- A modeling of thermal loadings from space
environment is established in the framework of
Low Earth Orbit.
- A simplified model with eight nodes representing
for the body plates and solar array is constructed
based on the geometrical dimensions and material
properties of satellite.
- The thermal balance equations for nodes are
derived from the characteristics of conduction and
radiation interactions between nodes and external
thermal loadings.
- The temperature evolutions in time of nodes are
obtained using the Runge-Kutta algorithm with
representations of the extended thermal capacity,
conduction and radiation matrices obtained from
the rearrangement of thermal nodes in thermal
balance equations.
- The effects of material properties such as
absorbtivity and emissivity on the thermal
responses of nodes are explored.
- The maximum and minimum temperature
information of nodes shows that the predicted
temperatures of the satellite obtained from numeral
analyses are within the allowable temperature limit
range of satellite
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66 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 20, No.K2- 2017
Abstract— In this paper, nonlinear thermal
responses of a small satellite in Low Earth Orbit
(LEO) are analyzed using many-node model. The
main elements of primary structure of the satellite
include six rectangular cover plates and a solar array
linking with satellite's body. These elements can be
modeled as different lumped thermal nodes. We use
an eight-node model for estimating temperatures at
nodal elements i.e. six nodes for cover plates, and two
nodes for front and rear surfaces of the solar array.
The nodes absorb three major heat energy sources
from the space environment consisting of solar
irradiation, Earth’s albedo and infrared radiation.
The established system of thermal balance equations
for nodes is nonlinear and is solved by a numerical
algorithm. For simulation purpose, it is assumed that
the satellite always remains Earth-pointing attitude
during motion. Temperature evolutions of nodes in
time are explored in details. The obtained results
show that the predictive temperature values of nodes
are within the allowable temperature limit range of
the satellite.
Index Terms—small satellite, Earth- pointing,
thermal response, temperature limits.
1 INTRODUCTION
hemal analysis is one of the most important
tasks in processes of designing, manufacturing
and launching a satellite. It guarantees that all kind
Manuscript Received on July 13th, 2016. Manuscript Revised
December 06th, 2016.
This research is funded by Vietnam National Foundation for
Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED) under
grant number: "107.04-2015.36".
Pham Ngoc Chung, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of
Mining and Geoology, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem Dist., Hanoi,
Vietnam (e-mail: chunghumg86@gmail.com).
Nguyen Dong Anh, Institute of Mechanics, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, 264 Doi Can Str., Ba
Dinh Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam (e-mail: ndanh@imech.vast.vn).
Nguyen Nhu Hieu, Institute of Mechanics, Vietnam
Academy of Science and Technology, 264 Doi Can Str., Ba
Dinh Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam (e-mail: nhuhieu1412@gmail.com).
of equipment of satellite will work within allowable
temperature limits [1,2,3]. The prediction of
temperature fluctuations under the effect of space
environment aims to design thermal for satellites in
the early stage of space missions. One can use a
single-node, two-node or many-node model for
estimating temperatures of satellite. For simple
thermal models such as single-node or two-node
model, analytical methods can be used, for
example, the Fourier analysis method [4],
techniques of linearization method [5,6]. In the
work by Grande et al. [7], they utilize a technique
for linearizing nonlinear terms relating to the
thermal radiation of a two-node model. Their
obtained linearized system takes the form that is
similar to conventional mechanical system
subjected to periodic excitations and easy to solve
analytically. By employing perturbation and
numerical methods, Gaite et al. [8] showed that the
temperature response of the satellite model
approaches an attracting limit cycle. In 2012, Gaite
et al. [9] studied a simple single-node model for a
small satellite orbiting around a solar system
planet. More recently, Anh et al. [10] have
extended an equivalent linearization technique
based on the dual replacement concept for finding
approximate thermal responses of a single-node
satellite model in the Low Earth Orbit. Some other
analytical techniques for analyzing satellite thermal
can be found in work by Gaite [11]. In fact, due to
the complexity of the geometrical model of
satellites, thermal equations of satellites are
discretized into many-node in which each node is
characterized by a temperature at any time. If using
analytical methods, solving such a many-node
system is not easy.
