Ngư nghiệp - Introduction: After every major accident, new regulations

Introduction: after every major accident, new regulations:1912: Titanic – Safety Of Life at Sea (SOLAS)1967: Torrey Canyon – Maritime Pollution (MARPOL) and CLC 1969.1985: Achille Lauro: Aviation and Maritime Security Act.2001: International Ship and Port Facility Security Code.Torrey Canyon – Channel - 1967Some other major spills: 1978 – Amoco Cadiz – France – 223,000 MT1979 – Atlantic Empress- Tobago – 287,000 MT1983 – Castillo de Bellver – S.Africa – 252,000 MT1989 – Exxon Valdez – Alaska 37,000 MT1991 – ABT Summer – off Angola – 260,000 MT1993 – Braer – Shetland Isles – 85,000 MT2002 – Prestige – Spain – 77,000 MTMap showing major oil spillsAmoco Cadiz – Spain - 1978Braer – Shetland Islands – 1983Prestige – Spain – 2002Causes of major oil spills:34 % : Grounding28 % : Collisions13 % : Hull fractures9 % : Fire and Explosions9 % : Loading/Discharging7 % : OthersHistory of MARPOLinspired by:In 1967 the Torrey Canyon ran aground.120,000 tons of crude oil lost.Biggest incident up to that time.Questions of measures for prevention.Existing compensation culture - limited.1969 the IMO assembly decided to hold an international conference.1973 conference held.Torrey CanyonAt 0830 on the 18th March 1967 the Liberian registered tanker Torrey Canyon on passage from Kuwait to the port of Milford Haven in the UK made headline news.What happenedHit Pollard rock at 17 knots.Ripped out 6 tanks.Leaked oil over a number of weeks.Contaminated the south coast of UK and the Brittany coast of France. Brittany CoastTorrey CanyonThe prime minister at the time was Harold Wilson (who coincidentally had a holiday home on the Scilly Isles).He personally took charge of the incident and after a mini cabinet meeting it was decided that the only option was to bomb the Torrey Canyon.Royal Navy Buccaneers from Lossiemouth in Scotland had been tasked with the mission of total destruction of the ship with the help of the Royal Air Force.Armaments used were 160 bombs with a total of 13,600 tons of Napalm. PicturesTorrey CanyonThe idea was to blow up the ship and set fire to the oil if possible and burn it off. Due to weather condition and spring tides, this was not successful.The Cost: the area of devastation was from Plymouth to Lands End and the shores of Brittany in France.The Price: Overall 200,000 birds died. The price tag for the clean up was 2 million pounds sterling Over 5000 people were involved in the clean up.History of MARPOL 73Required ratification by 15 states with a combined merchant fleet of 50% of the worlds shipping.1976 only 3 ratification's had been received - Jordan, Kenya, TunisiaLess than 1% of the worlds merchant fleetLooked like 73 was going to fail.History of MARPOL 78Response to a number of tanker incidents.MARPOL ConventionPrevention of pollution in the marine environmentCombination of two treatiesAdopted in 1973 and combined in 1978Entered into force in 1983(Annex 1/2)ANNEX 1 Prevention of pollution by oilANNEX 2 Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid substances in bulkANNEX 3 Prevention of pollution by harmful substances carried by sea in package formANNEX 4 Prevention of pollution by sewage from shipsANNEX 5 Prevention of pollution by garbage from shipsANNEX 6 Prevention of air pollution from shipsMARPOL 73/78International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as modified by the Protocol of 1978 relating thereto (MARPOL)The current convention was adopted in 1973 but was reviewed in 1978. MARPOL has six annexes and they are:Annexes:I – OilII – Noxious Liquid Substances in BulkIII – Harmful Substances in packaged formIV – SewageV – GarbageVI – Air pollutionANNEX I - OILCovers prevention of pollution by oil from operational measures as well as from accidental discharges. The 1992 amendments to Annex I made it mandatory for new oil tankers to have double hulls and brought in a phase-in schedule for existing tankers to fit double hulls, which was subsequently revised in 2001 and 2003.Preventive Measures Under Annex ILoad on top (LOT)Crude oil washing (COW)Segregated Ballast Tank (SBT) Reception facilitiesOil Records BooksShipboard Oil Pollution Emergency Plan (SOPEP) Double Hulls (DH)Oil discharge monitoring and control system (ODMCS)"Special Areas" no discharge allowedSea areas in which, for technical reasons relating to their oceanographical and ecological condition and to their sea traffic, the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required."Special Areas" MediterraneanRed seaGulf of AdenGulf AreaBaltic seaAntarctic seaNorth – western European watersANNEX II – NOXIOUS LIQUID SUBSTANCES IN BULKSome 250 substances were evaluated and included in the list appended to the Convention. The discharge of their residues is allowed only to reception facilities These substances have been grouped into four categories: A, B, C & D.A – causing the most harm to the marine environmentD – causing the least harm to the marine environmentSpecial Areas3 special areas have been identified for annex II substances: Black sea Baltic Sea Antarctic Sea.ANNEX III – HARMFUL SUBSTANCES IN PACKAGED FORMpacking markinglabelling documentationstowagequantity limitations exceptions and notifications for preventing pollution by harmful substancesContains general requirements for the issuing of detailed standards on: ANNEX III contiuedDetailed regulations on these substances are contained in chapter 7 of SOLAS (dangerous cargoes) and in the IMDG Code.ANNEX IV – SEWAGE Criteria for the discharge of sewage are as follows:The ship must be proceeding en-route at least at a speed of 4 knots. In addition, there must be a sewage treatment plant and a holding tank. If the sewage has been disinfected and comminuted, then it can be discharged at a distance of not less than 4 nautical miles from the nearest land. Criteria for discharge of sewage cont’dIf the sewage has not been disinfected and comminuted, then it can be discharged at a distance of not less than 12 nautical miles from the nearest land. “The rate of discharge must be moderate”ANNEX V – GARBAGEIt is a requirement for ships to carry garbage record books and garbage management plan. The disposal of plastics is completely banned. There is the requirement for ships to carry placards indicating to both crew and passengers on how garbage must be disposed off.Special areas for garbageWider Caribbean regionBlack sea Red seaMediterraneanGulf of AdenGulf areaBaltic seaAntarctic seaNorth western European watersANNEX VI – AIR POLLUTION This annex also contains regulations dealing with air pollution by various substances:Sulphur Oxide (SO2)Carbon dioxide (CO2)Nitrogen Oxides (NOX)Ozone depleting substances (ODS’s)Sulphur Oxide Emission Control Area (SOXECA)The maximum sulphur content of fuel is 45% but if a ship is in the SOXECA, then the maximum sulphur content must be 1.5%. Baltic Sea area is the only SOXECA present. It is required under this annex to obtain and keep the bunker delivery note for at least three (3) years. akpe na mi!