance Work completed in July 2001. 25 (2) Noi Bai Approach • Noi Bai Approach Control unit coordinates with the following bodies: • Hanoi Area Control Center (ACC) • Noi Bai ATC Tower • E-921 (Noi Bai Airport) • E-916 (Hoa Lac Airport) • E-918 (Gia Lam Airport) • E-927 (Kep Airport) • Zone-1 ATM & Control Center (F371) 26 (2) Noi Bai Approach • Approach Controller Working Position (installation 2001) • APP with coordination 2 positions • Supervisor 1 position • AFTN terminal (installation 2001) 27 Noi Bai Approach Control Room (3) Noi Bai Tower • Tower Controller Working Positions – General: – Local Control Position – Data/Coordinator Position – Clearance Delivery Controller Position (frequently combined with Ground Control Position). This position was also referred to as Hot-Standby Position. – Ground Control Position 28 (3) Noi Bai Tower • Tower Controller Functionality: – Military Control Position (not used) – Instrument Landing System (ILS) Monitor – Airfield Lighting Control & Monitoring Panel – Weather Radar Display (not integrated or data-sharing with Control Radar) – Aeronautical Fixed Terminal Network (AFTN) Terminal – Runway Visual Range (RVR) – During Military Operations, Tower Controllers relocate to Military Control Tower on opposite side of Airfield for their ATC Controlling duties. 29 (3) Noi Bai Tower • As of 2012 30 Noi Bai Airport Diagram 31 (4) Ho Chi Minh ACC • Ho Chi Minh ACC is located in the SORATS headquarter building near the Tan Son Nhat Airport. The number of aircrafts handled in air traffic control is as follows: 32 (4) Ho Chi Minh ACC HCM ACC Fast Facts: • Operated: since 2006 (beginning 1990) • Located at: 22, Tran Quoc Hoan Street, Tan Son Nhat Intl Airport, Ho Chi Minh City • Responsibilities Area: HCM FIR • Sectors: 5 Sectors • Adjacent ACCs: SIN, KUL, MNL, BKK, VTE, PHN, SANNYA, HAN 33 (4) Ho Chi Minh ACC • Ho Chi Minh ACC control area is divided into 5 sectors. The area control of Ho Chi Minh ACC is performed based on the radar data collected from four secondary surveillance radars (SSR) which are installed at Tan Son Nhat airport, Qui Nhon, Da Nan, and Ca Mau. • The new ATM system of Ho Chi Minh ACC is managing ADS- C/CPDLC on oceanic routes of the South China Sea in the Ho Chi Minh FIR as official operation from April 2008. • The Tan Son Nhat approach control functions have been located in ACC room and SORATS is planning to divide the Approach Control Sector up from one to two Sectors due to increasing departure and approach traffic. In such case, it will be necessary to increase the allocation of HR resource controllers to these new positions. 34 (5) Tan Son Nhat Tower • The Tower Local Control and Ground Control functions at Tan Son Nhat Airport are performed in the control tower VFR room which was constructed by the US military during the 1970s. • SORATS is planning to reorganize the Approach Control sectors from one sector into two sectors to cope with the increasing departure and approach traffic. Thus, in the future, it will be necessary to increase or maximize the number and efficiency of the ATC Controllers allocated in these facilities. 35 (5) Tan Son Nhat Tower Tower Controller Working Positions - General • Local Control Position • Data/Coordinator Position • Clearance Delivery Controller Position (frequently combined with Ground Control Position). This position was also referred to as Hot-Standby Position. • Ground Control Position 36 (5) Tan Son Nhat Tower Tower Controller Functionality • Military Control Position • Instrument Landing System (ILS) Monitor • Airfield Lighting Control & Monitoring Panel • Weather Radar Scope (not integrated or data-sharing with Control Radar) • Aeronautical Fixed Terminal Network (AFTN) Terminal The peak periods of air traffic (for control towers or radar) are between 09:00 and 10:30 and between 15:30 and 16:30. The total flight operations on a typical day are 300 operations and 400 overflight/transient operations per day. There are five ACC sectors of airspace in the Ho Chi Minh FIR. There is a fully controlled airspace (no VFR aircrafts are allowed to fly without control/communications with ATC). A complete flight plan must be filed (although some aircrafts change their intentions and then need a flight plan filed by ACC/APP/TWR). 37 Tan Son Nhat Airport Diagram 38 (6) Da Nang APP/TWR • Tower Controller Working Positions – General – Local Control Position – Data/Coordinator Position – Clearance Delivery Controller Position (frequently combined with Ground Control Position). This position was also referred to as Hot-Standby Position. – Ground Control Position 39 (6) Da Nang APP/TWR • Tower Controller Functionality – Military Control Position – Instrument Landing System (ILS) Monitor – Airfield Lighting Control & Monitoring Panel – Weather Radar Scope (not integrated or data-sharing with Control Radar) – Aeronautical Fixed Terminal Network (AFTN) Terminal 40 41 Da Nang Airport Diagram Air Traffic Management • Vietnam’s flight information region (FIR) is divided into two areas, namely Hanoi and HCMC. At present, VATM covers FIR Hanoi and HCMC with two area control centers (located in Hanoi and HCMC), three approach control centers (in Hanoi, Danang and HCMC), 17 airport air traffic control towers, six radar stations, 16 satellite stations, 40 beacons, 20 VHF stations, and tens of digital microwave links. In 2004,VATM provided air traffic management services to nearly 100 airlines operating on 23 international routes and 15 domestic routes. 