The current study is devoted to the use of a
numerical method to analyze thermal behavior for a
small rectangular parallelepiped satellite in Low
Earth Orbit using eight-node model. The obtained
result shows temperature evolutions of nodes in
Nonlinear analysis of thermal behavior for a
small satellite in Low Earth Orbit using
many-node model
Pham Ngoc Chung, Nguyen Dong Anh and Nguyen Nhu Hieu
T
TẠP CHÍ PHÁT TRIỂN KH&CN, TẬP 20, SỐ K2-2017
67
time and temperature values are within allowable
limit. We also examine the effect of the solar
absorptivity and the emissivity on the satellite’s
thermal responses.
It is noticed that modeling of thermal loadings
acting on satellite is not available for almost
thermal analyses using many-node models. This is
because of the complexity of modeling of thermal
inputs and of the dependence on orbital
configuration, motion characteristics and mission
of satellites. Thermal loadings are usually
simulated numerically and integrated in
commercial softwares [1]. In this research, we have
constructed an appropriate modeling for thermal
loadings in the case of satellite's attitude being
Earth-pointing. Thermal characteristics of nodes are
analyzed based on these input thermal loadings.
Our modeling is an extension of a previous paper
on thermal radiation analysis for solar arrays of a
small satellite in Low Earth Orbit [15].
2 THERMAL BALANCE EQUATIONS FOR EIGHT-
NODE MODEL OF SMALL SATELLITE
2.1 A satellite model and its orbit
In Fig. 1 illustrates a small satellite moving in a
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) at altitude of 680 km.
Satellite's orbit is Sun-synchronous and orbit plane
is parallel with solar rays. The orbital period is
5902.25 seconds and the eclipse duration is 2121.2
seconds. For simulation, we suppose that the
satellite always remains Earth-pointing attitude
during motion. Simulation time starts at beginning
of eclipse.
The small satellite is modeled as illustrated in
Fig. 2. The satellite includes a body of size
B B BL W H and a solar array of size A AL W .
The distance from the solar array to satellite body
is AB . Assume that the solar array is perpendicular
to a side of satellite body. In fact, the solar array
may be placed at different positions on the body
depending on the configuration and mission of the
satellite. Because the satellite thermal calculation is
quite complex, the above model is a simplified one
and will be a basis for the more complex satellite
model. The body of the satellite is made from
composite materials which have specific material
and geometric parameters. Here, we suppose that
material is homogeneous, which can be considered
as a result after material homogenization. The
absorptivity and emissivity coefficients of the body
material are B and B , respectively. The solar
array is composed of many different materials. It
includes two surfaces: front surface (surface 8)
contains solar cells absorbed energy directly from
Sun's rays; the absorptivity of the front surface is
F whereas emissivity coefficient is denoted to be
F ; and rear surface (surface 7) is coated by a
material layer with absorptivity R , and emissivity
R . The cover plates 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 are numbered
as shown in Fig.2. Plates 1 and 3 are opposite each
other, in which plate 1 is closer to the solar array.
Plates 2 and 4 are parallel each other and
perpendicular to plates 1 and 3. Plates 5 and 6 are
upper and base plates of the satellite, respectively.
Figure 1. Earth-pointing attitude of the satellite
A local coordinate is associated with satellite and
its origin is at the intersection of three planes 2, 3
and 5 (see Fig. 2). The axis x is along the
intersection between two planes 3 and 5, the axis
y is along the intersection between two planes 2
and 5, the axis z is along the intersection between
two planes 2 and 3. Numbers 1 to 8 indicate that
the satellite structure is separated into eight-node
with thermal characteristics assigned to each node.
Figure 2. A model of a small satellite with size
B B BL W H and nodes numbered from 1 to 8
68 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 20, No.K2- 2017
Figure 3. A orbital model for thermal calculations
In reality, each of plates numbered by indices
from 1 to 6 has two sides: inside and outside
surfaces. This way of numbering is because
satellite plates have been assumed to be
homogeneous material and therefore the material
properties of the inside and outside are the same. It
means that we can consider the inside and outside
surfaces as a representative surface with an
assigned index. However, the satellite array is
modeled and numbered with two separated indices
(7 and 8). This is because the physical property of
the front surface that contains solar cells is very
different from the rear surface.
2.2 Thermal sources to satellite
As mentioned above, there are three main heat
sources from space environment consisting of solar
irradiation, Earth’s albedo and infrared radiation
that affect to the thermal behavior of the satellite.
