Conclusion
The FDI, as well as goods import - export,
have been the two most important
motivations of Vietnam since the country’s
accession to the WTO. However, the
“strong fluctuations” of the two factors has
made it hard to control the macro stability
and pushed the economy into a long-lasting
unstable state and growth decline.
Efforts to restructure the economy as
well as institutional reforms focusing on the
business environment improvement have
helped Vietnam to show signs of strong
revitalisation regardless of negative impacts
from the international context.
However, the regional and global
scenarios are increasingly becoming unstable
and unpredictable, which is projected to
adversely affect the prospects of Vietnam’s
economy in the time to come. Therefore, to
accomplish the set goal of becoming an
upper-high-income country before 2035,
Vietnam needs to make more concerted
efforts to restructure its economy with two
main driving forces, namely developing an
equitable and transparent business
environment and reforming the public
administrative apparatus to move towards
the target of the “tectonic state”.
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Vietnam’s Economy: Overview and
Assessments of Prospects
Tran Dinh Thien
1
1
Vietnam Institute of Economics, Vietnam Academy of Social Sciences.
Email: trandinhthien09@gmail.com
Received on 5 November 2019. Revised on 12 November 2019. Accepted on 18 November 2019.
Abstract: Since 2007, Vietnam has gained considerable achievements with regard to
economic development such as the attraction of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) or
international trade growth at a high level. However, the achievements still contain many
uncertainties, entailing the decline in economic growth. The period of 2018-2019 witnessed
the “abnormal” positive growth of Vietnam’s economy while the regional and global
economies were experiencing adverse impacts from the “US-China trade war” (begun with
the “battlefield” of trade and now spreading to other “battlefields” such as technology and
finance) as well as geopolitical turmoil in numerous hot spots. This positive growth is not
something random but the result of a strong restructuring process that Vietnam had made
efforts to implement in the previous stage. In the context that the world is currently going
through many changes, it is a “strong dose of reagent” for the country’s goal of becoming an
upper-middle-income country by 2035.
Keywords: Economic growth, foreign direct investment, inflation, restructuring.
Subject classification: Economics
1. Overview of the period of 2007 - 2019
Vietnam’s accession to the World Trade
Organisation (WTO) in January 2007 has
opened enormous opportunities for the
country’s economy. The consequent boom
in trade and foreign direct investment led to
the possibility of speeding up the economic
growth. Vietnam would be able to quickly
narrow the gap between it and other leading
economies in the region.
In fact, Vietnam has been, for years,
seen as a “success story in attracting FDI”
and being able to maintain its high
commercial growth (Figure 1). These
factors have created the two most
important growing motivations for the
country’s economy during the period of
đổi mới, or renovation.
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 6 (194) - 2019
14
Figure 1: Strong FDI and International Merchandise Trade
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
However, there was another side of the coin
of the story: the sudden increase and decrease
of FDI flows as well as import and export
(Figure 2) have made it hard to control the
macro stability. This pushed the economy into
a long-lasting unstable state and growth decline.
Vietnam Inward FDI
Vietnam International Merchandise Trade Performance
Tran Dinh Thien
15
Figure 2: The Growth of FDI and International Trade are Weird
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
This fact has inner reasons: Vietnam has
not been well prepared (with regard to
infrastructure, human resource, governance
and macro regulation) for its integration in
order to turn the opportunities into real
development benefits. On the contrary, in
the condition of a fast open-door economy,
the poor internal capability has turned
potential opportunities into development
pressure and challenges, which were hard to
overcome. Figure 3 indicates that
Vietnam’s economy soon fell into the
prolonged instability, abnormal inflation
increase and GDP growth decline in line
with the “unexpected” growth of FDI and
import-export.
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 6 (194) - 2019
16
Figure 3: Vietnam’s Economic Growth and Inflation in Period of 2002-2012
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
That Vietnam’s economy fell into
difficulties right after joining the WTO was
really unconventionally. Not so many
people might think that the accession to
organisation could lead to such a situation
of developmental, which was totally
contradictory to everyone’s prediction and
expectation. Vietnam was not able to make
use of opportunities for integration to move
forward and narrow the gap with other
leading economies in the region, which was
so well done by China, the country joining
the WTO five years earlier than it.