42 Air Traffic Management 43 Airport Development • In the period 2005 – 2010, Vietnam plans to invest more than USD $1.3 billion in airport modernization, expansion and rehabilitation in order to accomplish an efficient network of 21 airports in operation including projects such as Noi Bai (second terminal), Na San, Dong Hoi, Cam Ranh, Chu Lai, Lien Khuong, Con Dao, Phu Quoc (International), Can Tho, Ca Mau, and Rach Gia. • During period of 2010 – 2020, several other airports will be constructed or upgraded including Long Thanh (International), Chu Lai (Cargo), Cat Bi (Hai Phong), Quang Ninh (International), Lao Cai, and Cao Bang. A lion’s share of the investment in airport projects is expected to come from Official Development Assistance (ODA) loans from foreign governments such as Japan as well as the private sector. 44 Long Thanh International Airport • CAAV and SAA forecasts that Tan Son Nhat International Airport, the only airport in the southern region serving international flights, will reach maximum capacity of 15 - 17 million passengers per year by 2012 in spite of a new terminal now under construction. Therefore, these agencies are taking steps to reduce strain on existing facilities and increase the country’s overall international passenger capacity by proposing the construction of the new Long Thanh International Airport. • This project is also being developed in a bid to compete with Bangkok and Singapore as a regional transit hub in Southeast Asia. The Long Thanh International Airport project will be built on 5,000 hectares in Long Thanh District, Dong Nai Province, about 40 km southeast of Ho Chi Minh City and 48 km from Vung Tau City. 45 Phu Quoc International Airport • At present, the existing airport, with one 2,100m x 30m runway, is only able to handle small airplanes such as ATR 72s and Fokker 70s. In 2006, the total passenger throughput at the airport was 214,000, a 25% year-on-year increase. This small airport has now become a bottleneck to the island’s economic and tourist development. A number of foreign investors have express strong interest in developing several major tourist and entertainment projects on the island but cannot move forward due to a lack of an international airport large enough to handle jet airliners. 46 Air Traffic Management - 02 Flight Information Regions : Hanoi Fir and Ho chi minh Fir. - 22 domestic airport and 60 flight routes (20 domestic and 40 international) 47 Air Traffic Management 48 Air Traffic Management 49 Communications • Aeronautical Mobile Services • Aeronautical Fixed Services • Communication Link Network • Voice Communication Control • System and Voice Recorder 50 Aeronautical Mobile Services • Air-to-Ground Communication • Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract/Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (ADS-C/CPDLC) 51 Air-to-Ground Communication • The VHF air-to-ground communication is used for the en-route control, terminal control, and aerodrome control. • The VHF air-to-ground radio is installed at each ACC, approach control center, and airport (and remote site) for air traffic control services as shown in Table 52 VHF A/G radio for ACC and APP 53 Table : VHF air to ground radio for ACC and APP Air-to-Ground Communication • The Qui Nhon VHF communication facility was installed in the radar station for the air-to-ground communication in the oceanic area in 1989 and one of three sets of the VHF equipment was renewed and the others will be replaced at the end of 2009. 54 Air-to-Ground Communication • Most of the Hanoi and Ho Chi Min FIRs at high altitude airspace is covered by those VHF radios for the air-to- ground communication. According to the information from the air traffic controllers, there is no lack of VHF communication coverage for the ATC operation. • Further, the HF air-to-ground radios are installed at Ho Chi Minh ACC as a standby VHF communication for the oceanic airspace as shown in Table 55 HF air to ground radio for ACC Air-to-Ground Communication • The approximated coverage of the VHF radio for the area control in the Hanoi and Hoch Minh FIRs 56 The Approximated Coverage of VHF Radio (FL290) ADS-C/CPDLC Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) • In addition to the VHF air-to-ground voice communication, ADS-C/CPDLC via ARINC network is introduced at Ho Chin Minh ACC and has been operated on a trial base since May 2006 for the oceanic en-route control of eight routes including L625, N892, M768, N500, L628, M765, M771, and L642. 57 Aeronautical Fixed Services 58 The Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN) in Vietnam is structured as illustrated in the following diagram: Aeronautical Fixed Services • There are four communication centers including Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh, Dan Nang, and Gia Lam, and one sub- communication center, Southern Airport Corporation, in the aeronautical fixed telecommunications network (AFTN).