From the Earth-pointing attitude of the satellite (see
Fig. 1 or Fig. 3), we can obtain thermal fluxes
acting to nodes. The order of nodes in thermal
calculation is shown in Tab. 1. Parameter data for
our calculations are given by Tab. 2. For detail, the
values and physical characteristics of these
parameters can be seen in [1- 3, 10, 12].
During motion, only six surfaces receive the
thermal loadings from the space environment are
X+, X-, Z+, Z-, front and rear surfaces; also for
other two sides Y+ and Y-, the applied thermal
loadings are considered to equal zero.
TABLE 1. THE ORDER OF NODES IN THE THERMAL
CALCULATION
TABLE 2
MATERIAL PARAMETERS FOR THERMAL CALCULATION
System parameters Values
Length of the body BL (m) 0.5
Width of the body BL (m) 0.5
Height of the body BH (m) 0.5
Mass density of body plates B (kg/m
3) 158.9
Specific heat capacity of body plates BpC (J/kgK) 883.70
Thickness of body plates B (m) 0.02
Material conductivity of the body B (W/mK) 5.39
Emissivity of the body material B 0.82
Absorbsivity of the body material B 0.65
Length of the solar array AL (m) 0.7
Width of the solar array AW (m) 0.5
Material conductivity of the solar array A
(W/mK)
2.79
Thickness of the solar array A (m)
0.03
Mass density of the solar array A (kg/m
3) 111.7
Specific heat capacity of the solar array ApC
(J/kgK)
844.40
Emissivity of front surface F 0.82
Absorbsivity of front surface F 0.69
Emissivity of rear surface R 0.872
Absorbsivity of rear surface R 0.265
The distance from array to body AB (m)
0.02
Solar constant sG (Wm
-2) 1440
Earth albedo coefficient a 0.65
Earth black-body equivalent temperature eT (K) 259
Attitude of the orbit h (km) 680
Radius of the Earth eR (km) 6400
Orbital period orbP (s) 5902.25
Eclipse duration ecP (s) 2121.2
2.2.1 Surface X+
For the surface X+, only solar thermal flux ,s Xq
is present. It is determined as follows
TẠP CHÍ PHÁT TRIỂN KH&CN, TẬP 20, SỐ K2-2017
69
s,X 0
0 if 0,
cos if ,
2
0 if ,
2
ec
ec orb
B s ec ec
ec orb
orb
t P
P P
q G t P
P P
t P
= - -
(1)
where sG is the mean solar radiation, ecP and orbP
are the eclipse and orbital periods, respectively.
The basis for formulating this expression can view
in [1-3]. In (1), we have denoted
t = ,
2
orbP
= , 0 arccos
e
e
R
R h
=
,
02ec = - (2)
The solar flux on the surface X is a periodic
function of time t as presented in Fig. 4 in an
orbital period.
Figure 4. Solar flux on surface X+ with parameters given
in Tab. 2
Figure 5. Solar flux on surface X- with parameters given
in Tab. 2
2.2.2 Surface X-
For the surface X-, it absorbs only solar thermal
flux ,s Xq - and is calculated as follows
0
s,X 0
0
0
0 if 0,
2
1
cos 2 if , 2
2 2
1
cos if 2 ,
2
ec orb
ec orb
B s orb
B s ec orb orb
P P
t
P P
q G t P
G t P P
-
= - - -
- -
(3)
The graph of ,s Xq - is plotted in Fig. 5. It is also
a periodic function of time t.
Similarly, the expressions for thermal loadings
acting on the surface Z+ and Z- can be easily
obtained. Here we present two other loadings for
the front and rear surfaces of solar array.
2.2.3 Front surface
For the front surface, only solar thermal flux
,s FSq is present. It is determined as follows
0
0 0
,
0
1
0 if 0, 1
2
1 1
cos if 1 , 2
2 2 2
1
0 if 2 ,
2
orb
ec
s FS F s orb orb
orb orb
t P
q G t P P
t P P
-
= - - - -
-
(4)
The graph of ,s FSq is illustrated in Fig. 6.
