Môn Sinh học - Chương 42: Warm up

Warm-Up(Ch. 41) List the locations where each of the 4 macromolecules are chemically digested.(Ch. 41) Where do vertebrates store excess calories?(Ch. 42) Draw and label the structure of a human heart.(Ch. 42) List the pathway of a single red blood cell through the heart.Chapter 42 – Part ICirculationWhat you need to know:Circulatory vessels, heart chambers, route of mammalian circulationEvolution of the heart from 24 chambersHow RBC’s demonstrate structure/functionBlood pressureCardiovascular disease (Roles of diet, BP, genetics)Transport systems (circulation) linked with gas exchange (respiration)Diffusion of gases only rapid across small distancesBasic:Cells in direct contact with environmentEx. spongesGastrovascular Cavity:For digestion & distribute substancesEx. jellies, flatwormsCirculatory System:Moves fluid to tissues & cells for exchangeEx. larger animalsCirculatory System = Blood + Vessels + HeartOpen circulatory system: blood bathes organs directlyBlood + lymph = hemolymphHeart pumps hemolymph into sinusesEx. arthropods, mollusksClosed circulatory system: blood contained in vessels & pumped around bodyBlood and fluid separateEx. annelids, cephalopods, vertebratesFigure 42.10aEndotheliumArterySmoothmuscleConnectivetissueCapillaryValveVeinBasal laminaEndotheliumSmoothmuscleConnectivetissueVenuleArterioleTypes of Blood VesselsArteriesBlood away from heartHigh pressureThick, strong wallsPulseCapillariesConnect arteries/veinsSingle-cell thick wallsExchange of O2/CO2VeinsBlood back to heartLow pressureThin-walled, large diameterValves prevent backflowarteriolesvenulesBlood enters through an atrium and is pumped out through a ventricleFish = single circulation pathway, 2 chambersDouble circulation: amphibians, reptiles, mammals© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Double circulation pathways in vertebratesPathway of blood through heartSuperior vena cavaPulmonaryarteryCapillariesof right lungPulmonaryveinAortaInferiorvena cavaRight ventricleCapillaries ofabdominal organsand hind limbsRight atriumAortaLeft ventricleLeft atriumPulmonary veinPulmonaryarteryCapillariesof left lungCapillaries ofhead and forelimbsFigure 42.6Cardiac cycleSystole: contraction or pumping phaseDiastole: relaxation or filling phaseHeart rate: # beats/minute (72 bpm resting)Stroke volume: amount of blood pumped by L. ventricle during contraction (~70 ml)Figure 42.8-3Atrial andventricular diastoleAtrial systole and ventricular diastoleVentricular systole and atrialdiastole0.1sec0.4sec0.3 sec213Valves: prevent backflow of bloodThe atrioventricular (AV) valves (tricuspid, bicuspid) separate each atrium and ventricleThe semilunar valves control blood flow to the aorta and the pulmonary artery“Lub-dup” sound = blood against closed AV valves (lub) / the semilunar (dup) valvesHeart murmur: backflow of blood through a defective valve© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker of heart, in right atriumThe pacemaker is regulated by two portions of the nervous system: the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisionsThe sympathetic division speeds up the pacemakerThe parasympathetic division slows down the pacemakerThe pacemaker is also regulated by hormones (epinephrine) and temperature© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Blood PressureBP = systolic/diastolic pressureSystolic: heart contractsDiastolic: heart relaxedNormal: 120/70Pulse: rhythmic bulging of artery walls with each heartbeat© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Blood pressure reading: 120/7012070SoundsstopSoundsaudible instethoscope120Arteryclosed123Using a SphygmomanometerDirection of blood flowin vein (toward heart)Valve (open)Skeletal muscleValve (closed)Figure 42.13Blood returning to heart through veins and venulesLymphatic System: returns lost fluid and proteins to blood as lymphLymph Nodes: filter lymph, house WBC’sImmune system role© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.BloodPlasma (55%) – water, ions, proteins, gases, nutrients, wastes, hormonesCells (45%) – RBC, WBC, plateletsDevelop from stem cells in bone marrowRed blood cells (erythrocytes): O2 transport via hemoglobinWhite blood cells (leukocytes): fight infectionPlatelets (cell fragments): blood clottingFigure 42.17Plasma 55%ConstituentMajor functionsWaterIons (bloodelectrolytes)SodiumPotassiumCalciumMagnesiumChlorideBicarbonateSolvent forcarrying othersubstancesOsmotic balance,pH buffering,and regulationof membranepermeablityPlasma proteinsOsmotic balance,pH bufferingAlbuminFibrinogenImmunoglobulins(antibodies)ClottingDefenseSubstances transported by bloodNutrientsWaste productsRespiratory gasesHormonesSeparatedbloodelementsBasophilsNeutrophilsMonocytesLymphocytesEosinophilsPlateletsErythrocytes (red blood cells)5–6 million250,000–400,000BloodclottingTransportof O2 andsome CO2Defense andimmunityFunctionsNumber per L(mm3) of bloodCell typeCellular elements 45%Leukocytes (white blood cells)5,000–10,000Figure 42.18Collagen fibers123PlateletPlateletplugFibrinclotFibrin clot formationRed blood cell5 mClotting factors from:PlateletsDamaged cellsPlasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K)Enzymatic cascadeProthrombinThrombinFibrinogenFibrinCardiovascular DiseaseAtherosclerosis: buildup of plaque deposits within arteriesHeart attack (myocardial infarction): blockage of one or more coronary arteriesStroke: rupture or blockage of arteries in the headHypertension: high blood pressure; promotes atherosclerosis and increases the risk of heart attack and stroke© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.Lumen of arterySmoothmuscleEndotheliumPlaqueSmoothmusclecellT lymphocyteExtra-cellularmatrixFoam cellMacrophagePlaque ruptureLDLCholesterolFibrous cap1243Figure 42.20