Since 2011, Vietnam has put into
practice the Plan for Restructuring the
Economy and Renovating the Growth
Model, focusing on three focal points: public
investment, state-owned enterprises and the
system of commercial banks. This, in
essence, is the way to re-start market reforms
in new circumstance with an aim to
changing the system of resource distribution,
restoring the macro stability and improving
the growth rate.
However, the process was challenged with
numerous difficulties and progressed in a
slow manner. The economy has remained
unstable. GDP growth rate decreased and
troughed in 2012 and was not yet able to
return to the 2010 level in 2016 (Figure 4).
It was not until 2017 that Vietnam’s
economy started to be improved. Over the
next three years (2017-2019), the
economy has witnessed a faster growth
rate; and the Consumer Index Price (CPI)
has been under a proper control as well as
kept at a stable and low rate (under
4%/year).
Tran Dinh Thien
17
Figure 4: Vietnam’s Economic Growth and Inflation in Period of 2010-2018
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
It should be noted here that the two-year
period of 2018-2019 was also the US-China
trade war time, during which the trend of
growth rate decline and turmoil covered the
whole world’s economy as well as those of
the ASEAN. In such a challenging situation,
Vietnam was still able to maintain a high
GDP growth rate and good control of macro
stability. Its achievements even surpassed
those of the other ASEAN countries and are
predicted to continue with the pattern in 2020
(Figure 5).
Figure 5: GDP Growth of Some ASEAN’s Economies
Source: Cao Viet Sinh, Gabriel Demombynes, Victoria Kwakwa, et al., (2016), Vietnam
2035: Towards Prosperity, Creativity, Equity and Democracy, World Bank and the
Ministry of Planning and Investment.
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 6 (194) - 2019
18
Another surprising achievement, which
should be stressed, is that in 2019, Vietnam
made a record of climbing 10 places up in the
Global Competitiveness Index (GCI) of the
World Economic Forum (WEF), while most
of other ASEAN economies went down in
their rankings (Table 1).
Together with efforts to accelerate the
international integration and sign new-
generation Free Trade Agreements (FTAs),
Vietnam is now actively improving its
investment environment and upgrading its
national competitiveness. The fact should
be acknowledged.
Table 1: Global Competitiveness Rankings of Asia-Pacific Countries/Territories in 2019
Countries/Regions
Ranking within
Asia-Pacific
Global Ranking
Change
2018 2019
Singapore 1 2 1 Up
Hong Kong 2 7 3 Up
Japan 3 5 6 Down
Taiwan (Chinese Taipei) 4 13 12 Up
Republic of Korea 5 15 13 Up
Australia 6 14 16 Down
New Zealand 7 18 19 Down
Malaysia 8 25 27 Down
China 9 28 28 Down
Thailand 10 38 40 Down
Indonesia 11 45 50 Down
Brunei Darussalam 12 62 56 Up
Philippines 13 56 64 Down
Vietnam 14 77 67 Up
India 15 58 68 Down
Source: World Economic Forum, 2019.
In order to have a more authentic
evaluation on the fast changing economy,
we need to dissect the move of Vietnam’s
economy in 2019.
2. Vietnam’s economy in 2019:
“Unconventionally” bright
The latest data on Vietnam’s economy
shows that the positive trend continues to be
strengthened (Table 2). This seems to be an
“unconventional" achievement record in the
context of the unstable global economy and
sharp declining trend in growth rate under
the impacts of the US-China trade war.
It is because Vietnam’s economy is
much smaller in size and weaker in
capability yet greater in the openness
compared to those of China’s and the US’s,
while these are its two biggest trade
partners. The conflicts between these two
biggest trade partners push Vietnam’s
economy into a dilemma, which is highly
likely to expose the country to strong
negative impacts and vulnerability.