Figure 6. Solar flux on the front surface
2.2.4 Rear surface
There are three thermal fluxes that affect to the
rear surface: solar, albedo and infrared fluxes. The
mathematical representation for them can be
estimated as follows
70 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 20, No.K2- 2017
0
s,RS 0 0
0
0 if 0,
1
cos if , 1
2 2
1 1
0 if 1 , 2
2 2
1
cos 2 if 2 ,
2 2
ec
ec
R s ec orb
orb orb
ec
R s orb orb
t P
G t P P
q
t P P
G t P P
- -
=
- -
- -
(5)
0
0 0
, ,
0
1
0 if 0, 1
2
1 1
cos if 1 , 2
2 2 2
1
0 if 2 ,
2
orb
ec
a RS R s RS e orb orb
orb orb
t P
q G aF t P P
t P P
-
= - - -
-
(6)
4
,RS RS,IR R e eq F T = (7)
Here, a is the albedo factor of the Earth; eT is
the Earth's black-body equivalent temperature. The
graphs of ,RSsq , ,RSaq
and ,RSIRq are delineated in
Fig. 7. In calculations of infrared loadings, we pay
attention to view factor between the satellite and
the Earth. There are two surfaces (surface Z- and
rear surface) which have view factors differ from
zero, i.e. ,e 0ZF - and , 0RS eF . Other surface’s
view factor are considered equal zero. The view
factor depends on the altitude of the satellite orbit.
Because the surface areas of the satellite are rather
small, they can be considered as differential
surfaces. So that, we can compute view factor from
a differential surface to the Earth’s sphere. On
calculating view factor, readers can be seen in
detail in the book by Howell et al. [12].
Figure 7. Thermal fluxes on the rear surface
TABLE 3
VALUES OF iC AND ,dis iQ FOR THERMAL CALCULATION
Node iC , J/K ,dis iQ , W
1 702.1 10
2 702.1 10
3 702.1 10
4 702.1 10
5 702.1 10
6 702.1 10
7 1131.8 15
8 1131.8 15
2.2 Thermal balance equations
As has been stated in the previous section, our
satellite can be thermally modeled with eight
nodes. Let iC be the thermal capacities of the
nodes, and iT be their temperatures ( 1,...,8i = ).
The geometric model corresponding to this thermal
mathematical model is shown in Fig.2. The nodes
are thermally coupled by both conduction and
radiation, and also radiation interaction to space
environment. Let ijK be the conductive coupling
coefficient and ijR the radiative coupling
coefficient. The energy balance equations for the
nodes are
4 4 4 4 , ,
1 1
n n
i i ij j i ij j i i i ext i dis i
j j
C T K T T R T T R T T Q Q
= =
= - - -
(8)
where ,ext iQ represents the external thermal load
on the node i, and ,dis iQ represents the heat
dissipation of the node i.
Taking into account the input parameter
information in Tab. 2, and nodes are assumed to be
undergone a constant heat dissipation level (in W),
it is possible to calculate the capacities iC ,
i=1,,8, with results given in Tab. 3. We obtain
the following conduction (in W/K) and radiation (in
W/K4) matrices:
8 8ij
K
= = K
0 0.1078 0 0.1078 0.1078 0.1078 0 0
0.1078 0 0.1078 0 0.1078 0.1078 0 0
0 0.1078 0 0.1078 0.1078 0.1078 0 0
0.1078 0 0.1078 0 0.1078 0.1078 0 0
0.1078 0.1078 0.1078 0.1078 0 0 0 0
0.1078 0.1078 0.1078 0.1078 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 32.55
0 0 0 0 0 0 32.55 0
(9)
TẠP CHÍ PHÁT TRIỂN KH&CN, TẬP 20, SỐ K2-2017
71
8
8 8
10ijR
-
= = R
0 0.1971 0.1968 0.1971 0.1971 0.1971 0.1531 0
0.1971 0 0.1971 0.1968 0.1971 0.1971 0 0
0.1968 0.1971 0 0.1971 0.1971 0.1971 0 0
0.1971 0.1968 0.1971 0 0.1971 0.1971 0 0
0.1971 0.1971 0.1971 0.1971 0 0.1968 0 0
0.1971 0.1971 0.1971 0.1971 0.1968 0 0 0
0.1531 0 0 0 0 0 0.1531 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
-
(10)
9
8 1
10iR
-
= = R
0.1162 0.1162 0.1162 0.1162 0.1162 0.1162 0.1730 0.1627
T
(11)
The system (8) can be rewritten in the following
matrix form for eight-node model
4 4 4
ext dCT = KT + RT - R T + R T + Q + Q
(12)
where 1 2 8...
