Tài chính doanh nghiệp - Corporate stock

Money and Capital Markets22C h a p t e rEighth EditionFinancial Institutions and Instruments in a Global MarketplacePeter S. RoseMcGraw Hill / IrwinSlides by Yee-Tien (Ted) FuCorporate Stock Learning Objectives To learn about the characteristics of common and preferred corporate stock.To understand the organization and operation of the stock market today.To compare and contrast the roles and functions of the organized stock exchanges and the over-the-counter market.To explore the issue of market efficiency.Characteristics of Corporate StockAll corporate stock represents an ownership interest in a corporation, conferring on the holder a number of rights as well as risks.Common stock represents a residual claim against the assets of the issuing firm, entitling the owner to share in the net earnings of the firm when it is profitable and to share in the net market value (after all debts are paid) of the company’s assets if it is liquidated.Characteristics of Corporate StockPreferred stock carries a stated annual dividend expressed as a percent of the stock’s par value.Preferred stockholders have a prior claim over the firm’s assets and earnings relative to the claims of common stockholders, although creditors must still be paid first.Preferred shares generally provide less income but are less risky than common stock.Stock Market Investors22 - 5Data Source: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve SystemRecent Movements in Common Stock PricesData Source: Economic Report of the PresidentDJIANYSE / S&P / NasdaqRecent Movements in Common Stock YieldsData Source: Economic Report of the President%Characteristics of the Corporate Stock MarketThere are two main branches of the market for trading corporate stock.Organized exchanges – Trading is governed by regulations and formal procedures designed to ensure competitive pricing and an active market for the stock of the largest firms.Over-the-counter (OTC) market – This more informal market involves the trading of stock through brokers.The Major Organized ExchangesThe New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) are organized exchanges. They have:a physical location for tradingtrading postsformal trading ruleslisting requirementsa board of directorsmember firms and seatsThe Informal Over-the-Counter MarketThere is no central trading location for the OTC market, but only an electronic communications network.Many traders also act as principals, taking “positions of risk” by buying securities outright for their own portfolios in addition to the portfolios of their customers.The Third MarketThe market for securities listed on a stock exchange but traded over the counter is known as the third market.Broker and dealer firms that are not exchange members are active in this market.The third market was set up to supply large blocks of shares to institutional investors, and it has been a catalyst in reducing brokerage fees and promoting trading efficiency.The Structure of the Market for Corporate StockFlow of savings from individuals & businessesPension plansMutual fundsBanks & their affiliated security companiesInsurance companies & other institutional investorsStock brokers, dealers, & specialistsExchange-traded sharesOver-the-counter share tradingThe third marketPrivate equity marketsThe Private Equity MarketNew businesses, privately held companies and partnerships, troubled firms, and even larger publicly traded companies can conduct a private sale of stock in the private equity market to finance their acquisitions and other investments, as well as to support out-of-the-ordinary financial transactions.The Private Equity MarketPension plansNonfinancial companiesInsurance firmsFoundationsInvestment banks & security dealersWealthy families & individualsBanks & bank holding companiesPrimary Equity InvestorsMutual fundsSmall business investment companiesLimited partnershipsVenture capital firmsOther investment conduitsIndirect Equity InvestorsNew businessesExisting companies expanding, switching owners, or restructuring their funding baseLarger, publicly held companies seeking capitalSellers of Private EquityDirect flow of capitalThe Market for Stock OptionsParalleling the exchange and OTC markets for stock are markets for stock options.Today, listed or exchange-traded call and put options are popular, along with OTC or negotiated options purchased through brokers and dealers.The options markets have also grown to include options and futures contracts for stock indexes.The Rise of Program TradingMany analysts believe that stock markets have become more volatile due to the widespread use of computerized program trading.One type of program trading involves buying and selling stock index futures contracts for protection against stock price declines.Another type involves dynamic hedging strategies that adjust a portfolio to limit its exposure to adverse market developments.The Development of A Unified International Market for StockOne of the most significant developments in recent decades has been a movement to weld all parts of the equities market together into a single market for all traders and investors.The 1975 Securities Act Amendments instructed the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to “facilitate the establishment of a national market system for securities.”The Development of A Unified International Market for StockThe development of the Intermarket Trading System (ITS) enabled brokers and specialists to compare bid and ask prices on all the major U.S. exchanges for about 700 stocks.The National Association of Security Dealers (NASD) also moved to promote a broader market system by further automating price quotations on OTC stock.The Development of A Unified International Market for StockThe 1982 Shelf Registration Rule allowed many large firms to sell new corporate stocks and bonds any time during the two years after the issue has been registered with the SEC.The Development of A Unified International Market for StockA rapid growth area in the internationalization of the stock market is the cross-listing of stocks on various exchanges around the globe across different time zones.In response, U.S. exchanges have announced plans for extended trading hours as well as after-hours trading. The Development of A Unified International Market for StockThe development of international financial instruments like the American depository receipts (ADRs) has also strengthened the links between U.S. and foreign stock markets.ADRs are dollar-denominated claims on foreign shares of stock that are kept in safekeeping by U.S. financial institutions.Random Walk and Efficient MarketsOne popular modern theory regarding the valuation of stocks is the random walk theory.According to the theory, successive changes in the price of a stock are random fluctuations around that stock’s intrinsic value, and these changes are independent of the sequence of price changes that occurred in the past.But of course, many analysts still subscribe to technical analysis.Random Walk and Efficient MarketsThe random walk notion is supplemented by the broader efficient markets hypothesis.In a perfectly efficient securities market, existing stock prices fully reflect the latest information available on the profitability and risk of business firms.Most researchers agree that financial markets are efficient, though they may disagree on the degree of efficiency.Money and Capital Markets in CyberspaceFind out more about the performance of corporate stock by visiting: ReviewCharacteristics of Corporate StockCommon StockPreferred StockStock Market InvestorsCharacteristics of the Corporate Stock MarketThe Major Organized ExchangesThe Informal Over-the-Counter MarketChapter ReviewThe Third Market: Trading in Listed Securities Off the Exchange The Private Equity MarketThe Market for Stock OptionsThe Growth of Options MarketsThe Rise of Program TradingChapter ReviewThe Development of a Unified International Market for StockThe National Market SystemNASD and Automated Price QuotationsThe Advent of Shelf RegistrationGlobal Trading in EquitiesThe Development of ADRsChapter ReviewRandom Walk and Efficient MarketsThe Efficient Markets HypothesisRecent Research Findings about the EMH