Tran Dinh Thien
19
Table 2: The Nine-month Snapshot of Vietnam’s Economy in 2019
Indicators (*) Value, %
GDP 6,98
CPI 2,48
FDI
- Projects 26,4
- Registered Capital - 19,9
- Realised Capital 7,3
- Supplemented capital, capital contribution and share purchase 82,3
International Merchandise Trade
- Export 8,2
- Import 8,9
Enterprise Status
- Newly established 5,9
- Registered capital 34,0
- Average capital 26,6
- New jobs 13,4
Foreign tourists 10,8
Note: (*) - value over the same period last year
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
However, Vietnam seems to have been
dealing with those impacts from the US-
China trade war in quite an efficient
manner. The data in Table 2 shows that in
the first nine months of 2019, Vietnam
reached the highest GDP growth rate in
the past nine years; CPI was, at the same
time, well under control and reached its
lowest level in the past three years. There
have been also new moves in the
attraction of foreign investments. The
number of FDI projects has increased
significantly (26.4%), but the average
scope of the capital decreased, equivalent
to only 40% of that of 2017. On the other
hand, the inflows of Foreign Indirect
Investment (FII) to Vietnam in 2019
increased dramatically, reaching a record
of 82% in comparison to the same period
in 2018. The M&A market in Vietnam has
been ignited and shown signs of booming.
This unconventionally trend is closely
related to the anomalous increase of
“capital of Chinese-citizenship” invested
into Vietnam since the start of the US-
China trade war. The great number of
small-scaled projects in Vietnam has
caused justifiable worries about the level
of technology and environmental impacts
on the economy. It also carries the risk of
increased Chinese goods intruding into
Vietnam along with “investment flows”
so that they can “change their origins”
before being exported to the US.
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 6 (194) - 2019
20
In the “gloomy time” of the world trade,
Vietnam’s import-export growth in the first
ten months of 2019 remained considerably
high, continuing its role as the motivation for
economic growth (Figure 6). However,
changes in the structure of trade growth
indicate a warning nature: 16.1% increase in
the import from China causes a 47.9%
increase of trade deficit for Vietnam from
China in comparison to the same period in
2018. Meanwhile, the export from Vietnam
to the US sharply went up (26.6%) [8]. This
places Vietnam in the danger of being
included into a “list” of economies that can
be under sanctions by President Donald
Trump’s Administration for “origin frauds”
(helping to export goods of Chinese origin to
the US).
Recently, the development of enterprises
in Vietnam has also been impressive. All
three growth indexes (the number of
enterprises, capital size and job creation)
during the first ten months of 2019 are
positive. This has proved the drastical return
of trust in Vietnamese enterprises while the
world economy is still in fluctuation.
In the first ten months of 2019, there
were 107 countries and territories investing
into Vietnam. Hong Kong (China) leads
the list with an investment capital of
USD 6.45 billion. Following up is the
Republic of Korea with USD 5.52 billion,
making up 19% of the total investment
into Vietnam. The third place in the list
belongs to Singapore, which is followed
by China, Japan and others. Among the
countries and territories, investments
from China and Hong Kong tend to
increase in comparison to the same period
in 2018 due to the impacts of the US-China
trade war. Specifically, the investment from
China has almost doubled, while that from
Hong Kong (China) has increased by 3.84
times in comparison to the same period
in 2018. [8]
Figure 6: No. of Newly Established Enterprises in Nine Months of Year during 2015-2019
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
Tran Dinh Thien
21
Explaining clearly essence of the
“upward” trend of Vietnam’s economy
recently will help to identify prospects of the
economy and evaluate its real competence
accurately in the current unstable world.
It is grounded to affirm that the
improvement in Vietnam’s growth rate and
the country’s stable trend, which is ever-
more attracting foreign investments, is not
simply out of “benefits” from the US-China
trade war. This attractiveness originates
from changes in the basic structure of the
economy itself, which had happened far
before the US-China trade war.