T
T T T=T is a generalized
vector; C is the extended thermal capacity and K ,
R , R are the extended conduction and radiation
matrices obtained from the original matrices K ,
R , R by rearranging elements ,i jT T of Eq. (8)
to get the form (12). textQ is a vector of
external thermal loadings; dQ is a vector of the
dissipation of nodes;
4 4 4 4
1 2 8...
T
T T T = T denotes a vector of
radiation terms.
Assume that the thermal capacity matrix is not
singular (i.e. det 0C ). Pre-multiplying both
side of Eq. (12) by 1-C , we obtain
1 t- =
4 4 4
ext dT C KT + RT - R T + R T + Q + Q
(13)
In the next section, we will solve Eq. (13) using
Runge-Kutta algorithm to get numerical solutions
of thermal responses of nodes.
3 RUNGE-KUTTA METHOD
The Runge-Kutta (RK) method is one of the
most well-known methods for finding approximate
solutions of ordinary differential equations in
problems of numerical analysis. It was developed
around 1900 by two German mathematicians C.
Runge and M. W. Kutta [13,14]. In this section, we
use fourth-order RK method to find temperature
responses of nodes of the small satellite under
consideration. Our attention is to solve Eq. (13) to
explore thermal characteristics of nodes when
thermal nodes are subjected to radiation loadings
from space environment.
We consider a generalized ordinary differential
equations system in the following form
,t=T F T (14)
where 1 2 ...
T
nT T T=T is a generalized vector,
1 2 ...
T
nF F F=F is a nonlinear n-vector function
which contains linear and nonlinear terms
1 2, , ,...,i i nF F t T T T= , 1,i n= , (15)
and 1 2, , ... , nT T T are functions of time 0 , tFt t .
To calculate numerical solutions, we divide the
time interval 0 , tFt into n equal segments by
(n+1) points it : 0it t ih= ; n Ft t= ;
0Ft th
n
-
= .
The set of points it creates a "differential net",
each point is called a grid node, h is called the
mesh step. We can estimate the approximate value
of 1 1i iT T t = from i iT T t= as follows
1 1 2 3 4k 2 k 2 k k ,
6
i i
h
T T = (16)
where
1
2 1
3 2
4 3
k , ;
k , k ;
2 2
k , k ;
2 2
k , k .
i i
i i
i i
i i
t T
h h
t T
h h
t T
t h T h
=
=
=
=
F
F
F
F
(17)
The Runge-Kutta method will be applied to system
(13) where the function F is given by
1,t t- =
4 4 4
ext dF T C KT + RT - R T + R T + Q + Q
(18)
Numerical results for Eq. (13) will be presented in
next section.
72 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 20, No.K2- 2017
4 NUMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Temperature evolutions in time of eight nodes
of satellite are shown in Fig. 8. It is observed that,
when the satellite is in the illuminated region of
orbit, temperatures of solar array are larger than
that of other nodes. The maximum temperature is
predicted to be 82.4722 0C for node 8 (the front
surface) and 80.2318 0C for node 7 (the rear
surface) of solar array (see Tab. 4). There is a slight
difference between temperatures of nodes 7 and 8
because the conduction thickness between these
two nodes is very small in comparison with the
length of solar array. In the eclipse region of orbit,
the minimum temperatures of nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
are nearly the same, about -60 0C. In this region,
the received thermal of the nodes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6
from environment is very low. The change of
temperatures between nodes is due to the thermal
interactions via the conduction and radiation. For
three nodes 5, 7 and 8, the minimum temperatures
are higher than others. By taking the estimated
mean of maximum and minimum temperatures, we
can see that the estimated mean of node 5 is highest
because it always remains a thermal flux acted by
Earth's infrared radiation (see Tab. 4).