\ • The AFTN is connected to the APP functions, tower functions, administrative office as a domestic station via PTT or VSAT, and international ACC functions such as Bangkok, Hong Kong, Kuala Lumpur, Manila, Phnom Pen, Singapore, Vientiane, Sanya, and Nanning ACC via international leased channels or VSAT channels. 59 ATS Direct Speech (Telephone) 60 AFTN (Telegraph) 61 Communication Link Network 62 Communication Link Network • The communications channels and lines (telephones and data) among NORATS, MIRATS, SORATS, other counterpart facilities such as airports and radar sites, and remote air-to- ground communications sites are updated and added by using VSAT, which is augmented by public telephone networks to deliver a redundancy of communications and improvement in the reliability of equipment in 2008. 63 VANSCORP Communication Link 64 NORATS Communication Link 65 MIRATS communication Link - 1 66 MIRATS communication Link - 2 67 SORATS Communication Link 68 Overview of ATCOC Equipment Services • Aviation Meteorology equipment system – World Area Forecast System – WAFS/2G – Aviation Meteorology Database System – GPS system – MTSAT terminal from NMHS. 69 Overview of ATCOC Equipment Services • Air traffic command & coordination system – Automatic Message Switching System (AMSS) – Air Traffic Control Management System – Radar Monitoring Terminal – Aeronautical Notice-to-Airman (NOTAM) information system. 70 Overview of ATCOC Equipment Services • Communications Systems – Alcatel Private Automatic Branch exchange (PABX) system – VSAT ground satellite system (Very Small Aperture Terminal) – Digital VIBA system – Fiber optics system – Recording System – Standard time system 71 Overview of ATCOC Equipment Services • Power and Technical Environment Guarantee System – Electric generator system (currently Master/Slave set-up) – 40kva ups system (Dual 40kva sets) – can operating in Parallel Mode or Master/Slave Mode. – Ground – lightning protection system (Transient Voltage Surge Suppression-TVSS) – Smoke detector – fire alarm system. – Manufacturer: RIELLO – Italy – Model: + Multi dialog – MDT 4000 – Operation date: July 2006 – Field of activity: + provide continuous electric power (220V- 50Hz) for all priority equipment system of ATCOC Center. 72 Overview of ATCOC Equipment Services • Electric generator system – Comprised of 2 sets of machinery assembly: • Manufacturer: – First machinery assembly: FG-Wilson – UK (300kVA) installed 2000. – Second machinery assembly: Bruno – Italy (320kVA) installed 2008. • o Field of activities: – provide continuous electric power for ATCOC center. – working system: Master/Slave 73 Voice Communication Control System and Voice Recorder • the list of voice communication control systems (VCCS) and voice recorders (REC) installed in Vientiane ACC and each airport. 74 VCCS and REC 75 Navigations 76 Navigations 77 Navigations Instrument Landing System (ILS) 78 79 Surveillance • There are six radar facilities as the radar surveillance system for the air traffic control in Vietnam. Three PSR/MSSRs are installed at Noi Bai, Da Nang, and Tan Son Nhat airport, and three MSSRs are installed at Vinh, Qui Nhon, and Ca Mau as shown in Table – Primary Surveillance Radar (PSR) – 80nm Range – Secondary Side-band Radar (SSR) – 250nm Range – Radar Approach Airspace – 750ft AGL up to and including FL155 80 Surveillance 81 Qui Nhon Radar station 82 Qui Nhon Radar station • The Qui Nhon Radar station was constructed at the top of a mountain with approximately 600 m elevation, which is located 3km from the Qui Nhon city, in 1994. The MSSR has the coverage of approximately 250NM, covering nearly then entire Ho Chi Minh FIR in the South China Sea oceanic control area. Although the MSSR has already operated for 15 years, there are no operational and maintenance problems such as radar blank on a specific air route and luck of spare parts etc. at the moment. 83 The Da Nang (Son Tra) Radar station 84 The Da Nang (Son Tra) Radar station • There are two military radar facilities adjacent to the Da Nang radar station, which are controlled by a nearby military fortress protecting the Da Nang area. Unfortunately, at times, this affects the Da Nang VHF with radio interference from the military radar. Thus, MIRATS is planning to install a new PSR far from the existing site (2010 tender) for backup purposes of the current PSR (because there are Vietnam Air Force operations in the Da Nang Airport area). • The VHF receivers may be installed in the new site also to avoid radio interference (by electromagnetic pulse) from the nearby military PSR. 85 Surveillance Coverage chart of MSSR 86 • Although all land area of Vietnam has been covered by six MSSRs, a part of the oceanic area of the South China Sea in the Ho Chi Minh FIR is out of the MSSR coverage; therefore, ADS-C has been introduced to make up the blind area on the area. 87 88 Development Trends 89 Development Trends current Transition phase Future 90 Development Trends 91