Continuously in many years, Vietnam has
made efforts to implement strong reforms in
two aspects, internal institutions and open-
door policies to integrate with foreign
countries, thereby establishing a new
foundation for growth and development.
Some administrative reforms that
Vietnam has yielded success can be named
as followings: i) reform in the growth and
development model with two main
orientations: prioritising the private sector
and targeting a high growth rate based on the
firm macroeconomic stability; ii) active
engagement in new-generation FTAs
(especially the CP-TPP and EVFTA),
thereby creating strategic advantages in
comparison to other economies in the
region; iii) implementation of new strategies
in attracting FDI with priorities over
attracting high technologies to create high
added values and linking chain - global
production network; iv) encouragement for
startups and innovative activities; v)
government reforms along with developing
the “tectonic state” (a term of Vietnamese
origin, implying a state which is
constructive and facilitating).
The above reforms clearly show the
desire and measures to develop a risk-
resilient economy, thrive to a high
development level and narrow the gap
between Vietnam with countries that started
earlier. Although achievements have been
still modest so far, those reforms clearly
indicate orientations of making fundamental
structural changes to firmly improve the
situation. The US-China trade war with its
severity and very intense negative impacts is
playing the testing role in Vietnam’s reform
efforts. That testing is, in fact, bringing about
positive results. Vietnam is an increasingly
attracting destination for foreign investments.
That results from efforts in improving the
internal investment environment and
actively integrating into the world.
According to the ranking of the best
economies for investment by the US News
& World Report, Vietnam has impressively
stepped up from place 23 in 2018 to place 8
in 2019.
The publication asserted that reforms of
economic policies conducted since 1986
had made Vietnam a stronger and more
competitive country. It had also become
more integrated since its accession to the
WTO in 2007, the Association of South
East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the Asia-
Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
forum and major trade agreements. Invest-
in is the category that Vietnam earned the
best scores in being ranked in this ranking
by the US News & World Report.
For overall results, the country stands
39
th
in the 2019 list, stepping up from the
place 44
th
in 2018. Among the categories,
Vietnam scored the highest in “Open for
business” thanks to its low production fee.
The ranking was based on the evaluation
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 6 (194) - 2019
22
by 7,000 company leaders worldwide with
eight categories reflecting criteria, namely
the start-up spirit, economic stability,
favourable tariff policies, innovation, skilled
labour force, expertise in technology,
dynamism and corruption. The criteria were
compiled based on a report in 2011 by the
World Bank (WB), which emphasised four
factors that could make a nation an ideal
destination for investment: the people,
environment, relations, and legal framework.
That trend is the most clearly reflected in
investment inflows to Vietnam from East
Asian economies such as the Republic of
Korea, Japan, Singapore and Chinese
Taipei (the territory of Taiwan) long before
the outbreak of the US-China trade war
(Figure 7). The trend of increasing
investments into Vietnam from these “time-
tested” investors has remained unchanged
during the trade war.
Figure 7: Major Sources of FDI in Vietnam
Note: Accumulated base, in millions of USD
Source: Foreign Investment Agency of Vietnam.
The Republic of Korea (RoK) is the
biggest investor into Vietnam in all spheres:
the number of projects, the amount of
investment capital, the coverage of
investment (in sectors and provinces) and
especially the number of big groups as
investors. In 2019, China (including Hong
Kong) has become the year’s biggest
investor in Vietnam. However,
progressively, by February 2019, among the
130 countries and territories still having
valid investment projects in Vietnam, the
RoK has come out on top with the total
registered capital of USD 63.7 billion,
making up 18.4% of Vietnam’s total
investment capital (Table 3).