Figure 8. Temperature evolutions in time of eight nodes of
satellite
TABLE 4
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM TEMPERATURES OF NODES FOR THE
PARAMETERS’ VALUES GIVEN IN TABLE 2
Node Min ( C ) Max ( C )
Estimated
mean ( C )
1 -57.1998 2.2558 -27.4720
2 -59.0681 64.4913 2.7116
3 -59.0294 -3.5636 -31.2965
4 -58.3320 45.2248 -6.5536
5 -22.4952 67.4134 22.4591
6 -61.5191 62.9609 0.7209
7 -22.6112 80.2318 11.5160
8 -24.1244 82.4722 12.6362
It is observed that, the predicted maximum and
minimum temperatures of satellite's body and solar
array belong to the range of temperature
requirements given in Tab 5.
TABLE 5. THERMAL REQUIREMENTS [3]
Temperature Min (oC) Max (oC)
Solar arrays -100 +120
Inactive structure -100 +100
Fig. 9 depicts the change of temperature
evolutions of node 8 with various values of
absorbtivity F . The value of F shows the
absorbed part of incoming radiation to the total
incoming radiation of the front surface. In the case
of large value of F , maximum temperature of
node 8 grows rapidly. This shows that a strong
effect of the absorbitivity on the temperature of
node 8 when the satellite is in the illuminated
region of orbit. In Fig. 10, the difference between
the maximum temperatures of front surface with
various values of F when compared to the case
0.92F = is computed. This difference value is
largest if absorbtivity F takes small value, for
example 0.1F = . The value of the temperature
difference is reduced if the solar absorbtivity F
increases.
Figure. 9. Temperature evolutions of front surface (node 8)
with various absorbtivity αF
TẠP CHÍ PHÁT TRIỂN KH&CN, TẬP 20, SỐ K2-2017
73
Figure 10. The errors between the maximum temperatures of
front surface (node 8) with various values of αF when compared
to the case αF = 0.92
Fig. 11 presents the temperature evolution of
node 8 with different values of emissitivity
coefficient F . The emissitivity is taken from 0.5
to 0.82. Three values are selected, 0.5F = ,
0.7F = and 0.82F = . It is seen that as the
emissitivity is increasing, the temperature of node 8
decreases.
The thermal interaction between two nodes 7 and 8
is shown in Fig. 12. The dependence of node 8's
temperature on the node 7's temperature is nearly
linear because the difference of temperatures
between them is quite small.
Figure 11. Temperature evolutions of front surface (node 8)
with various emissitivity εF
Figure 12. Temperature of front surface T8 versus
temperature of rear surface T7
Figure 13. Temperature of rear surface (node 7) T7 versus
temperature of surface Y+ (node 1) T1, with various
absorbtivity αR
In Fig. 13, we portray the thermal interaction
between nodes 1 (of satellite's body) and 7 (of solar
array) with various values of node 7's absorbtivity
R . For each value of R , in the steady-state, the
temperatures of node 1 and 7 can reach a limit
cycle. The shape of the limit cycle in this case is
not a circle or ellipse because the obtained thermal
responses of node 1 and 7 are not harmonic but
almost periodic.
5 CONCLUSION
The results of analysis for thermal
characteristics of a satellite structure have turned
out to be extremely useful in the framework of a
satellite mission. In this research, a simplified
model of satellite are carried out using the method
of lumped parameters for nodes. The numerical
results of nodal temperatures are implemented with
the use of the Runge-Kutta method. Several main
74 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 20, No.K2- 2017
results are obtained and can be summated as
follows:
- A modeling of thermal loadings from space
environment is established in the framework of
Low Earth Orbit.
- A simplified model with eight nodes representing
for the body plates and solar array is constructed
based on the geometrical dimensions and material
properties of satellite.
- The thermal balance equations for nodes are
derived from the characteristics of conduction and
radiation interactions between nodes and external
thermal loadings.
- The temperature evolutions in time of nodes are
obtained using the Runge-Kutta algorithm with
representations of the extended thermal capacity,
conduction and radiation matrices obtained from
the rearrangement of thermal nodes in thermal
balance equations.
- The effects of material properties such as
absorbtivity and emissivity on the thermal
responses of nodes are explored.
- The maximum and minimum temperature
information of nodes shows that the predicted
temperatures of the satellite obtained from numeral
analyses are within the allowable temperature limit
range of satellite.
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The Aerospace Corporation, 2002.
[2] P. Fortescue, G. Swinerd, J. Stark, "Spacecraft System
Engineering", John Wiley & Son Ltd., 2003.
[3] J.Meseguer, I. Pérez-Grande and A. Sanz-Andrés,
“Spacecraft thermal control”, Woodhead Publishing, 2012
[4] K. Oshima, Y. Oshima, "Analytical approach to the
thermal design of spacecraft", Institute of Space and
Aeronautical Science of Tokyo, Report No. 419, 1968.
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Nonlinear Dynamics, vol. 58, pp. 405-415, 2009.
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"Analytical study of the thermal behaviour and stability of
a small satellite", Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 29,
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Pham Ngoc Chung was born in
Ninh Binh province in Viet
Nam. He graduated from Faculty
of Mathematics, Mechanics and
Informatics in VNU University
of Science. He got the B.S. and
M.S degree in Mechanics in
2010 and 2014, respectively. His current job is a
lecturer in University of Mining and Geology. His
research interest consists algebraic systems,
numerical simulation, nonlinear dynamical
systems, thermal analysis and control for satellites.
He has published about ten scientific papers in
National Conferences and International Journals.
Nguyen Dong Anh was born in
Hanoi, Vietnam, in 1954. He
received the D.Sc degree in
Vibration in 1986. He was
promoted to Professor in 1996.
Currently, he is working at the
Institute of Mechanics, Vietnam Academy of
Science and Technology as Chairman of the Board
of Scientists. His research interest includes
vibration, nonlinear random oscillation, oscillation
control, nonlinear dynamical systems. He has
published more than 100 scientific articles in
National and International Journals. He was also
the author of two monograph books. He
successfully taught and educated many masters and
doctors.
TẠP CHÍ PHÁT TRIỂN KH&CN, TẬP 20, SỐ K2-2017
75
Nguyen Nhu Hieu was born in
Bac Ninh province, Vietnam. He
received the B.S. and M.S.
degrees in Mechanics of Solids
from the Hanoi National
University in 2008 and 2011,
respectively. At present, he works at the Institute of
Mechanics, Vietnam Academy of Science and
Technology. His current areas of interest include
applied mathematics and nonlinear dynamical
systems. He has published more than twenty
scientific papers in National Conferences and
International Journals.
76 SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT, Vol 20, No.K2- 2017
Tóm tắt - Trong bài báo này, đáp ứng nhiệt phi
tuyến của một vệ tinh nhỏ trên quỹ đạo thấp của
Trái đất được phân tích dựa trên mô hình nhiệt
nhiều nút. Các thành phần kết cấu chính của
một vệ tinh dạng hình hộp gồm có thân với sáu
mặt hình chữ nhật và một cánh nối với thân.
Các thành phần thân và cánh có thể được mô
hình hóa trên cơ sở phương pháp nhiệt phân bổ,
nghĩa là mỗi mặt của thân và cánh được đặc
trưng bởi một nút nhiệt. Để ước lượng nhiệt độ
cho các thành phần này, chúng ta có thể sử dụng
mô hình nhiệt tám nút: sáu nút cho các mặt của
thân và hai nút cho mặt trước và mặt sau của
cánh. Các nút hấp thụ ba nguồn nhiệt chủ yếu
từ môi trường không gian bao gồm bức xạ mặt
trời, bức xạ albedo và bức xạ hồng ngoại Trái
đất. Hệ phương trình cân bằng nhiệt xác lập cho
các nút là hệ phương trình vi phân phi tuyến và
được giải bằng một phương pháp số. Với mục
đích mô phỏng, giả sử rằng vệ tinh luôn duy trì
ở tư thế “Earth-pointing” trong suốt thời gian
nó chuyển động trên quỹ đạo.Tiến triển nhiệt độ
theo thời gian của các nút sẽ được nghiên cứu
một cách chi tiết. Kết quả thu được chỉ ra giá trị
nhiệt độ dự đoán của các nút nằm trong giới hạn
nhiệt cho phép của vệ tinh.
Từ khóa - vệ tinh nhỏ, Earth-pointing, đáp ứng
nhiệt, giới hạn nhiệt.
Phân tích ứng xử nhiệt phi tuyến của vệ tinh nhỏ
trên quỹ đạo thấp sử dụng mô hình nhiều nút
Phạm Ngọc Chung, Nguyễn Đông Anh, Nguyễn Như Hiếu
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