Tran Dinh Thien
23
Table 3: Foreign Direct Investment Projects Licensed by Main Counterparts
Countries/Year 2018 2019 Trend
Republic of Korea 3,657.6 2,095.8 Up
China 1,217.1 2,023.8 Down
Japan 6,592.1 1,582.3 Up
Singapore 1,423.6 1,465.0 Down
Hong Kong (China) 1,128.9 1,251.4 Down
Thailand 898.6 441.4 Up
Others 3,058.3 2,113.7 Up
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
After the FTA signing between the
RoK and Vietnam in 2015, promoted by
the high investment growth, the trade
volume between the two countries has
increased by nearly 50%. Overtaking the
US, the RoK has become Vietnam’s
second largest trade partner, ranked only
after China. In 2018, their two-way
import-export turnover was USD 68.2
billion (Figure 8).
Figure 8: Vietnam Has Become The Hottest Investment Destination of the RoK’s FDI Flow
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
The two countries are targeting a
bilateral trade turnover of USD 100 billion
in 2020 - a really tough goal when there is
only one more year to go. Nevertheless, the
US-China trade war seems to play a strong
motivating role in the realisation of this
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 6 (194) - 2019
24
goal. It should be noted here that the export
turnover of the RoK to Vietnam has
surpassed that to the US (Figure 9).
Enterprises of the RoK are being driven
away from China due to the US-China trade
war; and most of them have chosen
Vietnam as their next destination. There are
good reasons to predict a boom in the
export from the RoK to Vietnam in the
years to come.
Figure 9: Vietnam’s Export Performance: Republic of Korea versus US
Source: The General Statistics Office of Vietnam.
3. Prospects of Vietnam’s economy in the
period to come: positive and bright, yet
full of challenges
It is risky to make any predictions of long
or even medium term in such unforeseeable
fluctuations of the world’s economic and
political affairs. The riskiness of such
predictions is high from technological,
geopolitical and economic perspectives.
However, for Vietnam’s economy, the
short-term projection is based on highly-
convincing foundations.
Major international institutions such as
the WB, the International Monetary Fund
(IMF), or the Asian Development Bank
(ADB) have all made their predictions
about Vietnam’s economy in 2020. The
predictions might be more or less different
from one another in their extents, but they
are consistent in terms of the basic trend:
while the global and regional economies
continue to be trapped with difficulties or
even to face a more declining and unstable
state in some years to come, the prospects
of Vietnam’s economy are still seen as
positive with two emphasised points:
Firstly, Vietnam will be still able to
maintain a high GDP growth rate and
macro stability in comparison to the
majority of other economies in the world.
Tran Dinh Thien
25
Secondly, GDP growth will be slowing
and inflation increasing compared with 2017-
2018, albeit not by much. The main argument
provided by the WB is that Vietnam’s
economy cannot move fast forward alone in
an unstable and declining world.
Table 4: Vietnam's Economic Prospects of 2020-2021
Selected economic indicators 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
GDP growth (%) 6.8 7.1 6.6 6.5 6.5
CPI (annual average, %) 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.8 3.8
Source: World Bank (2019), “Taking Stock: Recent Economic Developments of Vietnam”,
Special Focus: Vietnam's Tourism Developments - Stepping Back from the Tipping Point-
Vietnam's Tourism Trends, Challenges and Policy Priorities.
The ADB has also forecasted the similar
trend in “Asian Development Outlook 2019
Update: Fostering Growth and Inclusion in
Asia's Cities” released in September 2019 [7].
Accordingly, the developing Asia’s GDP
is forecasted to slow down from 5.9% in
2018 to 5.4% in 2019 and 5.5% in 2020.
Inflation rates across that region are projected
to increase from 2.5% in 2018 to 2.7% this
year and in 2020. Meanwhile, Vietnam’s
GDP is forecasted to slow from 7.1% in 2018
to 6.8% in 2019 and 6.7% in 2020 – just a
slight decrease and thus can ensure that it is
still one of the highest-growing economies in
the region. The macro control of Vietnam
remains good with the inflation rate projected
to decrease from 4.2% in 2018 to 3.4% this
year and in 2020 [4].
According to the above predictions, the
prospects of Vietnam’s economy in some
years to come are optimistic. The
enhancement in efforts to reform and open
the economy for integration, which is most
clearly shown through the promotion of new
strategies in attracting FDI, and the active
implementation of FTAs, has increased the
practicability of the above-mentioned trend.
Among the factors, which create huge and
different advantages in attracting foreign
investments and differences for Vietnam, the
“golden population” (the 100-million-people
market with a high potential of income
growth) and the “trade and investment hub”
are truly stood-out ones. The fact that
Vietnam has participated in 16 FTAs,
covering most of the biggest markets, enables
investors to easily get access to the market
and build up their business network at the
global scale.
Vietnam has five sectors/areas with
tremendous development potentialities in
the future: i) industries with traditional
comparative advantages such as textile,
footwear, electronics, agricultural production
and aqua-culture; ii) tourism, entertainment,
education, healthcare, pharmacy and retail
distribution to serve consumers; iii)
connection, supporting network, production
value chains and logistics; iv) infrastructure
and real estate, including those for housing,
offices, tourism, retail and industrial zones;
v) platform economy, green economy, smart
cities, fintech, e-commerce and others.
Vietnam Social Sciences, No. 6 (194) - 2019
26
These are priority areas targeted for
foreign investments in the period to come.
However, not everything is advantages for
Vietnam. The country’s economy itself is
suffering from several weaknesses and
unreleased bottlenecks. They are: i)
insufficient infrastructure; ii) incomplete
reform in the public sector; iii) unqualified
human resource and strong trend of pay
rises; iv) weak contingent of domestic
enterprises and lack of an effective
connection mechanism with the FDI sector
In external relations, the large reliance
on China’s market and the danger of being
made use of for commercial fraud, which
can lead Vietnam to sanctions imposed by
the US in the context of global trade
conflicts, especially between the US and
China, and have not been controlled yet,
constitute a warning-worthy fact.
Additionally, although Vietnam has still
kept a good control of exchange rates so far,
the fact that it is “trapped” between the two
leading trade partners with regard to import
and export has put the country’s domestic
currency and monetary policies under risks.
The focal task of Vietnam at present is to
overcome the obstacles in the years to
come, and there are grounds to believe that
the country will yield positive results.
Vietnam’s great aspiration is to rise fast
to escape from its backwardness in the
period to come. It has set certain objectives
to thrive in some areas, especially in the
digital economy. It is also making efforts to
become an upper-high-income country in
the next 10-15 years.
In doing so, Vietnam has to reach an
average economic growth rate of 7.5%/year
in the next ten years. The implementation of
the task needs to be actively started right in
2020 [4].
4. Conclusion
The FDI, as well as goods import - export,
have been the two most important
motivations of Vietnam since the country’s
accession to the WTO. However, the
“strong fluctuations” of the two factors has
made it hard to control the macro stability
and pushed the economy into a long-lasting
unstable state and growth decline.
Efforts to restructure the economy as
well as institutional reforms focusing on the
business environment improvement have
helped Vietnam to show signs of strong
revitalisation regardless of negative impacts
from the international context.
However, the regional and global
scenarios are increasingly becoming unstable
and unpredictable, which is projected to
adversely affect the prospects of Vietnam’s
economy in the time to come. Therefore, to
accomplish the set goal of becoming an
upper-high-income country before 2035,
Vietnam needs to make more concerted
efforts to restructure its economy with two
main driving forces, namely developing an
equitable and transparent business
environment and reforming the public
administrative apparatus to move towards
the target of the “tectonic state”.
Notes
1
This paper was translated by Vu Xuan Nuoc, edited
by Etienne Mahler.
2
The article was written within the framework of a
research of the National Foundation for Science and
Technology Development (NAFOSTED) entitled
“Restructuring Vietnam’s economy in 2011-2020
towards sustainable development”.
Tran Dinh Thien
27
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[7] Asian Development Bank (2019), Asian
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[8] https://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=621&
ItemID=19388, retrieved on 12 September 2019.
Các file đính kèm theo tài liệu này:
- vietnams_economy_overview_and_assessments_of_prospects.pdf